浙江新高考英語寫作初探(整理稿)(黃巖中學(xué) 楊謝友)

1、構(gòu)建構(gòu)建讀寫結(jié)合讀寫結(jié)合新常態(tài)，積極應(yīng)對新常態(tài)，積極應(yīng)對新高考寫作新高考寫作概要寫作概要寫作初探初探黃巖中學(xué)黃巖中學(xué) 楊謝友楊謝友一、概要寫作簡述、概要寫作簡述1. 概念與考查能力2. 考查內(nèi)容與要求3. 寫作現(xiàn)狀簡析4. 基本步驟與技巧二、備考設(shè)想二、備考設(shè)想1. 分階段指導(dǎo)，力求循序漸進(jìn)2. 注重語篇教學(xué)，讀后概要寫作3. 拓寬寫作途徑，構(gòu)建讀寫新常態(tài)1. 概念與考查能力A summary is a short statement that gives only the main points of sth, not the details. 牛津高階英漢雙解詞典 摘要是一種對原始文獻(xiàn)或文

2、章的基本內(nèi)容進(jìn)行摘要是一種對原始文獻(xiàn)或文章的基本內(nèi)容進(jìn)行濃縮濃縮的的語義語義連貫連貫的短文的短文. . 考查能力考查能力: 閱讀理解能力閱讀理解能力, 分析判斷能力，概括能力，表達(dá)能力分析判斷能力，概括能力，表達(dá)能力考試說明中對閱讀理解要求的描述：（1）理解主旨和要義 任何一篇文章都會有一個主旨要義。有時從文章的第一個段落，甚至第任何一篇文章都會有一個主旨要義。有時從文章的第一個段落，甚至第一個句子即可得出文章的主旨要義，從這一段或這個句子讀者會知道文一個句子即可得出文章的主旨要義，從這一段或這個句子讀者會知道文章描述的是誰或什么（即文章的主題），亦會理解作者希望讀者了解主章描述的是誰或什么（

3、即文章的主題），亦會理解作者希望讀者了解主題方面的哪些內(nèi)容。有時，文章的主旨要義則需從文章的字里行間進(jìn)行題方面的哪些內(nèi)容。有時，文章的主旨要義則需從文章的字里行間進(jìn)行推斷。這類試題主要考察考生略讀文章、領(lǐng)會大意的能力，它對考生的推斷。這類試題主要考察考生略讀文章、領(lǐng)會大意的能力，它對考生的歸納、概括能力有一定的要求。歸納、概括能力有一定的要求。（5）理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu) 英語文章講究使用主題段和主題句。主題段通常在文章開頭，簡要概括英語文章講究使用主題段和主題句。主題段通常在文章開頭，簡要概括 文章的中心思想，主題句可能在一段的開頭，也可能在中間或末尾，作文章的中心思想，主題句可能在一段的開頭，

4、也可能在中間或末尾，作 用是交待該段的中心思想，再由全段展開或討論這一主題。各個段落通用是交待該段的中心思想，再由全段展開或討論這一主題。各個段落通常由某些起連接作用的詞語連接，以使文章行文連貫。如果希望準(zhǔn)確、常由某些起連接作用的詞語連接，以使文章行文連貫。如果希望準(zhǔn)確、深刻地理解一篇文章，必須對文章的結(jié)構(gòu)有所了解，把握住全篇的文脈，深刻地理解一篇文章，必須對文章的結(jié)構(gòu)有所了解，把握住全篇的文脈，即句與句、段與段之間的邏輯。即句與句、段與段之間的邏輯。（6）理解作者的意圖、觀點和態(tài)度 每篇文章都有一個特定的寫作目的，或是向讀者傳遞某個信息，或是愉每篇文章都有一個特定的寫作目的，或是向讀者傳遞某

5、個信息，或是愉悅讀者，或是講授某個道理。而這些信息通常并不是明確表達(dá)出來的，悅讀者，或是講授某個道理。而這些信息通常并不是明確表達(dá)出來的，而是隱含在文章之中。因此，這類問題要求考生在理解文章總體內(nèi)容的而是隱含在文章之中。因此，這類問題要求考生在理解文章總體內(nèi)容的基礎(chǔ)上，去領(lǐng)會作者的言外之意?；A(chǔ)上，去領(lǐng)會作者的言外之意。2. 考查內(nèi)容與要求考查內(nèi)容與要求考試說明考試說明題型題型2：概要寫作：概要寫作。提供一篇。提供一篇350詞以內(nèi)的短文，要求學(xué)詞以內(nèi)的短文，要求學(xué)生基于該短文寫出一篇生基于該短文寫出一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容摘要。閱卷詞左右的內(nèi)容摘要。閱卷時將主要考慮以下內(nèi)容：時將主要考慮以下內(nèi)容：

