高考英語閱讀—詞義猜測

1、詞義猜測Manfred Milinski from the Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology in Germany and Bettina Rockenbach of the University of Berlin, the authors of a new study, found that people act better when they are being watched because they feel they will be rewarded for good behavior. Their report also

2、 referred to other research showing that this response of behaving well when watched is somehow coded into humans and people respond this way unconsciously, or without realizing it. The underlined word “coded” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to _.A. hiddenB. programmedC. forgottenD. learnt【解析】B

3、詞義猜測題。根據(jù)劃線詞后面句子people respond this way unconsciously, or without realizing it.可以判斷人們這種表現(xiàn)是本能的，是人天生就有的，由此判斷C選項內(nèi)容接近劃線詞義，意思是“編進(jìn)程序的”，選B。Way back in 1662, John Evelyn, a brilliant Englishman known for his detailed diaries, wrote about disastrous effects of coal-burning on the city of London. In it, he des

4、cribed an infernal scene of smogair filled with “Columns and Clouds of Smoke” given out by small industries and residences that burned coal for fuel. The underlined word “infernal” in the first paragraph probably means _.A. imaginary B. adventurousC. unbelievableD. annoying【解析】D詞義猜測題 。結(jié)合上下文可知文中描述了一個

5、充滿煙霧的世界，讓人覺得如地獄般。imaginary虛構(gòu)的；adventurous 愛冒險的； unbelievable難以置信的；annoying惱人的，討厭的。結(jié)合前文可知是讓人討厭的煙霧景象，故選D。But Pace said that the flying Mycobacterium pose few threats to the health. Only those with a weak immune system might need to worry. He told the New York Times that the bacteria are not as unpleas

6、ant as might be thought. He said that having a shower is no more dangerous than anything else we do in the morning. The underlined word “pose” in the paragraph probably means “_”. A. cause B. avoid C. describe D. promise【解析】A 詞義猜測題。cause引起；avoid避免；describe描述；promise許諾。從劃線句后面可知，這些微生物對健康幾乎不能造成威脅，只有一些免

7、疫力比較弱的人才有擔(dān)心的必要。所以pose相當(dāng)于cause引起，所以選A。Scientists at the California Institute of Technology(Caltech) have reported evidence that Mars was warmer and wetter long ago than it is today. The Caltech scientists say they have directly established the temperature of Mars four billion years ago. At least, the

8、y established the surface temperature on part of the planet at that time. The researchers say it is the first such evidence to be discovered and presented.The underlined word “establish” in the paragraph probably means “_”.A. to set upB. to make people accept a beliefC. to discover or proveD. to sta

9、rt having a relationship with others【解析】C 詞義猜測題。從最后一句“The researchers say it is the first such evidence to be discovered and presented”結(jié)合前面兩句可以說明科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)了40億年前的火星地表的溫度的證據(jù)?！癳stablish”在本句中是“discover or prove”，故選C。Nowadays we always find people checking emails in a restaurant, taking a picture of the food

10、 when it arrives, or checking a message during a conversation instead of traditional communication. Its no secret that our lives are being affected by our smart phones obsession.The underlined word “obsession” in the paragraph most probably means “_”.A. devotionB. contributionC. addictionD. emotion【

11、解析】C 詞義猜測。devotion奉獻(xiàn)；contribution貢獻(xiàn)；addiction上癮；emotion情緒。根據(jù)：“checking emails in a restaurant, taking a picture of the food when it arrives, or checking a message during a conversation.”可知，人們無時無刻不在用智能機，這在一定程度上，已經(jīng)成為了一種癖好，故選C。The complex is actually two buildings linked by bridges across a shady, glas

12、s-roofed atrium(天井) open to the air. Fans suck fresh air in from the atrium, blow it upstairs through hollow spaces under the floors and from there into each office through baseboard vents(通風(fēng)口). As it rises and warms, it is drawn out via ceiling vents and finally exists through forty-eight brick chi

