Chapter_Two_Writing_a_Paragraph

1、 Period Two Writing a ParagraphHow to organize one paragraph?nA topic sentencenSupporting sentencesnA concluding sentenceII. How to develop paragraphs? 作者通過舉出具體事例來闡述、說明主題句作者通過舉出具體事例來闡述、說明主題句的內(nèi)容。的內(nèi)容。E.g.1：There are many different forms of exercises to suit different tastes. For example, those who enj

2、oy competitive sports may take up ball games. For another example, if they prefer to exercise alone, they can have a run or take a walk in the morning or in the evening. Besides, people can go swimming in the summer and go skating in the winter. In short, no matter what their interests are, people c

3、an always find more than one sports that are suitable to them.1. 舉例法舉例法(example)n本段采用了三個(gè)事例來說明主題句中的關(guān)鍵詞組本段采用了三個(gè)事例來說明主題句中的關(guān)鍵詞組different forms of exercises，這三個(gè)例子分別由連接，這三個(gè)例子分別由連接詞詞for example, for another example 和和besides引出，引出，最后由最后由in short引導(dǎo)的結(jié)尾句總結(jié)全段內(nèi)容。引導(dǎo)的結(jié)尾句總結(jié)全段內(nèi)容。n舉例法中常用的連接詞有：舉例法中常用的連接詞有：for example

4、(instance), one example is, besides, furthermore, moreover, in addition等。等。nExercise 1 nDirections：Fill in the blanks with the expressions in the bracket: (again, furthermore, for example)nPollution is becoming more and more serious all over the world. _ , the poisonous gas set off by factories and

5、automobiles has made the air unhealthy for people to breathe. _, waste water keeps pouring into rivers and lakes; as a result, any water lives are dying out. _, wherever we go, we can find rubbish carelessly disposed. Pollution is, in fact, threatening our existence.n Revised . Nowadays, fake commod

6、ities are prevalent in the market. When you go to the supermarket, you may buy some fake food commodities. When you go to the pharmacists/drugstore藥店藥店, you may buy some fake medicines. The deep root of this phenomenon lies in someones/ dishonest businessmens奸商奸商 greed for money. In order to get a l

7、arge amount of money/ make easy money in a short time, they try every means to produce fake commodities without any regard for不為不為著想著想 other peoples benefit and health. In order to make a quick fortune without hardworking, they produce fake commodities, sacrificing the consumers interests. 1. 舉例法舉例法

8、(example)continued. Fake commodities exert a negative influence on both the consumers and the society. For example, when a person bought fake medicine, which was useless in curing his disease, his/her health might be put in danger. Besides, fake commodities are usually sold at a low price /usually e

9、njoy unbeatable advantage in prices, and this would cause unfair competition in the market, and even puts the whole market in disorder. Exercise4You are required to write an essay on “ Self-help is the best help.” and illustrate it using examples.2. 列舉法列舉法(details) 列舉法是通過列舉一系列的論據(jù)對(duì)列舉法是通過列舉一系列的論據(jù)對(duì)topi

10、c sentence中擺出的論點(diǎn)進(jìn)行廣泛、全面地陳中擺出的論點(diǎn)進(jìn)行廣泛、全面地陳述或解釋，列舉的順序可以按照所列各點(diǎn)內(nèi)述或解釋，列舉的順序可以按照所列各點(diǎn)內(nèi)容的相對(duì)重要性、時(shí)間、空間等進(jìn)行。容的相對(duì)重要性、時(shí)間、空間等進(jìn)行。nIts believed that to take part in extracurricular activities can first enable students to relieve tension from studies. Second, it can increase their knowledge, widen their horizons, deve

11、lop their abilities and display their talents. Whats more, the experience of joining in activities also helps cultivate their sense of cooperation and competition. Thus, it may help improve the efficiency of their study. E.g. 1: Firstly, they have active imaginations. Secondly, they are sympathetic

