利用弗洛伊德人格結構理論分析《遠大前程》皮普形象

1、OUTLINEAbstract Key WordsI. IntroductionII. Analyzing Pips Character with the Id2.1. Pursuing the Luxurious Life2.2. Being Ashamed to Identify the Poor RelativeIII. Analyzing Pips Character with the Ego3.1. Helping Herbert to Run Business 3.2. Helping Magwitch to Smuggle Abroad. IV. Analyzing Pips C

2、haracter with the Superego 4.1. Looking after Magwitch4.2. Anabiosis of LoveV. ConclusionBibliography 中文標題、摘要、關鍵詞An Analysis of Pips Character in Great Expectationsfrom the Freuds Theory of Personality StructureAuthor: Ouyang = Number: 0968= Tutor: Li =Abstract: Charles Dickens is one of the most ou

3、tstanding English writers in the 19th century. Great Expectations is one of Charles mature works. It is the story of Pips deterioration from an innocent boy into an arrogant gentleman and his redemption as a good-natured person. The paper analyzes Pips Character in Great Expectations from the Freuds

4、 Theory of Personality Structure and expresses the authors attic faith to the anabiosis of love.Key Words: Pip; Freud; Personality Theory; anabiosis of loveI. Introduction“As a novelist, Dickens is remembered first of all for his character-portrayal. Every character his creative finger touched came

5、alive.”(Liu Bingshan, 2007:302) Generally regarded as the greatest literary geniuses of his time in Victorian England, Charles Dickens enjoyed a wider popularity than any previous author had done during his lifetime. Dickens later work Great Expectations, which is considered as his artistic masterpi

6、ece, is the most perfectly constructed and mature one of all Dickenss novels. All of his mature understandings about life are reflected in it. The protagonist Pip is an orphan brought up by his cruel and hypocritical sister. His brother-in-law Joe takes great care to protect Pip from Mrs. Joes maltr

7、eatment, but Joes efforts are in vain many a time, and Joe becomes Pips co-sufferer. Under Joes protection and his sisters scolding, little Pip lives a hard life. In a fortuitous chance, a secret benefactor wants to turn Pip into a gentleman. Pips wild fancy is surpassed by sober reality. After seve

8、ral years, the benefactor appears. Pip understands everything. “His illusions break into pieces. Pip finally realizes how wrong he was in the past. And he changes drastically. He regains his virtue with the help from his real friends. ”(Wang Ming, 2010:16) Actually, this novel explores the journey o

9、f an innocent common boy when his initial dreams result in disappointment and eventually lead him to become a genuinely good man. Dickens uses Pips descent of a naive, loving boy into an arrogant man and his redemption as a simple hardworking person to demonstrate that affection, loyalty and conscie

10、nce are more important than social advancement, wealth, and class.Based on the three parts of individual psychology, Sigmund Freud puts forward the basic structure of personalities to illustrate further how subconscious comes into being in his late study of the personality theory. This structure of

11、personalities includes three parts: the id, the ego and the super-ego. The id is the unconscious part of personality. It contains the lustful aggressive and instinct urges. “The superego comprises the norms, values, and ideals that upbringing and education have instilled in us.”(Liu Yanjun, 2010:33)

12、 The id and superego often conflict with each other. The ego faces a threefold challenge that is from the external world, from the libido of id, and from the severity of the superego.II. Analyzing Pips Character with the Id2.1. Pursuing the Luxurious LifeThe id is the sum of instinctive impulses and

13、 original wishes. It is the primary source of all psychic energy. The id is the source of all desire and instincts and supplies the energy for unconscious. “Without any form, the id is dedicated to releasing instincts or impulses and satisfying wishes.”(Han Nianhua, 2009:15) Its objective is “happy

14、principle”. It is irrational, inherent and the most primitive. The id doesnt have a direct contact with the outside world. It needs the ego to contact with the outside world. Its objective is “pleasure principle”; therefore, it needs to get pleasure and love from the external objects and knows nothi