13、mneys. What does “it” refer to in the paragraph?A. Fresh air from outside.B. Heat in the building.C. Hollow space.D. Baseboard vent.【解析】A 詞義猜測題。從有劃線詞的本句中可知，“風(fēng)扇將新鮮的空氣從天井吸入，再通過天花板的空洞上傳，最后經(jīng)通風(fēng)口傳入每一間辦公室?！笨芍@里的it指前面提到的“新鮮空氣”，故選A。The current is produced because of an effect in the glass tubes. When they ar

14、e filled with water, positively charged ions(陽離子) fixed in the tubes are washed away, leaving a slight negative charge on the glass surface. When water is then forced along the tube, the surface repels negatively charged ions in the water while positively charged ions are attracted down the tube. Th

15、e result is a net flow of positively charged ions that sets up an electric current.The underlined word “repels” in the paragraph is closest in meaning to _.A. rejectsB. identifiesC. attractsD. rebels【解析】A詞義猜測題。A. rejects排斥；B. identifies鑒定，認(rèn)出；C. attracts吸引；D. rebles反抗，背叛。劃線詞的本句中提到“l(fā)eaving a slight ne

16、gative charge on the glass surface. When water is then forced along the tube, the surface repels negatively charged ions in the water”，從常識可知異性相吸，同性排斥，所以當(dāng)管子表面的陰離子遇到陰離子時會發(fā)生排斥，由此推測A選項正確。One of the surprising facts about seahorses for most people is that they are vertebrates(脊椎動物). They can turn and cur

17、l freely, and like to swim in pairs connected by their tails. Their tails are powerful, and they can use them to grasp the surrounding seaweed(海藻) to keep themselves from being swept away. So seahorses are usually found in warm water filled with seaweed. Which of the following can replace the underl

18、ined word “grasp”?A. Eat. B. Hold.C. Make.D. Handle.【解析】B 詞義猜測題。根據(jù)劃線詞后面的“.to keep themselves from being swept away”“來免于被沖走“可知，grasp在此意為“抓住”，hold與其同義，故選B。Anyone who is a creative genius will tell you that creativity is very much like a muscle that needs to be developed. If you dont learn how to devel

19、op creative thinking, this skill, just like a muscle, will become poor and useless. On the other hand, keep working at it, and this skill will soon be ready for action whenever you need it. So how do you develop your own personal style of creative thinking? The underlined word “it” in the paragraph

20、means _.A. creative thinkingB. the muscleC. personal styleD. great capacity【解析】A 詞義猜測題。從文章第二段的句子：“If you dont learn how to develop creative thinking, this skill, just like a muscle, will become poor and useless.”可知創(chuàng)造力是要經(jīng)常練習(xí)的，如果不練習(xí)，就會沒有用，下文說，如果一直練習(xí)創(chuàng)造力，它在使用的時候，就可以用的上，所以it指的是“創(chuàng)造性的思維”，選A。The weather pre

21、dictions for Asia in 2050 read like a story from a doomsday movie.Many experts and green groups fear they will come true unless there is a united global effort to hold back greenhouse gas outpouring. In the decades to come, Asiahome to more than half the worlds 63 billion peoplewill change from one

22、climate extreme to another, with tired farmers battling droughts, floods, disease, food shortages and rising sea levels.The underlined word “doomsday” may give us the feeling of _.A. happinessB. sadnessC. peaceD. excitement【解析】B 詞義猜測題。A. happiness幸福；B. sadness悲傷；C. peace和平；D. excitement興奮。根據(jù)下文提到的問題，

23、可知應(yīng)是一個不好的景象，是令人沮喪和悲傷的。故選B?！癢e have found an important mechanism by which the heart and brain speakto each other to change our feelings and reduce fear, ”Dr. Garfinkel said.Which of the following is closest in meaning to“mechanism” in the paragraph?A. Order.B. System.C. Machine.D. Treatment.【解析】B 詞義猜

