高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法專題及練習(xí)Word版

1、 高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法及練習(xí)（一） 定語(yǔ)從句(一)定義 在一個(gè)復(fù)合句中，如果一個(gè)名詞或相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞的詞被一個(gè)句子修飾，那么這個(gè)句子就是定語(yǔ)從句。構(gòu)成 先行詞+引導(dǎo)詞 +句子引導(dǎo)詞的分類1 關(guān)系代詞及其用法：指人：who/ that(作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ))whom（做賓語(yǔ)） whose(表所有)指物：which/ that (作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)) whose(表所有)eg:(1).The man who/that is wearing a red hat is Mr Smith. (2). The book which/that is on the desk is mine. (3). The man whose

2、son is a soldier is standing under the tree. (4). The book whose cover is red is my sisters.1 / 38 (5). The man （whom/who/that） my father is talking to is Mr Smith. (6). The book (which/that) you are holding is mine.(二). 分類 限定性和非限定性定語(yǔ)從句 限定性定語(yǔ)從句對(duì)先行詞起修飾限制作用;非限定定語(yǔ)從句對(duì)先行詞起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用.在非限定定語(yǔ)從句中,先行詞與從句之間往往有逗號(hào)隔開

3、.eg:1.He has two sons,who work in the same company.(He has only two sons.)2.He has two sons who work in the same company.(he has more than two sons perhaps.) 關(guān)系代詞的作用: (1).連接作用:關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)從句,把主句和從句連接起來(lái). (2).替代作用:關(guān)系代詞在從句中替代它前面的先行詞. (3).成分作用:關(guān)系代詞在從句中總是充當(dāng)句子成分. 關(guān)系代詞的用法與分類的三個(gè)依據(jù): (1).根據(jù)所引導(dǎo)的從句的限定性和非限定性. (2).根據(jù)所替

4、代的先行詞是指人還是指物. (3).根據(jù)它在從句的所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、或定語(yǔ)。關(guān)系代詞that和which的用法： 限定性定語(yǔ)從句只能用that的情況： 1.當(dāng)先行詞是不定代詞all， much, little ,something, anything , everything ， nothing， none ， the one時(shí)：eg:(1). Do you have anything else that you want to say for yourself?你還有要為自己說(shuō)的話了嗎？(2).You should hand in all that you have.你應(yīng)該上繳

5、你所有的東西。 2.當(dāng)先行詞前有the only the very (恰好) any， few ， little， no ， all等詞修飾時(shí)。eg:(1).This is the very bus that I am waiting for.(2).The only thing that we can give you is some money.3.當(dāng)先行詞是形容詞最高級(jí)或被最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)eg:(1).This is the most interesting film that I have seen.4.當(dāng)先行詞是序數(shù)詞或被序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)。eg:(1).The train is the la

6、st that will go to Suzhou.5.當(dāng)先行詞即有人又有物時(shí)。Eg:(1).Do you know the persons and things that they are talking about?6.當(dāng)主句的疑問(wèn)詞是who 或 which時(shí)。Eg:(1).Which is the bike that you lost?(2).Who is the boy that won the gold medal?7.有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，其中一個(gè)宜用which,另一個(gè)宜用that.eg:(1).They secretly built up a small factory ,which

7、 produced things that could cause pollution.8.先行詞在句子中作表語(yǔ),而關(guān)系代詞在句子中也作表語(yǔ)時(shí).eg:(1).Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.當(dāng)先行詞是物/事時(shí)，只能用which的情況：1.在非限定定語(yǔ)從句中只能用which.eg: Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to others, which made the others envy him. 2.當(dāng)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)的介詞提前時(shí)，只能用which. eg: This is

8、 a house in which Lu Xun once lived. 有關(guān)練習(xí)：1.I refuse to accept the blame for something_was someone elses fault. A.who B.that C.as D.what2.He talked a lot about things and persons_he remembered in the school. A .which B.that C.whom D.what3.The girl in plain clothes,_was wonderfully caml in face of da

9、nger ,was just sixteen years old. A.when B.which C.what D.who4.After graduating from college, I took some time off to go travelling,_ turned out to be a wise decision. A.that B.which C .when D.where5.This is one of the most interesting films_shown last week. A .which B.that was C.which were D.that w

10、ere答案BBDBD關(guān)系代詞who whom whose 和that的用法：在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，用who/that ,不可省略；在從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，用whom/that/who,可以省略；在從句中作定語(yǔ)時(shí)用whose,不可省略?？芍溉艘部芍肝?，whose+n.=the+n.+of which或of which+the+n.（指物）；whose+n.=the+n.+of whom 或of whom+the +n.(指人)。eg:(1). She is the girl who/that lives next door. (2). That the girl whom/who/that I teach

11、. (3). This is the scientist whose achievement are well known (4). This is the house whose window broke last night.=This is the house ,the window of which broke last night=This is the house ,of which the window broke last night.介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句： 介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句指物時(shí)關(guān)系代詞只能用which,指人時(shí)只能用whom.即介詞+which/whom.