15、ng about the influence that its behaviors bring about on objects. Taking Pip for an example, when he gets what he need, he knows nothing about the influence. Freud regards the id as human beings primitive impulse, all kinds of instinct and repressed desires after the birth. It is the reflection of i

16、nstinct and desire. When Pip goes to the Satis Manor at the first time, he is really attracted by the gorgeous and brilliant decoration. Satis Manor truly reflects that noble ladies usually have a lot of wealth in Victorian times and Pip is full of worship to Miss Havisham. “When a rich man entrusts

17、 others to inform Pip that he can inherit a considerable property in future and the present master lets him terminate the contract of teacher and pupil with his brother-in-law immediately.”(Guo, 2009:48) Then he can go to London to accept the so-called “gentleman” education. Pip thinks that this is

18、Miss Havisham especially arranged for him .His dream to become a “gentleman” can finally come true, so he totally accepts the arrangement.To be honest, Pip gets a deep impression of Satis Manor that has magnificent decoration, the atmosphere of the ghosts and the mystery of mournfulness, which makes

19、 Pip ashamed for his humble origin and has a new understanding of vulgar manners. Besides, the arrogant Estella often makes fun of his humble origin, which al makes him much ashamed, so he decides to change own social status to get Estellas love. We can conclude that the love to Estella is the direc

20、t reason and motivation to be a gentleman. But Pip meets lots of obstruction in the process of pursuing Estella and the biggest one is Miss Havisham. She lives in the shadow of a tragic incident that she is abandoned by her boyfriend at the marrying day. From that day, Miss Havisham doesnt go out of

21、 her hurt and broken heart. “The most prominent object was a long table with a tablecloth spread on it, as if a feast had been I preparation when the house and the clocks all stopped together. An epergne or centerpiece of some kind was in the middle of this cloth; it was so heavily overhang with cob

22、webs that its form was quite undistinguishable”(Dickens Charles, 2001:109) Miss Havisham becomes ruthless and the purpose of adopting Estella is to use her to revenge on all men. Although Pip gets through kinds of difficulties, he still cant get Estellas love. To his surprise, Miss Havisham finally

23、let Estella marries the rogue Andrew Moore. Her intentional revenge to the men has hurt Pip and Estella deeply, but she doesnt recognize it. She herself and all people related to her suffer the hurt, as well as great pain. At the end, she realized that she has broken the Pips kind heart and she does

24、nt come true her revenge desire. Instead, it brings great pain to herself. For a certain extent, the objective cause of the failure that Pip pursues Estella is Miss Havisham revenge mental. Miss Havisham is extremely eccentric in Pips eye. Her house, her clothing, her adopted daughter as well as her

25、 voice all these things confuses little Pip. During the eight months that Pip plays in the Satis Manor, Pip meets her relatives and lawyer, but Pip does not realize Miss Havishams cruelty. Pip even wrongly believes that Miss Havisham is the patroness of his great fortune.At first, she is cruel to he

26、r relatives. Once she is cheated by Compeyson, she decides to maltreat those people around her. She believes in nobody but her lawyer. She let everything in her house stop and rot. In her mind, there is nothing but hatred and revenge. Every year on her birthday, her relatives would come to see her;

27、on such occasions, she uses all kinds of sharp words to mock those relatives because of their greed for her wealth. By doing so, she can get satisfaction in seeing her relatives pretence, compliment and greed to no avail. She is also cruel to herself. Actually, she is the victim who suffered most. A

28、 woman using her whole life to revenge is so terrible and so pitiable. Everyone could experience setbacks in life and should learn from them; unfortunately Miss Havisham learnt nothing from her failure but hatred. Also her revenge is not for someone specific, but for the whole human race. She hates

29、almost everyone just because she is wronged once. This is unreasonable. Thus, all the people around her suffered, especially those who were near her, like Pip and Estella. She seems to be a ghost in the bridal clothes with a wicked smile on her face. The revenge on men is also a revenge on herself.

