英語長難句分析

1、1英語長難句分析英語長難句分析2 從結(jié)構(gòu)來說,英語句子中,除了謂語之外,其它的成分均可以由從句或者非謂語動詞來充當(dāng)。從句本身是一個完整的句子,因此,從句與從句之間的關(guān)系可能包孕、套嵌,也可能并列,平行。從功能來說,英語有三大復(fù)合句,即:名詞性從句,形容詞性從句和狀語從句。 由于非謂語動詞和從句的這些特點,使英語句子從理論上講可以無限延長。 3長難句的基本特征長難句的基本特征 1.從句又多又長:一個主句帶多個從句,從句中又含有從句 應(yīng)對方法應(yīng)對方法:先抓主干,找出復(fù)雜句中最核心的主謂賓語,再層層擴展 2.句子中帶有長長的插入成分:用插入語來交代某句話是誰說的,或者是說話人的身份,或者是解釋說明前

2、面的內(nèi)容 應(yīng)對方法應(yīng)對方法:理解句子主干時,可以先不要理會插入語,先把主句的意思看完整,然后再看插入部分4 3.分詞狀語,獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的干擾 應(yīng)對方法應(yīng)對方法:主句最重要的特征就是有完整的主謂結(jié)構(gòu),尤其是獨立的謂語部分,一個看似句子的結(jié)構(gòu),如果沒有獨立的謂語部分,它就不是句子,而是分詞短語或獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu),可以跳過暫時不看 4.通常是三種情況的混合 應(yīng)對方法應(yīng)對方法:從前向后,抓住獨立的謂語部分,從而區(qū)分出主句和分詞狀語,再根據(jù)從句的連接詞,區(qū)分出主句和從句,層層擴展理解,插入語在哪個層次,就放在哪個層次中理解。5復(fù)合從句復(fù)合從句 這些句子往往較長,一個從句套著另一個從句,環(huán)環(huán)相扣,使得整個句子

3、結(jié)構(gòu)較為復(fù)雜。其實,不管句子有多長多復(fù)雜,它只由兩部分構(gòu)成:即主干和修飾成分。主干是整個句子的骨架,主要指主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)(如:I want a ticket.)或主系表結(jié)構(gòu)(如:The man is a teacher.)。而修飾成分在句中只起修飾或補充主干的作用,它既可以是單詞,也可以是短語,更常見的則是從句,尤其是定語從句和狀語從句。這些從句都很常見, 但很多時候分不清單詞、短語和從句之間的相互關(guān)系, 這樣會導(dǎo)致整個句子分析混亂。6 Recycling also stimulates the local economy by creating jobs and trims the pollut

4、ion control and energy costs of industries that make recycled products by giving them a more refined raw material. 回收利用不但可以創(chuàng)造就業(yè)機會,來促進當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)濟的發(fā)展,還可以控制污染,并通過為工業(yè)提供更好的原材料來降低制造再生產(chǎn)品的工業(yè)部門的能源成本。 7 Recycling also stimulates the local economy by creating jobs and trims the pollution control and energy costs of i

5、ndustries that make recycled products by giving them a more refined raw material. 在這個句子中,主句有兩個并列的謂語動詞stimulates和trims,而且,trims有兩個并列的賓語pollution control和energy costs, that引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾industries一詞。8分隔結(jié)構(gòu)分隔結(jié)構(gòu) 為了調(diào)整語氣和增加補充信息,更主要的是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu),避免頭重腳輕,使語義嚴(yán)密,結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,而將語法關(guān)系密切的兩個句子成分用其他語法成分分隔開來,這就是所謂的分隔結(jié)構(gòu)(discontinuous

6、structure)。例如出現(xiàn)較多的是插入語、用破折號插入的新話題或補充信息。此外,還有一些句子成分(一般是定語)過長而出現(xiàn)后置,也可以看作是插入現(xiàn)象,只不過它只是句子原有成分位置的調(diào)整,沒有新增信息。 9常見的分割結(jié)構(gòu)形式常見的分割結(jié)構(gòu)形式 常見的分割結(jié)構(gòu)形式有同位語或同位語從句與先行詞的分割,定語或定語從句與先行詞的分割,主語與謂語的分割,謂語與賓語的分割,某些詞語與其所要求的介詞或不定式to分割等 。10分割的兩個原則分割的兩個原則 英語的分隔應(yīng)遵循尾重原則（應(yīng)當(dāng)把長而復(fù)雜的成分放在句末,從而使結(jié)構(gòu)平衡勻稱,以避免主語部分太長,謂語部分太短）和句尾信息焦點原則（把新信息,即語義重點放在句