12、and sensitive. Thirdly, they are good observers of life. Finally, they love words.E.g.2 What type of recreation is good depends on each individual. There are generally two kinds of recreation: physical and intellectual. If you are an office worker or a student, youd better enjoy some physical activi

13、ties, such as running or swimming. If you do physical work, you can try some hobbies such as reading books or playing chess. Choices for recreation are unlimited. nExercise 5nDirections：Divide the books college students often read into three kinds and describe them one by one 因果分析是常用的拓展段落的方法之一，因果分析是

14、常用的拓展段落的方法之一，一定要注意推理的邏輯性一定要注意推理的邏輯性, 因果關(guān)系必因果關(guān)系必須表達(dá)清楚，不能因果混淆，更不能因須表達(dá)清楚，不能因果混淆，更不能因果倒置，要避免牽強(qiáng)附會(huì)和循環(huán)論證果倒置，要避免牽強(qiáng)附會(huì)和循環(huán)論證。E.g.1: The role of women in todays society is changing. One reason is that women have begun to assert themselves as independent people through the womens movement. Also, women are aware

15、of the alternatives to staying at home. Another reason is that increasing numbers of women who enter new fields and interests serve as role models for other women. Moreover, men are becoming more conscious of the abilities of women and have begun to view their independence positively.assert that/ st

16、h to be/oneself as 宣稱宣稱， 堅(jiān)持（某種觀點(diǎn)堅(jiān)持（某種觀點(diǎn)/主張）主張）serve as (a) role model(s) for 成為成為的榜樣的榜樣becoming more conscious of ExerciseDirections：Read the following paragraph of cause and effect，adding suitable listing signals and linking expressionsThere are many reasons why languages change. _, various languag

17、es that started from the same parent developed their own uniqueness after groups of speakers drifted away(漸漸離開漸漸離開/疏遠(yuǎn)疏遠(yuǎn)) from one another to establish isolated, independent communities. _, the independence of and interaction with foreign cultures, often as a result of military conquest, also contrib

18、ute to language changes. _is the rapidly advancing technology and new systems of communication that bring all cultures and languages into close contact 使產(chǎn)生密切聯(lián)系使產(chǎn)生密切聯(lián)系, with borrowing words, between languages, for a common phenomenon in the contemporary world. All languages change as the experiences

19、of their speakers change.nExercise 6nDirections：Write a paragraph，analyzing the effects of students cheating on exams or the advantages of job interview比較（比較（comparisoncomparison）主要是指出兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上不）主要是指出兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上不同種類的事物的共同點(diǎn)或相似之處，如人物、同種類的事物的共同點(diǎn)或相似之處，如人物、地點(diǎn)、事物、思想、觀點(diǎn)等。地點(diǎn)、事物、思想、觀點(diǎn)等。對(duì)照（對(duì)照（contrastcontrast）主要是指出

20、它們的不同點(diǎn)。相同）主要是指出它們的不同點(diǎn)。相同的或類似的特征可以組成比較，不同的特征則的或類似的特征可以組成比較，不同的特征則可以組成對(duì)照。不僅如此，比較和對(duì)比常常同可以組成對(duì)照。不僅如此，比較和對(duì)比常常同時(shí)使用，這是因?yàn)楸容^中往往隱含著對(duì)比。時(shí)使用，這是因?yàn)楸容^中往往隱含著對(duì)比。比較和對(duì)比常有兩種形式，即整體比較和對(duì)比比較和對(duì)比常有兩種形式，即整體比較和對(duì)比（block/holistic comparison and contrastblock/holistic comparison and contrast）與逐項(xiàng)比較（與逐項(xiàng)比較（alternating comparisonaltern

21、ating comparison）。）。E.g.1: Life in the city is quite different from life in the suburbsPeople living in the city are constantly exposed to the hustle忙碌忙碌 奔波奔波 and bustle忙亂嘈雜忙亂嘈雜 of urban life. But life in the suburbs is generally quiet and casual and generally more low-key低調(diào)，不張揚(yáng)低調(diào)，不張揚(yáng) than in the ci