24、測題。order“順序，命令”；machine“機械，機器”；treatment“治療”。根據(jù)后面的從句，可知which指代的就是mechanism，通過它心臟和大腦可以互相交流來改善我們的情緒并減少恐懼，排除A和D，又從前面看到是我們已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了的一個重要的mechanism，故只有B項mechanism意思相近，選B。The experiment involved eight people driving 500 miles each using the MotorMate app, which monitored driving behaviors through GPS technolo

25、gy.The underlined word “monitored” in the paragraph means _. A. controlledB. bannedC. modeledD. showed【解析】A詞義猜測題。根據(jù)劃線詞所處的語境可知：該實驗是由8名分別行駛500英里的司機來實施的，因為是做實驗，所以運用GPS技術(shù)是為了掌控司機的駕駛行為。故選A。But that could change this year, when Virgin Galactic intends to start offering flights just beyond the space barrier

26、 on a rocket ship it has built, featuring five minutes of weightlessness during a two­and­a­half­hour tour. At $ 200,000 a seat, this will open the final frontier to far more people.At least two other specialty airlines have jumped in as well, taking reservations and deposits for

27、 future space flights. Allianz, the big insurer, will introduce an insurance product in 2012, lending space tourism the trappings of the regular travel industry.What does the underlined word “trappings” in the paragraph probably refer to?A. Standard uniforms.B. Traditional decorations.C. Symbolic si

28、gns.D. Personal belongings.【解析】C 詞義猜測題。從文章兩段可知，太空旅行會向更多人敞開大門，而保險公司Allianz將推出一種保險產(chǎn)品，這使太空旅行成為旅游業(yè)的標(biāo)志，故C項正確。Parents often ask what effect thumb sucking(咬手指) might have on their babys teeth. Experts generally agree that this is fine early in life. Most children stop sucking their thumbs by the age of fou

29、r. If it continues, parents should talk to their childrens dentist or doctor.The underlined word “it” in the paragraph refers to “_”.A. toothacheB. parents troubleC. thumb suckingD. experts advice【解析】C 詞義猜測題。從前文了解到：大多數(shù)孩子吸吮拇指的習(xí)慣會持續(xù)到4歲，后面說的如果這種情況還持續(xù)的話，就要看醫(yī)生了，可知it是指thumb sucking “吸吮拇指”，故選C 。Inventor Jo

30、nathan Ritchey said:“The demand for water is off the chart. People are looking for freedom from water distribution systems that are shaky and unreliable”. The underlined phrase “off the chart” in the passage means _.A. record-breaking. B. urgent. C. unbelievable. D. amazing. 【解析】B 詞義猜測題。從后面的句子：“Peop

31、le are looking for freedom from water distribution systems that are shaky and unreliable”. 可知人們在尋找一種方法擺脫不可靠的水分配系統(tǒng)，所以可以推出對水的需求是很緊急的，“off the chart”=urgent，選B。Hu said there will be difficulties ahead as there is little affiliated equipment specially developed for these supercomputers. “We have enough

32、supercomputers in China but still cant make full use of them,” He said.The underlined word “affiliated” can be replaced by _.A. cheapB. suitableC. expensiveD. modern【解析】B 詞義猜測題。本詞是用來修飾后面的“equipment”。由后面的“specially developed for these supercomputers”“為這種超級電腦而特別開發(fā)的設(shè)備”可知該詞表示的是suitable項含義。在這里是“附屬的”意思。故選

33、B。Professor Mike Mendl, head of the Animal Welfare and Behavior Research Group at Bristol Universitys School of Clinical Veterinary Science said, “We can use optimistic or pessimistic decision-making as a symbol of an animals emotional state. Recent studies by our group and others suggest that this

34、is a meritorious new approach to studying a variety of animal species.”The underlined word “meritorious” in the paragraph can be replaced by “_”.A. valuableB. uselessC. fashionableD. hopeless【解析】A詞義推測題。由其前句：We can use “optimistic” or “pessimistic” decision-making as a symbol of an animals emotional

35、state.可知我們可以利用動物“樂觀的”和“悲觀的”決定來判定它們所處的情感狀態(tài)，再結(jié)合其詞后new approach to studying a variety of animal species.可知，畫線詞的意思是“有價值的”。故A正確。The largest black holes are called “supermassive”(超大質(zhì)量黑洞). These black holes have masses that are more than one million suns together. Scientists have found proof that every lar

36、ge galaxy contains a supermassive black hole at its center. The supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way galaxy has a mass equal to about four million suns and would fit inside a very large ball that could hold a few million Earths.The underlined word “galaxy” in the paragraph means _.