7、子末尾）。閱讀時要注意把原來屬于一個整體的各部分找出來。 11 The reality that has blocked my path to become the typical successful student is that engineering and the liberal arts simply dont mix as easily as I assured in high school. 在我成長為一個出類拔萃的學(xué)生的道路上,阻礙我的實際問題就是,工科和文科不能像我在中學(xué)時想象的那樣簡單地結(jié)合在一起。 12 The reality that has blocked my p

8、ath to become the typical successful student is that engineering and the liberal arts simply dont mix as easily as I assured in high school. 注意主語the reality 與謂語部分is that.之間的分隔。第一個that引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾reality,第二個that引導(dǎo)表語從句。13改變語序改變語序 改變語序主要指倒裝句式。這種打破相對固定的常規(guī)語序的做法,或是為了強調(diào)句子的表達意義重心,或是強調(diào)一種表達語氣,如虛擬語氣、否定語氣等。這些句子往往和

9、一些副詞、連詞相關(guān),有明顯的標(biāo)志。例如: Should you break the rule against staring at a stranger on an elevator, you will make the other person exceedingly uncomfortable, and you are likely to feel a bit strange yourself. 表示與將來事實相反的虛擬語氣,從句的謂語用should + 動詞原形或were to + 動詞原形,從句中的if 可以省略,需將were或should前移至句首。14疑難長句的理解疑難長句的理解

10、理解疑難長句,關(guān)鍵的問題是首先把握住句子的主干框架。只有這樣,才能把握住各句子成分之間的結(jié)構(gòu)和邏輯關(guān)系,才可能抓住句子的核心意思。這時,即使有個別單詞不認識,也不會嚴(yán)重影響對整個句子的基本理解。 其次,要達到對疑難長句的正確理解,必須學(xué)會利用上下文提供的線索把握詞語的確切含義,具體地說,就是要學(xué)習(xí)利用某個句子的上一句和下一句提供的詞語上的線索,達到對這個句子更確切的理解。15 英語長句的分析方法:去枝葉,留主干。 1）劃出句子中的定語從句和狀語從句; 2）劃出所有介詞短語（位于be動詞后的除外）3）名詞性從句看作一個整體,找出句中所有的謂語結(jié)構(gòu)、非謂語結(jié)構(gòu)、介詞短語和從句的引導(dǎo)詞4）非謂語動詞

11、結(jié)構(gòu)看作一個整體5）找出全句的主語、謂語和賓語,即句子的主干6）分析從句的結(jié)構(gòu)和非謂語動詞的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)。 16 1. This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields. 譯文譯文:這種困境將是確定無疑的這種困境將是確定無疑的,因為能源的匱乏因為能源的匱乏,高能

12、量消耗這種美國耕種方式將很難在農(nóng)業(yè)中繼續(xù)下去高能量消耗這種美國耕種方式將很難在農(nóng)業(yè)中繼續(xù)下去,而這種耕種方式使投入少數(shù)農(nóng)民就可獲得高產(chǎn)成為可能。而這種耕種方式使投入少數(shù)農(nóng)民就可獲得高產(chǎn)成為可能。17 This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields. 結(jié)構(gòu)分

13、析結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的主干是句子的主干是This will be particularly true。since引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句。此從句中又套嵌一個由關(guān)引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句。此從句中又套嵌一個由關(guān)系代詞系代詞that引導(dǎo)的定語從句引導(dǎo)的定語從句,修飾修飾the high-energy American fashion。在定語從句中。在定語從句中,that做主語做主語,makes做謂語做謂語,it做形式賓做形式賓語語,不定式短語不定式短語to combine few farmers with high yields則則是真正的賓語（不定式短語內(nèi)部是真正的賓語（不定式短語內(nèi)部to combine是主干是主

14、干,few farmers是賓語是賓語,with high yields是狀語）是狀語）,possible做賓語補做賓語補足語。足語。this指代前句中提到的這種困境。指代前句中提到的這種困境。energy pinch譯為譯為“能源的匱乏能源的匱乏”;infashion譯為譯為“用用方法、方式方法、方式”。18 2. Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter,we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects pro

15、vides a “valid” or “fair” comparison. 譯文譯文:既然對智力的評估相比較而言的既然對智力的評估相比較而言的,那么我們必那么我們必須確保須確保,在對我們的對象進行比較時在對我們的對象進行比較時,我們所用的尺度能夠我們所用的尺度能夠提供提供“有效的有效的”或或“公平的公平的”比較。比較。19 Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter,we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects

16、provides a “valid” or “fair” comparison. 結(jié)構(gòu)分析結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的主干是句子的主干是we must be sure。since引引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句導(dǎo)原因狀語從句the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter。主句中又有。主句中又有that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句引導(dǎo)的賓語從句that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a“valid”or“fair”comparison。此賓語從句中又套嵌一個由介。此賓語從句中又套嵌一個

