被動語態(tài)的用法沐風書苑

1、被動語態(tài)的形式a 把主動態(tài)動詞變成被動態(tài)，是把助動詞be變?yōu)橹鲃討B(tài)動詞原來的時態(tài)，再加上主要動詞的過去分詞。主動態(tài)動詞的主語這時變?yōu)楸粍討B(tài)動詞的施動者。這個施動者常常不被提到。若要提到，可置于by之后或放在從句的后面：this tree was planted by my grandfatherb 被動語態(tài)的現在、過去及完成時態(tài)時態(tài)/動詞形式主動詞被動詞一般現在時keepsis kept現在進行時is keepingis being kept一般過去時keptwas kept過去進行時was keeping was being kept現在完成時has kepthas been kept過去完

2、成時had kepthad been kept一般將來時will keepwill be kept條件語氣would keepwould be kept條件語氣完成時would have keptwould have been kept不定式to keepto be kept不定式完成式to have keptto have been kept現在分詞/動名詞keepingbeing kept分詞完成式having keptto have been keptwe keep the butter herethe butter is kept herec 各個進行時態(tài)的被動態(tài)要求用be的進行式加上

3、主要動詞的過去分詞，be的這種進行時形式在其他方面很少使用：they are repairing the bridgethe bridge is being repaired在被動句中，除現在及過去進行時外，其他進行進態(tài)用得非常少。因此像下列這類句子通常不能用被動態(tài)：they have/had been repairing the roadthey will/would be repairing the roadd 助動詞+動詞原形結構可借助于被動式來構成被動語態(tài)：you must/should shut these doorsthese doors must/should be shute

4、其他不定式結構表示喜歡、熱愛、希望、想要及與其相似意義的動詞+賓語+ 不定式，由不定式的被動式構成其被動語態(tài)：he wants someone to take photographshe wants photographs to be taken表示命令/請求/勸告/邀請的動詞+間接賓語+不定式，可用主動詞的被動式來構成被動語態(tài)：he invited me to goi was invited to go但是，如是advise/beg/order/recommend/urge+間接賓語+不定式+賓語的結構，則可構成兩種被動語態(tài)：或如上所述將主要動詞變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)，或用advise等+that s

5、hould+被動式：he urged the council to reduce the ratesthe council was/were urged to reduce the rateshe urged that the rates should be reduced至于 agree/be anxious/arrange/be determined/determine/decide/demand+不定式+賓語，則通常用that should結構來表示被動語態(tài)，與上面所述的第二種方式相同：he decided to sell the househe decided that the hou

6、se should be soldf 動名詞結構如是 advise/insist/propose/recommend/suggest+動名詞+賓語結構，通常由thatshould結構來表示被動語態(tài)，與上面所述相同：he recommended using bullet-proof glass he recommended that bullet-proof glass should be usedg動名詞結構如是it/they+need+動名詞結構，也可用it/they+need+被動式結構來表示，兩種結構在意思上都是被動語態(tài)。其他動名詞結構的被動態(tài)由動名詞的被動式來表示：i rem

7、ember them taking me to the zooi remember being taken to the zoo被動語態(tài)的用法1 當不知道動作的執(zhí)行者時printing was introduced into europe from china. look! theres nothing here. everything has been taken away. 2 當不必提出動作的執(zhí)行者時i was born in 1960. such things are not done twice. 3 當強調或側重動作的承受者時she is liked by everybody. a

8、 good time was had by all. 4 當我們出于禮貌避免說出動作的執(zhí)行者時where can you be reached?youll be contacted. 5 當出于行文的需要時jack fought michael in the mens singles and was beaten. he visited chinas northeastern provinces in 1935. those provinces were being overrun by the japanese invaders. 被動結構與被動意義的問題英漢被動意義表示法比較1 英漢被動句

9、型類似的說法，“據說，據估計、報道，眾所周知，必須指出”等據說工人們對他都很同情。it is said that the workers all regarded him with sympathy. 潘先生據說是個走私者。mr. pan is said to be a smuggler. 2 漢語有一種不出現主語的句子，英語通常用被動結構表達a spy was caught yesterday. 昨天抓到了一個特務。3 漢語和英語都有以主動結構表示被動意義的情況這種料子容易銷售。this kind of material sells well. 4 有時漢語能用主動結構表示被動意義，英語卻只

10、能用被動結構your letter ahs been received. 你的來信已經收到。 主動結構表示被動意義的問題有些動詞既是急務動詞，也是不及物動詞，當它們做不及物動詞的時候，往往含有被動意義。通常有兩種情況。一， 這類動詞的進行體（主要是現在進行體）表示被動意義，這種句子的主語通常都是指物的，而且可以轉換為相應的被動結構。the house is building =the house is being built.the cakes are baking.=the cakes are being baked.二， 這類動詞（最常用是一般現在時）表示被動意義，這類動詞的主語（也是指物

11、的居多）通常具有某些內在的特征，能促使動詞所表示的動作得以實現或難以實現。1 某些系動詞，smell, taste, sound, prove, feelthe flowers smell sweet.the food tastes nice. that sounds nice. the story proved quite false. 2 某些與cant, wont等連用的不及物動詞，如move, lock, shut,openit cant move. the door wont shut. 3 某些可和well, easily等副詞連用的不及物動詞，如read, write, wash

12、, clean, draw, burn, cook, photographthe cloth washes well. the poem reads smoothly. the box doesnt clean easily. this kind of rice cooks more quickly than that kind. 4 某些可用于“主+謂+補”結構中的不及物動詞，如wear, blow 等this material has worn thin. the door blew open. corn is selling briskly. 比較 the door opened. the door has opened. 被動形式表示主動意義被動形式表示主動意義，如 be determined, be pleased, be graduated （from）, be prepared （for）, be occupi