37、A. a black holeB. the Milky WayC. a series of starsD. a planet near the earth【解析】C 詞義猜測題。根據(jù)段中“Earths galaxy is called the Milky Way”地球所在的星系叫銀河系，常理可知星系是有很多星星組成的。故選C。Childrens fears are often trivial, but that doesnt mean they should be ignored. They need to be recognized and accepted as real for that

38、 child. Only when we help children understand their fears can they grow normally in their ability to deal with them.The underlined word “trivial” in the paragraph probably means “_”.A. smallB. seriousC. harmfulD. common【解析】D詞義猜測題。根據(jù)文中提到“Only when we help children understand their fears can they grow

39、 normally in their ability to deal with them.”只有通過幫助孩子理解恐懼，他們才能真正的成長來自己處理他們。所以選D項。Roho Sally has two long arms with human-like hands. She can use her fingers to pick up small objects, examine them in detail and do most things that human hands can. Each finger contains a tiny motor capable of squeezi

40、ng 20 pounds of pinch fore, enough to defuse a bomb under the direction of an operator. She sits on a metal base with wheels that let her move around, turn in tight spaces and climb over small objects.The underlined word “defuse” in the paragraph is closest in meaning to “_”.A. remove B. discoverC.

41、equipD. produce【解析】A 詞義猜測題。remove“移除”；discover“發(fā)現(xiàn)”；equip“裝備”；produce“生產(chǎn)”。從本句前半部分了解翻譯出，機器人的每個手指上都有個小馬達(dá)，能產(chǎn)生20磅的握力，那它足以在操作員的指導(dǎo)下“拆掉”炸彈。所以選A。A recent experiment held in Japan shows that it is almost impossible for people to walk exactly straight for 60 metres. Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technolo

42、gy found 20 healthy men and asked them to walk as straight as possible to a target 60 metres away at normal speed. Each man had to walk on white paper fixed flat to the floor wearing wet colored socks. The footprints revealed that all walked in a winding rather than a straight line. Researchers foun

43、d that people readjust the direction of walking every few seconds. The amount of the winding differed from subject to subject. This suggests that none of us can walk in a strictly straight line. We walk in a winding way mainly because of a slight structural or functional imbalance of our limbs(四肢).

44、Although we may start walking in a straight line, several steps afterwards we have changed direction.The underlined word “subject” in the paragraph refers to _.A. a person with a functional imbalanceB. a person chosen to be studied in an experimentC. the subject one studies at schoolD. the direction

45、 of walking【解析】B 詞義猜測題。本段中可知，東京大學(xué)找了20個健康的人，讓他們以正常的速度盡可能的走60米直線，下文說The amount of the winding differed from subject to subject.不能走直的距離數(shù)在人和人間是不同的，所以subject是參加實驗的人，選B。Light pollution affects more than our view of the heavens and can harm wildlife. Migrating birds(候鳥) sometimes fly over cities and become

46、 confused by the brightness, flying in circles until they drop from exhaustion. Sea turtles need dark beaches for nesting and wont approach bright lights. Too much light at night may even affect human health. For all these reasons, researchers are working on ways to use lights only when and where th

47、ey are truly needed. Everyone deserves to look up at the sky.The underlined word “exhaustion” in the last paragraph means _ .A. air pollutionB. tirednessC. breathD. brightness【解析】B 詞義猜測題。A. air pollution空氣污染；B. tiredness精疲力竭；C. breath呼吸；D. brightness亮度。根據(jù)本句：Migrating birds(候鳥) sometimes fly over cit