12、介詞選擇的幾種情況：所屬關(guān)系用of ;動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)中固有的介詞；根據(jù)語(yǔ)境臨時(shí)選用的介詞。eg:(1).I picked some apples,some of which were bad. (2).I have seen many foreingers,most of whom are from Europe (3).He has ten sons, half of whom are soldiers. (4).This is the girl from whom I learned the news. (5).He is the man on whom you can depend. (6).

13、The house has many small windows, through which light can go into it. 但是一些動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)是固定的，其介詞不能提前：look after; look for ;look forward to; take care of. eg: Is this the knife which you are looking for?(for 不能提前)。 注意：請(qǐng)辨別下列一組句子,注意下列句子的定義: I picked some apples.some of them ;some of them were bad. ,and/but some

14、of them ,some of which 有關(guān)練習(xí):1. The clever boy made a hole in the wall,_he can see what was going on inside.A .which B.through whichC.that D.through that2.Children who are not active or _diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly. A.what B.whose Cwhich D.that3.In the dark street there was nobody_he

15、 could turn for help.A.that B.whomC.in whom D.to whom4.She brought with her three friends,_I had ever met before. A.none of them; B.all of who C.none of whom D.all of these5.My friend Jennifer,_help I have made great progress in my studies,will leave for Canada next week. A.in whose B.in her C.with

16、whose D.with her6.The voice of China is a program_ the young are very familiar in China. A.in which B.to which C.by which D.with which7.Our country has a long history and lots of interesting customs,_we are very proud. A.of which B.with which C.in what D. for which在限制性定定語(yǔ)從句中，當(dāng)介詞位于定語(yǔ)從句末尾時(shí)，可用that/whic

17、h(指物）；that/whom/who(指人）。作介詞賓語(yǔ)，而且可以省略。Eg:This is the hero that/who/whom we are proud of.(可省略)。 This is the pen that/which I wrote the letter with.(可以省略).答案:BBDCCBA復(fù)合介詞短語(yǔ)+關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，這種定語(yǔ)從句常常與先行詞用逗號(hào)分開，定義從句常用倒裝句。eg:He lived in a big house ,in front of which stood a tall tree.關(guān)系代詞as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句：關(guān)系代詞as即可

18、引導(dǎo)限定性定語(yǔ)從句，也可引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，as在句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、或表語(yǔ)。 引導(dǎo)限定性定語(yǔ)從句常用于下列句式： 1. Such +名詞+as 像一樣，像.之類。 2. the same +名詞+as和同樣的.(1).We have found such materials as are used in their factory.(主語(yǔ))(2).These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected.（賓語(yǔ)）He is not the same man as he was. （表語(yǔ)）。 注意：suchas引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句和su

19、chthat引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別： He is such a clever boy as everyone likes. He is such a clever boy that everyone likes him. as ,which 的區(qū)別： as 引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，即可放在主句前，也可放在主句后，還可插入主句中。而which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句只能置于主句后。相同的是兩者都可替代主句的整個(gè)內(nèi)容，而不是主句的某個(gè)詞。eg: The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could except.

20、當(dāng)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句放在主句前時(shí),只能用as.主要有以下句式： as anybody can see正如人人能看到的那樣；as is well-known=as is known to all眾所周知；as we had excepted正如我們所預(yù)料的那樣；as often happens正如經(jīng)常發(fā)生的那樣；as has been said before如上所述；as is mentioned above正如上面提到的。注意下列典型表達(dá)： As is known to everybody, the moon travels around the earth once every month.