22、tyIf city dwellers want to see trees and grass，they must go to one of the public parksOn the other hand，the streets of many suburban communities are lined with trees and shrubs灌木灌木 矮樹矮樹，and each house has its own grassy yardA person living in the city is close to many sources of entertainment，but pe

23、ople living in suburban areas must go into the city for entertainment What makes a good paragraph?nTo be as effective as possible, a paragraph should contain each of the following traits特性特性 or elements: nunity, 統(tǒng)一性統(tǒng)一性ncoherence, 連貫性連貫性na topic sentence, 一個(gè)主題句一個(gè)主題句nadequate development, 充分的發(fā)展充分的發(fā)展na

24、 brief conclusion (dispensable非必要的非必要的).簡明扼要的簡明扼要的總結(jié)總結(jié)Unity統(tǒng)一性統(tǒng)一性:nThe entire paragraph should concern itself with a single focus. If it begins with a focus or major point of discussion, it should not end with another or wander within different ideas.Coherence連貫性連貫性:nCoherence helps to make the para

25、graph easily understandable to a reader. You can help create coherence in your paragraphs by creating logical bridges邏輯的銜接邏輯的銜接 and verbal bridges詞匯的銜接詞匯的銜接.logical bridges:邏輯的銜接邏輯的銜接nThe same idea of a topic is carried over from sentence to sentence in a logically natural way.verbal bridges:詞匯的銜接詞匯

26、的銜接nKey words can be repeated in several sentences;nSynonymous words can be repeated in several sentences; nPronouns can refer to nouns in previous sentences; nTransition words and phrases can be used to link ideas from different sentences.nTwo of the most important characteristics of paragraph writ

27、ing are: Coherence UnityCoherence of a Paragraphu Coherence refers to a certain characteristic or aspect of writing. Literally, the word means to stick together. u Coherence in writing means that all the ideas in a paragraph flow smoothly from one sentence to the next sentence. My hometown is famous

28、 for several amazing natural features. First, it is noted for the Wheaton River, which is very wide and beautiful. On either side of this river, which is 175 feet wide, are many willow trees which have long branches that can move gracefully in the wind. In autumn the leaves of these trees fall and c

29、over the riverbanks like golden snow. Second, on the other side of the town is Wheaton Hill, which is unusual because it is very steep. Even though it is steep, climbing this hill is not dangerous, because there are some firm rocks along the sides that can be used as stairs. There are no trees aroun

30、d this hill, so it stands clearly against the sky and can be seen from many miles away. The third amazing feature is the Big Old Tree. This tree stands two hundred feet tall and is probably about six hundred years old. These three landmarks are truly amazing and make my hometown a famous place. Comm

31、on Usage of Transitions: 1) Use pron. as transitions: I, you, he, she, they, them, this, that, these, those, one, such, it. 在指代前面名詞的同時(shí)，在指代前面名詞的同時(shí)， 它們使句子順利地從上句它們使句子順利地從上句過渡到下一句。過渡到下一句。 In 1807 Noah Webster began his greatest work, “An American Dictionary of the English Language.” In preparing the man

32、uscript, he devoted ten years to the study of English and its relationship to other languages, and seven more years to the writing itself. 該段落第二句的該段落第二句的 “he” 使上一句平穩(wěn)地過渡到了下使上一句平穩(wěn)地過渡到了下句。如果不使用代詞，不僅使文章顯得累贅，而且句。如果不使用代詞，不僅使文章顯得累贅，而且破壞了其連貫性。破壞了其連貫性。Common Usage of Transitions: 1) Use pron. as transitions:

33、 I, you, he, she, they, them, this, that, these, those, one, such, it. 在指代前面名詞的同時(shí)，在指代前面名詞的同時(shí)， 它們使句子順利地從上句它們使句子順利地從上句過渡到下一句。過渡到下一句。 In 1807 Noah Webster began his greatest work, “An American Dictionary of the English Language.” In preparing the manuscript, he devoted ten years to the study of English