48、ies and become confused by the brightness, flying in circles until they drop from exhaustion.可知很多候鳥都因為光污染而無法辨明方向，一直在繞圈飛行，直到最后精疲力竭掉到地上。故該詞是指B項含義。Chaz Dean got tired of clients leaving his salon raving about their color and the feeling of their hairbrassy(似黃銅的)and dull. He knew the main cause was like

49、ly their shampoo, so he started experimenting with various ingredients, including natural herbs and botanicals, that he knew had cleansing(弄干凈) and hydrating(保濕的) properties.What is the meaning of the underlined phrase “ raving about”?A. smiling satisfactorily atB. shouting angrily forC. crying exci

50、tedly forD. sighing silently at【解析】B 詞義猜測題。劃線部分句意是：查茲·迪安厭煩了離開沙龍的顧客激憤討論他們頭發(fā)顏色和發(fā)質(zhì)感覺發(fā)黃和發(fā)暗。由“發(fā)黃和發(fā)暗”可知顧客并不滿意，常理可知顧客如果不滿意會大聲抱怨。故選B。She explained that boiling water, 212°F (99.98°C), is sometimes used to kill germsfor example, to clean drinking water that might be polluted with germs. But “h

51、ot” water for hand washing is generally within 104°F to 131°F (40°C to 55°C). At the high end of that range, heat could kill some germs, but the sustained contact that would be required would scald the skin.The underlined word “scald” in paragraph six probably means _.A. burnB. i

52、mproveC. softenD. wrinkle【解析】A詞義猜測題。根據(jù)句子意思：在這種范圍（40°C to 55°C）中，熱水才會殺滅細(xì)菌，但這種所需的長時間的接觸熱水，肯定會對皮膚造成“傷害”，“燙傷”皮膚。所以選A。Previous research has explained why rewarding children for sharing can backfire. Children come to think of themselves as people who dont like to share since they had to be rewar

53、ded for doing so. Because they dont view themselves as “sharers”, they are less likely to share in the future.The underlined word “backfire” means _.A. have an opposite effectB. serve as a pushC. cause angerD. avoid taking things back【解析】A 詞義猜測題。從后面的內(nèi)容可以了解到：孩子們會認(rèn)為大家都不喜歡分享，正因為“他”這樣做了，才不得不獎賞“他”，在本段的最后

54、也說了，他們很肯在將來不去分享了，故這種因為分享而得到的獎賞往往會產(chǎn)生一個負(fù)面的影響。故選A。backfire是“產(chǎn)生出乎意料及事與愿違的結(jié)果”的意思。Many people are aware of the beauty of a solar eclipse(日食), but are surprised to learn that lunar eclipses are often just as impressive. While total solar eclipse lasts only for a few minutes and can be seen only in a small

55、area of a few kilometers, total lunar eclipse can last for several hours and can be seen over much of the planet. In fact, the beauty and stability of lunar eclipses make them a favorite of both amateur and professional photographers.The underlined word “stability” most probably means_.A. strengthB.

56、 positionC. steadinessD. visibility【解析】C 詞義推斷題。句子：“total lunar eclipse can last for several hours and can be seen over much of the planet.”說的是月全食時間上的持久性和可見區(qū)域的廣闊性。這種特性使其成為專業(yè)攝影師和業(yè)余攝影愛好者的最愛。stability指的是月全食在時間上的持久穩(wěn)定，詞義與steadiness相近，故C項正確。Ask someone what they have done to help the environment recently a

57、nd they will almost certainly mention recycling. Recycling in the home is very important of course. However, being forced to recycle often means we already have more material than we need. We are dealing with the results of that over-consumption in the greenest way possible, but it would be far better if we did not need to bring so much material home in the first place. What does the underlined phrase “over-consumption” refer to?A. Using too much packaging.B. Recycling too many wastes.C. Making more products than necessary.D. Having more material than is n