6、（1）對原文要點的理解和呈現(xiàn)情況；）對原文要點的理解和呈現(xiàn)情況；（2）應(yīng)用語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯的準(zhǔn)確性；）應(yīng)用語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯的準(zhǔn)確性；（3）上下文的連貫性；）上下文的連貫性；（4）對各要點表達(dá)的獨立性情況。）對各要點表達(dá)的獨立性情況。評分原則評分原則1. 本題總分為25分，按5個檔次給分。2. 評分時，先根據(jù)所寫概要的內(nèi)容內(nèi)容和語言語言初步確定其所屬檔次，然后以該檔次的要求來衡量、確定或調(diào)整檔次，最后給分。3. 詞數(shù)少于40的和多于80的，從總分中減去2分。4. 評分時，應(yīng)主要從以下四個方面考慮： （1）對原文要點的理解和呈現(xiàn)情況；（2）應(yīng)用語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯的準(zhǔn)確性；（3）上下文的連貫性；（4）對各要

7、點表達(dá)的獨立性情況。5. 拼寫與標(biāo)點符號是語言準(zhǔn)確性的一個重要方面，評分時，應(yīng)視其對交際的程度予以考慮。6. 如書寫較差以致影響交際，可將分?jǐn)?shù)降低一個檔次。第五檔（第五檔（21-2521-25分）要求分）要求n理解準(zhǔn)確，涵蓋全部要點理解準(zhǔn)確，涵蓋全部要點;n能準(zhǔn)確使用相應(yīng)的語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯能準(zhǔn)確使用相應(yīng)的語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯;n有效地使用了語句間的連接成分，使所完成的概要有效地使用了語句間的連接成分，使所完成的概要結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊;n完全使用自己的語言。完全使用自己的語言。3. 寫作現(xiàn)狀簡析寫作現(xiàn)狀簡析典型問題n內(nèi)容上：要點遺漏或主觀添加；概括不到位n語言上：不夠簡潔; 基本錯誤多n結(jié)構(gòu)上：缺乏連貫；

8、改變結(jié)構(gòu)Step 1. Determine the type of writing and identify the topic as well as the authors purposeStep 2. Divide the passage & summarize the main idea of each partStep 3. Highlight the key information of each partStep 4. Make an outline of the passage Step 5. Write the first draftStep 6. Revise the

9、 summary4.4.基本步驟與技巧基本步驟與技巧 提煉提煉內(nèi)容內(nèi)容 整合整合 刪除細(xì)節(jié)刪除具體例子（引用一兩個說明問題即可）避免重復(fù) 同義轉(zhuǎn)換同義轉(zhuǎn)換: 近義詞、同義詞等替換語言語言 句子重構(gòu)句子重構(gòu): 調(diào)整詞類、時態(tài)、語態(tài)等 邏輯：邏輯：銜接（銜接（照應(yīng)、替代、省略、連接和詞匯銜接 ） 技巧技巧Common transitional wordsTime-Sequence first, later, next, then, finallyExamplefor example, for instance, such asListingfirst, second, last, another,

10、 nextContinuationalso, in addition, and, further, besidesContrastbut, however, on the other hand, yet, in contrast, nevertheless, otherwiseComparisonsimilarly, likewise, also, likeCause-Effectbecause, thus, therefore, since, hence, consequently,Condition - resultif then; if therefore二、備考設(shè)想二、備考設(shè)想1.分階

11、段指導(dǎo)，力求循序漸進(jìn)M1U4: Writing a summary of a passage means looking for the main idea of each part and putting it down in a sentence. Look at each paragraph of the reading passage and write down its main idea. Para.1: Before the earthquake strange things began to happen but no one paid attention to them.Pa

12、ra.2: The earthquake destroyed the city of Tangshan.Para. 3: The people were very shocked at the destruction.Para. 4: The army came to help the survivors, bringing hope for a new life.Summary:_ lawyer guidance legal hopeful vote attack fight violence equal blow up out of work as a matter of fact rea