34、 and its relationship to other languages, and seven more years to the writing itself. 該段落第二句的該段落第二句的 “he” 使上一句平穩(wěn)地過渡到了下使上一句平穩(wěn)地過渡到了下句。如果不使用代詞，不僅使文章顯得累贅，而且句。如果不使用代詞，不僅使文章顯得累贅，而且破壞了其連貫性。破壞了其連貫性。Common Usage of Transitions: 2) Use synonyms (同義詞、近義詞同義詞、近義詞) as transitions: Teacher play a very important ro

35、le in the teaching-and-learning work, in which, of course, the students must cooperate with them. Without the instructors, the students might be somewhat like a swimmer in the sea of knowledge, not knowing the direction to the seashore. 在這個(gè)例子中，在這個(gè)例子中， 近義詞近義詞instructor起到了平穩(wěn)過起到了平穩(wěn)過渡的作用。渡的作用。Common Usa

36、ge of Transitions: 3) Use repetitions as transitions: In such a society, there was very little leisure left for hobbies. Indeed the word “l(fā)eisure” itself meant time that was saved, with some difficulty, in the midst of many jobs. Such leisure was used to practice the arts to sing, paint, carve or ac

37、t. Since their professional work was so largely physical it was natural for people to seek emotional and mental satisfaction through these arts in their leisure time. 此段中關(guān)鍵詞的重復(fù)，此段中關(guān)鍵詞的重復(fù)， 使文章能夠自然地由上一個(gè)使文章能夠自然地由上一個(gè)句子過渡到下一個(gè)句子。句子過渡到下一個(gè)句子。Common Usage of Transitions: 4) Use parallel structure as transiti

38、ons: Modern society depends a great deal on mineral oil. Without it, there would be no paraffin-oil (石石蠟油蠟油) for lighting or cooking; Without it, there would be no motorcars, aero planes or diesel engines for trains. 這種平行結(jié)構(gòu)的運(yùn)用不僅能夠起到平穩(wěn)過渡句這種平行結(jié)構(gòu)的運(yùn)用不僅能夠起到平穩(wěn)過渡句子的作用，而且也強(qiáng)調(diào)了句子。子的作用，而且也強(qiáng)調(diào)了句子。Transition Word

39、s: above, across, from, up, under, before, below, beyond, farther, down, around, here, in the distance, nearby, near, close to, next to, on the left, on the right, opposite, on the top of, beneath, over 2) first, second (and so on), First of all, now, then, to begin with, at first, at last, finally,

40、 in the end, eventually, recently, lately, immediately, since then, soon, after a while, a moment later, afterward, before, after, today, tomorrow, yesterday Transitions Words: 3) on the contrary, to the contrary, on the other hand, despite, yet, unlike, in contrast, however, different from, in spit

41、e of, although, but, whereas, nevertheless, instead, while, still, otherwise, conversely, equally important, accordingly, like, likewise, in the same way, similarly, meanwhile, at the same time, even so 4) because of, because, for, for this reason, since, as, due to, owing to, thanks to, on this acc

42、ount, on that account, therefore, as a result, consequently, Accordingly, so, hence, thus, in this way, otherwise Transition Words: 5) even though, after all, although, clearly, it is true that, admittedly6) for example, for instance, for one thing, to illustrate, as an illustration, a case in point

43、, namely, that is, incidentally 7) naturally, obviously, clearly, of course, in fact, as a matter of fact, actually, in particular, that is to say, in this case, any way, in any case, on no account, certainly, indeed, above all, first of all, surely, no doubt 8) furthermore, moreover, besides, also,

44、 in addition, too, likewise, whats more, not only but alsoExercise 1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate transitions.1）You must do the work successfully without anyones help. _ you will be severely punished. 2) He is not cruel. _, he is very kind to everyone, especially to children.3) There is dang