30、What she had gained is far more fewer than what she has given out her youth, happiness, common thoughtAt last, even Estella treats her coldly. She is so disappointed and miserable. Just as the adage goes: As you brew, so you must drink.When Pip is in London, he begins to become arrogant and luxury,

31、and looks down upon the rabble. This kind of psychological change reflects on his uncle Umblechook deadly. Uncle Umblechooks respect makes him further understand the power and the charm of money. Umblechook calls Pip “my dear friend” “my dear young friend” at the beginning, but after that, he calls

32、him “officer person” “gentleman”, and so on. The kind of change portrays the Umblechooks snobbish nature. 2.2. Being Ashamed to Identify the Poor RelativeGenerally, the id is the most difficultly to control but the most necessarily to control. The reason is that people's thoughts and ideas will

33、make the id lost the right regulation or take much constraint on it, which would make id develop in the direction of morbid.Pip who was born in a poor country loses his parents since childhood, and his sister and brother-in-law Joe put him up. “Although the country life is of poverty, he gets lots o

34、f childhood joys, deep friendship and infinite love from his brother-in-law.”(Tao, 2007:151) The only thing he can feel is the practical and spiritual pleasure. Smithy is his childhood paradise, but after seeing the beautiful and proud Estella adopted by Miss Havisham, Pip feels that he originally f

35、ell out of the bitter days. “And what coarse hands he has! And what thick boots! I had never thought of being ashamed of my hands before; but I began to consider them a very indifferent pair. Her contempt for me was so strong, that it became infectious, and I caught it.”(Dickens Charles, 2001:77) Pi

36、p is attracted by her beautiful appearance, but at the same time he is ashamed by her arrogant words and deeds. Pip lives an upper classs life. He is accustomed to receiving “great expectations” and, as a result, he begins to go deeper and deeper in debt. He is beginning to squander his money, espec

37、ially later when his expectation no longer exists. He becomes vanity, arrogant and false pride. Still, Pip is very defensive about his relationship with Joe. His sense of superiority keeps him at a distance from both Joe and Biddy. When Joe goes to London for a visit, Pip falls into the conflict bet

38、ween the duty and love which he owes to Joe and his own “uncommon” personal ambitions. His fear is based on the anxiety caused by the possibility that Drummed, Pips worst enemy, might catch a glimpse of the rustic Joe and therefore makes Pip an object of ridicule. And the thought of Estella intensif

39、ies Pips shame of his origin, and his poor relatives. Pip is so tense about Joes arrives that he makes Joe tense also. Joe arrives, terribly self-conscious, that he can not find a suitable spot on which to deposit his hat. Pips love to Estella has made him blind to the simple dignity of Joe and Bidd

40、y; and the life “upper class” brings Pip not real happy and confidence but enables him lost himself to some extend. Only when he learns the full truth of Estellas parentage and the source of his own great expectation will he recognize the true worth of his old friends.Joe is Pips brother-in-law, but

41、 there is a big gap in their ages. He actually plays the role of Pips father. But this father is somewhat different because he in fact has authority in the family run by Mrs. Joe. “Compared with Pip, Joe is only a fellow-sufferer of Mrs. Joes cruelty. Joes situation and influence is too feeble. He i

42、s an honest, industrious, mild, good-natured and easy-going dear fellow.”(Ruan Yajun, 2009:75) Pip always treats him as a large species of child, and as no more than his equal. He protects and loves Pip. Joe is not well educated and even has difficulty in spelling his own name, but Joe encourages Pi

43、p to learn.In general, Pip should be grateful to Joe, but since Pip is called into the Miss Havisham's Satis Manor and has seen the societys things, especially after secretly falling in love with Estella, he was confused by the vanity. After that, Pip only wants to seek wealth, social status and

44、 Estellas heart and gradually forgets Joe benefit to him. In the eyes of Pip, Joe even becomes an obstacle to his success. Pips discontent to Joe starts to grow. In order to win the Estellas favor and love, Pip must get rid of his humble status and low life as soon as possible and climb into the upp

