第一次工業(yè)革命經(jīng)濟政治的變化

1、The Economic and Political Changes during the First Industrial Revolution RobertE.Lucas,Jr.,Forthefirsttimeinhistory,thelivingstandardsofthemassesofordinarypeoplehavebeguntoundergosustainedgrowth.Nothingremotelylikethiseconomicbehaviorhashappenedbefore.“ AlexisdeTocqueville,”Civilizationhascreatedit

2、swonders,butthecivilizedmanhasalmostbecomeabeast”.2. Economic Changes1.Background3. Political Changes4.ConclusionContentsTheIndustrialRevolutionisalongtermwhichindicatestheinventionandapplianceofvariouscomplicatedmachinesratherthantoolsinproductionandvariationfromaruralagriculturalandcommercialsocie

3、tytoaprogressiveruralindustrialsociety.Oldideasweremodified,notsweptaway,andnewideasgraduallytookplace.Thechangesforeverchangecitylife,socialclassstructure,theproductionofmachinery,andthestrengthoftheeconomy.Thisrevolutionistheworkofbirth,andalsorebirththeEurope.BackgroundResults of the Industrial R

4、evolution Expansionofworldtrade Factorysystem Massproductionofgoods Increasedstandardofliving UnemploymentEconomicChanges Declineoflandedaristocracy Growthandexpansionofdemocracy Increasedpowerofindustrializednations Nationalismandimperialismstimulated RisetopowerofbusinesspeoplePoliticalChangesEcon

5、omic Changes:Expansion of World Trade Increasedproductionmeantthatindustrializednationsproducedmorethancouldbeconsumedinternally Soughtnewforeignmarkets BoughtmanyrawmaterialsfromforeignmarketsEconomic Changes:Factory System ManufacturecomesfromtheLatinmanuandfacere,meaningtomakebyhand ButduringtheI

6、ndustrialRevolution,themeaningofmanufacturerswitchedfromthepersonwhomadeanarticlebyhandtothecapitalistwhohiredworkerstomakearticles Workersnolongerownedthemeansofproduction(simplehandtools) Instead,thenewermeansofproduction(expensivemachinery)wereownedbythecapitalist.Economic Changes: Mass Productio

7、n of Goods Factorscontributingtomassproduction Standardized(orinterchangeable)parts Assemblyline Labordivisionandspecialization Massproductionmeantmoreitemswereproducedatlowercosts Morepeoplecouldaffordtobuymanufacturedgoods,whichinturnspurreddemandEconomic Changes: Increased Standard of Living Mass

8、productionmademanufacturedgoodslessexpensive,somorepeoplecouldaffordthem Standardoflivingwasntraisedforeveryonefactoriespaidlowwages,andmanyimmigrantsandrural-to-urbanmigrantslivedpoorerlivesthantheirparentsandgrandparentshadlived. Childrenasyoungas5and6couldbeforcedtoworka12-16hourdayandearnaslittl

9、eas4shillingsperweek.Economic Changes:Unemployment Overproduction Massproductionanticipatesdemandifgoodsdontsell,amanufacturerproduceslessandlaysoffworkers Recession Overproductionacrossmanyindustrieswithwidespreadlay-offs Depression Long-lastingrecessionPolitical Changes: Decline of Landed Aristocr

10、acy BeforetheIndustrialRevolutionpowerwasinthehandsofthelandedaristocracyandmonarchs IndustrialRevolutionfactoriesbecamemorevaluablethanland Wealthofthearistocracydwindled Growingmiddleclass,withwealthbasedinindustry,wantedmorepoliticalpowerPolitical Changes: Growth and Expansion of Democracy Themid

11、dleclassgrewduringtheIndustrialRevolution GainedmorerightstheReformBillof1832enfranchised20%ofthemalepopulationtovotePolitical Changes: Growth and Expansion of Democracy TheworkingclasseffectivelybeganwiththeIndustrialRevolution Theworkingclassfoughtforrightsintheworkplace Theworkingclassdemandedand

12、earnedavoiceingovernmentChartism(憲章運動)WorkersUprisingsinLyonWorkersUprisingsinsilesiaPolitical Changes: Increased Power of Industrialized Nations Withwealthcamepower Imperialismexpanded Imperialistic,industrializednationsbuiltuptheirnaviestogainandprotectassetsPolitical Changes: Nationalism and Impe

13、rialism Stimulated Increasedproductionmeantanincreasedneedforrawmaterials IndustrializednationsexpandedtheircolonialempiresandspheresofinfluenceintheirsearchformorerawmaterialsWorldwidescrambleforcoloniesFoughtthepeoplesinthelandstheycontrolledFoughtoneanotherforcoloniesandspheresofinfluence Governm

14、entssawimperialistexpansionasthekeytocontinuedindustrialgrowthandwealthPolitical Changes:Rise to Power of Business people Alongwiththeworkingclasses,businesspeoplegainedpoliticalrights “Captainsofindustry”or“robberbarons”alongwithfinanciers WealthbroughtpoliticalinfluenceConclusionTheindustrialrevol

15、utionwasthedrivingforcebehindsocialchangebetweenthe18thand19thcenturies.Englandhadalreadybeenwellonitswaytowardbecomingamajorworkshopoftheworld.Duringthecentury,humanpowerwasrapidlybeingsupplantedbymachinepower;thedomesticsystemwasbeingreplacedbythefactorysystem.However,duetotheindustrialrevolution,

16、theconsolidationoftheeconomicbaseandsuperstructuresetup,butmassesofpeoplewerestillinpoverty,unemployment.Economiccrisisalsoproducedanewsocialcontradiction.Overallindustrialrevolutionnotonlybringsbenefitstothepeople,butalsoforpeopleirreparableloss.Itwasthebestoftimes,itwastheworstoftimes,itwastheageo

17、fwisdom,itwastheageoffoolishness,itwastheepochofbelief,itwastheepochofincredulity,itwastheseasonofLight,itwastheseasonofDarkness,itwasthespringofhope,itwasthewinterofdespair,wehadeverythingbeforeus,wehadnothingbeforeus,wewereallgoingdirecttoHeaven,wewereallgoingdirecttheotherwayinshort,theperiodwassofarlikethepresentperiod,thatsomeofitsnoisiestauthoritiesinsistedoni