45、er everywhere in the forest. _, you must be particularly careful going through it. 4) He is not good at maths. _he is determined to learn it well. 5) I am not able to do it. _, my father wont allow me to.OtherwiseOn the contraryThereforeButWhats moreExercise 2. Revise the sentences using indicated t

46、ransitions.1. The professor is very strict with his students. The professor never allows his students to be late for class. (pron.) Revision: The professor is very strict with his students. He never allows them to be late for class. 2. The hammer came down. The liquid splashed out. (parallel structu

47、re)Revision: Down came the hammer; Out splashed the liquid.Exercise 2. Revise the sentences using indicated transitions.3. Its easy to detect the purpose of the writer. In order to make certain that the readers know it, the writer has repeated it at the end of the book. (synonym)Revision: Its easy t

48、o detect the purpose of the writer. In order to make certain that the readers know it, the author has repeated it at the end of the book. 4. You put the machine in position. You turn on the light. You push the button. It begins to work. (transition word)Revision: First you put the machine in positio

49、n; then you turn on the light; finally you push the button, and it begins to work.Unity of a Paragraph Unity is a very important characteristic of good paragraph writing. Paragraph unity means that one paragraph is about ONLY ONE main topic. That is, all the sentences the topic sentence, supporting

50、sentences, and (sometimes) the concluding sentence are all telling the reader about ONE main topic. If your paragraph contains a sentence or some sentences that are NOT related to the main topic, then we say that the paragraph lacks unity, or that the sentence is off-topic. Exercise: Delete the irre

51、levant sentence. Books are placed on the library shelves in numerical order. In other words, all the books on one subject are put together under the same number; for example, all books on United States history are numbered 973, and are placed together on the 973 shelf or shelves. Of course, such boo

52、ks are borrowed mostly by students who learn history. Prewriting Stage Writing Stage Editing StageHow to Write ParagraphsPrewriting ParagraphsnWhat is the prewriting stage? The prewriting stage is when you think carefully and organize your ideas for your paragraph before you begin writing. nSix Prew

53、riting Steps: n1. Think carefully about what you are going to write. Ask yourself: What question am I going to answer in this paragraph or essay? How can I best answer this question? What is the most important part of my answer? How can I make an introductory sentence (or thesis statement) from the

54、most important part of my answer? What facts or ideas can I use to support my introductory sentence? How can I make this paragraph or essay interesting? Do I need more facts on this topic? Where can I find more facts on this topic?Prewriting ParagraphsSix Prewriting Steps: n2. Open your notebook. Wr

55、ite out your answers to the above questions. You do not need to spend a lot of time doing this; just write enough to help you remember why and how you are going to write your paragraph or essay. n3. Collect facts related to your paragraph or essay topic. Look for and write down facts that will help

56、you to answer your question. Timesaving hint: make sure the facts you are writing are related to the exact question you are going to answer in your paragraph or essay. n4. Write down your own ideas. Ask yourself: What else do I want to say about this topic? Why should people be interested in this to

57、pic? Why is this topic important?Prewriting ParagraphsSix Prewriting Steps: n5. Find the main idea of your paragraph or essay. Choose the most important point you are going to present. If you cannot decide which point is the most important, just choose one point and stick to it throughout your parag

58、raph or essay. n6. Organize your facts and ideas in a way that develops your main idea. Once you have chosen the most important point of your paragraph or essay, you must find the best way to tell your reader about it. Look at the facts you have written. Look at your own ideas on the topic. Decide w

59、hich facts and ideas will best support the main idea of your paragraph. Once you have chosen the facts and ideas you plan to use, ask yourself which order to put them in the paragraph. Write down your own note set that you can use to guide yourself as you write your paragraph or essay.Writing Paragr

60、aphsnWhat is the writing stage?The writing stage is when you turn your ideas into sentences. nFour Writing Steps: 1. Write the topic sentence, supporting sentences, and closing sentence.2. Write clear and simple sentences to express your meaning.3. Focus on the main idea of your paragraph.4. Use the