45、er society to become a superior person to win money and position. At that time, a rich man who doesnt wish to disclose the name is willing to funding him to accept the quality education in London, so he lives an ostentatious upper society life. Pip starts to detest his birth and the past life, and a

46、voids contacting with his good friend brother-in-law Joe. Usually he would be afraid of Joes coming to London. The young conceit makes Pip behaved very snobbish in front of Joe and Biddy. “When Joe arrives in London with great joy from the country to visit the little Pip made good luck, but Pip woul

47、d think that: If I could have kept him away by paying money, I certainly would have paid money.”(Dickens Charles, 2001:286) As a result, there is a certain distance between them. Driven by the vanity, Pip felt that they were no longer intimate like before. Instead, he is ashamed to identify the poor

48、 relative. Analyzing Pips Character with the Ego3.1. Helping Herbert to Run BusinessThe ego contacts with the outside world directly. Its objective is “reality principle”. It is either rational or irrational, because “There was a conscious ego, which controlled the motor system and the senses, and a

49、n unconscious ego, which repressed upsetting thoughts and censored dreams.”(Han Nianhua, 2009:16) In the Great Expectations, because of influence of the ego, the lost Pip still helps Herbert to run business and help Magwitch to smuggle abroad.Although Pip knows he shouldnt be ungrateful and should n

50、ot be against Joe, but his vanity drives he leave his hometown. When Pip comes back from the Satis Manor for the first time and lies to Mrs. Joe and Uncle Pumblechook, Joe advises that no lies in the future. Interviewed by Miss Havisham, Joe would not be lured by money. Joe is unselfish and warm-hea

51、rted. He is far away from Pip's London life because he never wants himself or his simple manners to embarrass Pip and to make Pip uncomfortable.In London, Pip experiences many things he didnt experience before. There are many things make him unprepared. Although he has become a gentleman, he bec

52、omes more and more unconfident and unhappy, so he begins to regret for what he did before. “Even if he waves gold as soil and is in a deep debt, he still secretly helps his friend Herbert to run business.”(Gao, 2011:55) According to the point, he doesnt lose the good nature. Magwitch and Joe are imp

53、ortant tasks to awake his conscience. Magwitch makes him realize that his benefactor is not Miss Havisham, but the escaped prisoner he used to rescue Magwitch. Moreover, Miss Havisham doesnt intend to betroth Estella to him, which makes him realize the conscience that he betrayed his brother-in-law

54、Joe and own good nature. As for the fact that owns “Great Expectations” is from an escaped convict and the cruel reality that money is the highest standard, he realizes that the wealth is from a person's honest labor instead of heaven. 3.2. Helping Magwitch to Smuggle Abroad.Ego is the rational

55、part of the personality structure. Its characteristic is rationally, consciously control ego subconscious activities. Ego adjusting with the id makes the society better coordinate with the outside world, it can not be accepted by society and take some way to transfer id. Magwitch is a thread in this

56、 novel. His first appearance leaves unforgettable impressions on Pip as well as the readers. His most striking feature is his sincerity. Pip does him only small service, but he feels grateful for it all his life. His affection towards Pip is just like that of a father. During his exile, he asks anot

57、her man to bring Pip his hard-earned two one-pound notes, which makes Pip suspicious of the cause. His turning Pip into a gentleman's idea brings Pip drastic change and immense pain. His coming back makes Pip almost scared to death. His being watched on makes Pip upset. His being arrested and se

58、ntenced arouses in Pip pain and sympathy. Pip's feeling towards him underwent several changes. At first, Pip is frightened because Magwitch threatens him. Then, Pip has pity for Magwitch. He has thought that Magwitch is lost or dead. When Magwitch suddenly comes back, Pip has repugnance, and wan

59、ts to abandon him. Later, with the persuasion of his friend, Pip has sympathy to Magwitch. This sympathy at last develops into sincere respect. This is just the main idea of this book.At first, Pip is disgusted with Magwitch, because the criminal belongs to the same class and kind as him. “The great expectations he expected comes from such a person, so he immediately feels on thin ice and acts with extreme c