17、由介詞詞with+which引導(dǎo)的定語從句引導(dǎo)的定語從句with which we are comparing our subjects修飾先行詞修飾先行詞the scale。scale在此處意為在此處意為“尺度、尺度、衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”。20 3. In general,the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can

18、be not well defined. 譯文譯文:一般來說一般來說,當(dāng)所需要測定的特征能被精確界定當(dāng)所需要測定的特征能被精確界定時時,測試最為有效測試最為有效;而當(dāng)所測定或預(yù)測的東西不能被明確而當(dāng)所測定或預(yù)測的東西不能被明確界定時界定時,測試效果最差。測試效果最差。21 In general,the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or pre

19、dicted can be not well defined. 結(jié)構(gòu)分析結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是句子的框架是the tests work most effectively whenand least effectively when。and連接兩個并列分句連接兩個并列分句,每個并列分句中皆有一個每個并列分句中皆有一個when引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句分別說明引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句分別說明work most effectively和和and（work）least effectively。第二。第二個時間狀語從句中還有一個主語從句個時間狀語從句中還有一個主語從句whatpredicted。the tests是主

20、句的主語是主句的主語,work為為動詞做謂語。動詞做謂語。qualities在此處是可數(shù)名詞在此處是可數(shù)名詞,不譯為不譯為“質(zhì)量質(zhì)量”,而譯為而譯為“特征特征”。defined不能直譯為不能直譯為“被被定義為定義為”,而應(yīng)譯為主動語態(tài)而應(yīng)譯為主動語態(tài)“界定界定”。22 4. For example,they do not compensate for gross social inequality,and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under mo

21、re favorable circumstances. 譯文譯文:例如例如,測試并不能彌補明顯的社會不公測試并不能彌補明顯的社會不公;因此因此,它們不能說明一個物質(zhì)條件差的年輕人它們不能說明一個物質(zhì)條件差的年輕人,如果在較好的如果在較好的環(huán)境中成長的話環(huán)境中成長的話,會有多大才干。會有多大才干。 23 For example,they do not compensate for gross social inequality,and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he gro

22、wn up under more favorable circumstances. 結(jié)構(gòu)分析結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是句子的框架是they do not compensate,and thus do not tell how。and連接兩個并列分句連接兩個并列分句,第二個并列分句中由第二個并列分句中由how引導(dǎo)的引導(dǎo)的賓語從句是一個帶有虛擬條件句的主從復(fù)合句賓語從句是一個帶有虛擬條件句的主從復(fù)合句,其中其中had he grown up（=If he had grown up）是）是省略了連詞省略了連詞if的非真實條件句。主句主語的的非真實條件句。主句主語的they,在此在此代指上文提到的代指上文

23、提到的tests; able在句中作在句中作might have been的表語。的表語。underprivileged在此不能譯為在此不能譯為“沒有沒有特權(quán)的特權(quán)的”,而譯為而譯為“沒有地位的沒有地位的”或或“物質(zhì)條件差物質(zhì)條件差的的”。24 5.It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset:it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans,or with no

24、 consideration at all. 譯文譯文:這種說法從一開始就將討論引向極端這種說法從一開始就將討論引向極端,它使它使人們認為應(yīng)該這樣對待動物人們認為應(yīng)該這樣對待動物:要么像對人類自身一樣關(guān)要么像對人類自身一樣關(guān)懷體諒懷體諒,要么完全冷漠無情。要么完全冷漠無情。25 It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset:it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other hu

25、mans,or with no consideration at all. 結(jié)構(gòu)分析結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是句子的框架是It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that。冒。冒號后的復(fù)合句是對冒號前部分作進一步說明。復(fù)合句中號后的復(fù)合句是對冒號前部分作進一步說明。復(fù)合句中that引引導(dǎo)賓語從句導(dǎo)賓語從句,從句中有從句中有eitheror引導(dǎo)的兩個并列的介詞結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)的兩個并列的介詞結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語作狀語,修飾動詞修飾動詞be treated,其中第一個其中第一個with介詞結(jié)構(gòu)中還有介詞結(jié)構(gòu)中還

26、有一個省略了關(guān)系代詞一個省略了關(guān)系代詞that或或which的定語從句的定語從句humans extend to other humans,修飾修飾the consideration。 it代指上文的觀點代指上文的觀點,即如果對人權(quán)沒有達成一致看法即如果對人權(quán)沒有達成一致看法,而而談?wù)搫游锏臋?quán)利是徒勞的。介詞短語談?wù)搫游锏臋?quán)利是徒勞的。介詞短語at the outset譯為譯為“從一從一開始開始”。動詞。動詞invites應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)譯為應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)譯為“使使”、“讓讓”或或“促使促使”。動賓結(jié)構(gòu)動賓結(jié)構(gòu)extend consideration to意為意為“給予關(guān)懷或關(guān)給予關(guān)懷或關(guān)心心”,considera