21、(as引導(dǎo)的是非限定性定語(yǔ)從句前置)。=The moon travels around the earth once every month,as/which is known to everybody.(as/which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句后置)。 =It is known to everybody that the moon travels around the earth once every month.(it是形式主語(yǔ)，that引導(dǎo)的是主語(yǔ)從句)。=What is known to everybody is that the moon travels around the eart

22、h once every month.(whateverybody是主語(yǔ)從句；is后是表語(yǔ)從句)。有關(guān)練習(xí):1.I have bought the same dress_she is wearing. A.as B.that C.which D.than2.Can you solve such problems_raised by the audience? Awhat were B.as were C.that were D.which were3.He must be from Africa,_can be Seen from his skin. A.that B.as C.it D.wh

23、at 4_is reported in the newspapers,talk between the two countries are making progress.A.It B.As C.That D.What5.The Beatle,_many of you are old enough to remember ,came from Liverpool. A.What B.that C.how D.as 答案：ABBBD2. 關(guān)系副詞的用法當(dāng)先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),要用關(guān)系副詞.其中when=表示時(shí)間的介詞（in；at; on ;during等）+which;where=表示地點(diǎn)的

24、介詞（in;at ;on ;under等）+which;why=表示原因的介詞（for）+which;how=表示方式的介詞（in）which. eg:(1).I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.(when=on which)(2).Can you tell me the office where he works?(where=in which)(3).Do you know the reason why he is absent?(why=for which)介詞+關(guān)系代詞which=when/where,有時(shí)為了表達(dá)

25、清楚，還可以在where/when前加上from,to,during等：(1).China is the place of kites, from where kite flying spread to Japan,Korea,Thailand and India.(2).We went up to the roof,from where we had a good view of the lake.(3).We stood near the window, from where we could see the whole garden.注意：當(dāng)先行詞是case,condition,situ

26、ation,position,point,stage 等名詞，表示情況，方面，處境時(shí)，用關(guān)系副詞where;表示時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，原因的先行詞在句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，應(yīng)用that或which.eg:(1). There are some cases ,where this role doesnt hold good(適用)。(2). I will show you the point where you fail.(3). He had to face the condition where press was heavy.請(qǐng)注意下列句子中時(shí)間,地點(diǎn),原因的不同作用:Do you still reme

27、mber the days that/which we spent in Qingdao?Do you still remember the days when we spent the summer in Qingdao?This is the reason that he gave us.This is the reason why he was late for meeting.Have you been to the place that your parents visited last summer?Have you been to the place where Luxun wa

28、s born?從上例可以看出表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因的先行詞的引導(dǎo)詞需要根據(jù)該詞在句子中的成分而定，如作狀語(yǔ)就用when, where,why 引導(dǎo)。如作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)就有which/that引導(dǎo)。這是定語(yǔ)從句的難點(diǎn)之一。 He lived in London for three months ,during which time he learned some English. 有關(guān)練習(xí):用that,when, why,where,which填空： I want to know the date _you were born. I have forgetten the date_you told m

29、e. Do you know the reason_he is absent today? That is the reason_I want to know This is the factory_his father works This is the factory_his father built. 1.I walked up to the top of the hill with my friends,_we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake.A. which B.where C.who D.that 2.Between the two part

30、s of the concert is an interval,_the audience can buy ice-cream. A.when B.where C.that D.which3. Whatever is left over may be put into the refrigerator,_it will keep two or three weeks.A. when B.which C.where D.while4. Mozarts birthplace and the house_he composed The Magic Flute are both museums now

31、.A. where B.when C.then D.which5. It is helpful to put children in a situation_they can see themselves differently.A. that B.when C.which D.where答案：BACAD定語(yǔ)從句的其他要點(diǎn)：關(guān)系代詞在句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)不可省略。定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在人稱、數(shù)方面，應(yīng)該與先行詞的單復(fù)書保持一致。The book which is on the desk is mine.The books which are on the desk are theirs.one of +

32、復(fù)數(shù)名詞+關(guān)系代詞+動(dòng)詞復(fù)數(shù)：eg: Moyan is one of Asian writers who win the Nobel Prize .the only one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+關(guān)系代詞+動(dòng)詞的單數(shù)：Moyan is the only one of Chinese writersWho wins the Nobel Prize.但not the only one of=one ofTom is not the only one of boys who have passed the exam定語(yǔ)從句的特例:I,who am your teacher ,will try my be

33、st to help you.To own a computer in families ,which we thougt was impossible twenty years ago,becomes true now.有關(guān)練習(xí)：用下列動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空：（1）.He is one of the drivers who_(have)passed the driving exam.（2）.He is the only one of the drivers who_(have)passed the driving exam. (3).He is not the only one of the drivers who_(have)passed the driving exam.(4).I ,who_(be)very busy now,cant help them at the moment.(5).The idea, which I think_(be)reasonable,was brought up by a child.注意way 和time后的定語(yǔ)從