13、ch a stage where According to these key words, write a summary about Elias Story: _M1U5: Elias StoryM4U3: A master of non-verbal humorWhy people needed cheering upWhat Charlies childhood was likeWhat his most famous character was likeAn example of a sad situation that he made funnyHis achievementsIn

14、 Britain and America people were feeling miserable because of the bad economic situation. Charlie understood their problems. His character “the little tramp” was poor and homeless, but everybody loved him for his kind heart and the way he dealt with his difficult situation. Charlie Chaplin made peop

15、le laugh at some of these terrible situations like being without food or money. He wrote and directed his own films and received an Oscar for his outstanding work. (76 words) 2. 注重語篇教學(xué)，讀后進(jìn)行概要寫作注重語篇教學(xué)，讀后進(jìn)行概要寫作（1）把握文本體裁結(jié)構(gòu)，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生語篇意識把握文本體裁結(jié)構(gòu)，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生語篇意識 注重培養(yǎng)學(xué)生在閱讀過程中整體把握文本大意并探索語篇結(jié)構(gòu)及其意義的意識與能力，幫助學(xué)生在大腦里建立起閱讀文本體

16、裁的形式圖式。 篇章類型：篇章類型：說明類 (Exposition)議論類 (Argumentation)敘事類 (Narration)描寫類 (Description)Style of writing： Exposition （problem-solution）Main idea: Chemical fertilizers can cause many problems, so organic farming is becoming more popular.Write a summary of this passage following the procedures.Step 1: Sk

17、im the passage to find its main idea. Write it down in your own words.Step 2: Find and underline the topic sentence of each paragraph. Rewrite each topic sentence, using your own words. Do not copy from the passage!Step 3: Write your summary. First state the main idea of the passage and then the top

18、ics covered by each paragraph. Remember, use your own words!Step 4: Swap summaries with your partners and give each other comments. Check your partners summary for the main idea and topic sentences.Para.1: In recent days, scientists have discovered that using chemical fertilizers for a long time can

19、 hurt the land and also peoples health.Para.2: There are several problems caused by chemical fertilizers.Para.3: Organic farming is becoming more popular with some farmers and many customers after these discoveries came out.Para.4: There are many organic farming methods for making the land healthy a

20、nd productive. Summary: _（2）圍繞各類文體，開展過程性寫作訓(xùn)練議論文：主題概括議論文：主題概括Authors opinion (Topic sentence): Supporting reasons (Supporting sentences):1.2.3.Conclusion nThe article gives the view thatshould/shouldnt（主題）.（補(bǔ)充論據(jù)）.nThe passage highlights the importance of.nThe author argues that說明文：段意合并說明文：段意合并現(xiàn)象類：現(xiàn)象類

21、： Problem + reason (reason1, reason2.)+ solution (step1, 2, 3)介紹說明類介紹說明類: description + features (feature1, feature2.) 記敘文：要素串聯(lián)記敘文：要素串聯(lián)Wh: 1. Who2. When 3. Where4. What happened?5. How6. The lesson（夾敘夾議的文章需要加入教益或教訓(xùn)）點明寫作目的The writer tells us（主題）by showing us an example of, who/which（故事情節(jié)）.作者經(jīng)歷類In the

22、 passage, the writer mainly tells us his experience of doing sth, which他人經(jīng)歷類This passage is mainly about sbs experience of doing sthn寫讀書/讀報摘要n運(yùn)用新概念英語的素材n3. 拓寬概要寫作途徑，構(gòu)建讀寫新常態(tài) On cold winter morning on December 17th last year, a small blue car stopped on a bridge in a provincial town in northern German

23、y. There men dressed in heavy black coats out and stood on the bridge. While they waited there, they kept on looking over the side. Fifteen minutes later, a motor boat sailed past and drew up by the river bank. Three men got out of the boat and looked up at the bridge. The men on the bridge silently

24、 walked down the stone steps leading to the river bank. No words were spoken when they met the men from the boat. After a while, the motorboat moved off and three men returned to the bridge. Now, only two of them were wearing black coats. The third was dressed in a light grey jacket. Anyone who had

25、been watching the scene might not have realized that two master spies had been exchanged on that cold winter morning. 新概念英語第三冊新概念英語第三冊Did the car stop or not?How many men got out?How were they dressed?Where did they stand?Where did they keep looking?Did a motorboat appear or not?Where did it stop? Where did the men go?Why did the