27、tion不應(yīng)譯為不應(yīng)譯為“考慮考慮”。26 6. But even more important,it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past,for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. 譯文譯文:但更重要的是但更重要的是,這是科學(xué)家們所能觀測到的這是科學(xué)家們所能觀測到的有關(guān)過去的最為遙遠的景象有關(guān)過去的最為遙遠的景象,因為他們看到的是因為他們看到的是15

28、0億億年前宇宙云的形狀和結(jié)構(gòu)。年前宇宙云的形狀和結(jié)構(gòu)。27 6. But even more important,it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past,for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. 結(jié)構(gòu)分析結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是句子的框架是it was the farthest that。但。但It wasthat在本句中不是強調(diào)句型。在本句中不是強

29、調(diào)句型。it是指上句中所提到的是指上句中所提到的150億年前形成的巨大云團（億年前形成的巨大云團（a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth）;that引導(dǎo)的應(yīng)是一個定語引導(dǎo)的應(yīng)是一個定語從句從句,修飾先行詞修飾先行詞the farthest。for引導(dǎo)的是表示原因引導(dǎo)的是表示原因的分句的分句,分句中還有分句中還有that引導(dǎo)的定語從句引導(dǎo)的定語從句,修飾修飾the patterns and structure。 28 7. Thus it happened that when the new

30、 factories that were springing up required labor,tens of thousands of homeless and hungry agricultural workers,with their wives and children,were forced into the cities in search of work,and any work,under any condition,that would keep them alive. 譯文: 于是就出現(xiàn)了這樣的情況:正當(dāng)新辦的工廠紛紛建立,需要勞動力的時候,成千上萬無家可歸、饑腸轆轆、以

31、農(nóng)業(yè)為生的勞動者攜家?guī)Э?被迫進入城市;他們要找活干,不管什么活兒,不論什么條件,只要不被餓死就行。29 Thus it happened that when the new factories that were springing up required labor,tens of thousands of homeless and hungry agricultural workers,with their wives and children,were forced into the cities in search of work,and any work,under any con

32、dition,that would keep them alive. 結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是it happened that。it做形式主語,that引導(dǎo)的從句做真正的主語。主語從句中,又有一個由when引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句,主句為tens of thousands of homeless and hungry agricultural workerswere forced,時間狀語從句中從句主語the new factories又帶有一個定語從句that were springing up; that would keep them alive做work的定語從句。spring up意為“發(fā)生

33、,出現(xiàn),建立”。30 8. As a result of two or three centuries of scientific investigation we have come to believe that nature is understandable in the sense that when we ask her questions by way of appropriate observations and experiments,she will answer truly and reward us with discoveries that endure. 譯文:由于

34、兩三個世紀(jì)以來的科學(xué)研究成果,我們逐漸相信,如果運用合適的觀察和實驗方法向大自然探究問題,她會真心實意地給我們答復(fù),并且以永垂不朽的發(fā)現(xiàn)來報答我們。從這個意義上來說,大自然是可以認識的。31 As a result of two or three centuries of scientific investigation we have come to believe that nature is understandable in the sense that when we ask her questions by way of appropriate observations and e

35、xperiments,she will answer truly and reward us with discoveries that endure. 結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是we have come to believe that。that引導(dǎo)的從句做believe的賓語從句;此從句中有一個that從句作the sense的同位語從句;同位語從句中又套嵌一個由when引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句;此時間狀語從句又套嵌一個定語從句that endure,修飾其先行詞discoveries。by way of意為“經(jīng)由,通過方法”;reward sb. with意為“以報答,酬勞”;endure此處應(yīng)譯為

36、“持久,持續(xù)”,不要譯為“忍受,容忍”。32 9. These new observational capabilities would result in simply a mass of details were it not for the fact that theoretical understanding has reached the stage at which it is becoming possible to indicate the kind of measurements required for reliable weather forecasting. 譯文:理論

37、上的認識已達到了這樣一個階段,即現(xiàn)在已能指出需要哪種測量方式才能可靠地預(yù)報天氣。如果做不到這一點,那么上述這些新的觀察能力只不過提供了一大堆細節(jié)而已。33These new observational capabilities would result in simply a mass of details were it not for the fact that theoretical understanding has reached the stage at which it is becoming possible to indicate the kind of measurements required for reliable weather forecasting. 結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是These new observational capabilities would result in simply a mass of details。后面緊跟省略了if引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件句were it not for the fact that,即if it were not for the fact that;that從句作the