中考詞匯歸類

1、中考英語(yǔ)必背的20組詞語(yǔ)辨析(上) 中考考點(diǎn)初中階段大致有150組詞語(yǔ)辨析,近幾年中考英語(yǔ)常考的有20組左右?中考試題考查詞語(yǔ)辨析主要是每組詞或短語(yǔ)之間的細(xì)小差別,是為了檢測(cè)同學(xué)們辨別詞形和運(yùn)用詞匯的能力?詞語(yǔ)辨析集中在對(duì)實(shí)詞,即對(duì)名詞?動(dòng)詞?形容詞?副詞等的考查?主要考查同義?近義?形近詞匯的辨析以及詞組與習(xí)慣用法的辨析? 必背知識(shí)1. After, in這兩個(gè)介詞都可以表示“(時(shí)間)以后”的意思?after 以過(guò)去為起點(diǎn),表示過(guò)去一段時(shí)間之后,常用于過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)的句子中?如:She went after three days. 她是三天以后走的?in 以現(xiàn)在為起點(diǎn),表將來(lái)一段時(shí)間以后,常用于將

2、來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)的句子中?如:She will go in three days. 她三天以后要走?2. How long, how often, how soonhow long指多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間,主要用來(lái)對(duì)一段時(shí)間(如three days, four weeks 等)提問(wèn)?如:How long ago was it? 這是多久前的事了?how often指每隔多久,主要用來(lái)對(duì)頻率副詞或狀語(yǔ)(如once a week等)提問(wèn)?如:How often does he come here? Once a month. 他(每隔)多久來(lái)一次?每月一次?how soon指再過(guò)多久,主要用來(lái)對(duì)表示將來(lái)的一段時(shí)間(in

3、an hour, in two weeks 等)提問(wèn)?如:How soon can you come? 你多快能趕來(lái)?3. Few, a few, little, a little, several, somefew 和little的意思是否定的,表示“很少”或“幾乎沒(méi)有”;而a few和a little的意思是肯定的,表示“有一些,有一點(diǎn)兒”?few 和 a few修飾可數(shù)名詞;little 和 a little 修飾不可數(shù)名詞?several用于修飾可數(shù)名詞,語(yǔ)意比a few和some更肯定,含有“好幾個(gè)”的意思?some可修飾可數(shù)名詞,也可修飾不可數(shù)名詞,從數(shù)量上說(shuō),它有時(shí)相當(dāng)于a fe

4、w 或 a little,有時(shí)指更多一些的數(shù)量?4. The other, anotherthe other 指兩個(gè)人或事物中的“另一個(gè)”,表示特指?如:We stood on one side of the road and they stood on the other. 我們站在街這邊,他們站在那邊?another著重于不定數(shù)目中的“另外一個(gè)”,表示泛指,所以常用來(lái)指至少三個(gè)中的一個(gè)?如:She has taken another of my books. 她已經(jīng)拿了我的另外一本書(shū)?5. Spend, take, cost, payspend的賓語(yǔ)通常是時(shí)間?金錢(qián)?在主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中,句子的主

5、語(yǔ)必須是人,而且后面不能用動(dòng)詞不定式做它的賓語(yǔ)?如:She spent the whole evening in reading. 她把整個(gè)晚上用來(lái)讀書(shū)?take常常用來(lái)指“花費(fèi)”時(shí)間,句子的主語(yǔ)通常是表示事物的詞語(yǔ)?如:How long will this job take you?你做這項(xiàng)工作要花多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間?cost 指花費(fèi)時(shí)間?金錢(qián)或力氣等,只能用表示事物的詞做主語(yǔ),并且不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)?如:How much does the jacket cost?這件夾克多少錢(qián)?pay 主要指主語(yǔ)(某人)買(mǎi)某物(或?yàn)槟呈?付多少錢(qián)(給某人)?如:I pay for my rooms by month.

6、 我按月支付租金?6. Speak, say, talk, tell這四個(gè)動(dòng)詞都有“說(shuō)”的意思?speak的意思是“講話;演講”,著重指說(shuō)話的動(dòng)作,指開(kāi)口說(shuō)或連續(xù)不斷地說(shuō),多用作不及物動(dòng)詞;用作及物動(dòng)詞時(shí),其賓語(yǔ)是語(yǔ)言名稱?如:He can speak Japanese. 他會(huì)說(shuō)日語(yǔ)?say的意思是“說(shuō);講”,一般用作及物動(dòng)詞,著重指說(shuō)話的內(nèi)容?它的賓語(yǔ)可以是名詞?代詞或直接引語(yǔ)等?如:She says, “Dont draw on the wall!”她說(shuō):“別在墻上畫(huà)畫(huà)!”talk的意思是“說(shuō);講;談話”,與speak意義比較接近,但不如speak正式,著重強(qiáng)調(diào)兩人之間的相互談話,也可指單

7、方面的談話?如:She is talking with John in English.她正在和約翰用英語(yǔ)交談?tell意為“告訴;講述;吩咐”,多指以口頭方式將某事告訴某人,常接雙賓語(yǔ)?除了story, news, truth, joke, lie(謊言)等直接賓語(yǔ)外,還可以接人等間接賓語(yǔ)?如:She is telling the children a story.她正在給孩子們講故事?7. Among, betweenbetween 的意思是“在中間,在之間”,一般指在兩者之間?如:There is a table between two windows. 在兩扇窗戶之間有一張桌子?bet

8、ween 有時(shí)也表示在多于兩個(gè)以上的事物之間,但那是指在每二者之間?如:the relationship between different provinces and municiplities 省市和省市之間的關(guān)系(這里是指每?jī)蓚€(gè)省市之間的相互關(guān)系?)among 的意思是“在中間?在之中”,一般指在三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上的同類事物之中?如:The teacher distributed them among the students. 老師把這些東西分給了學(xué)生?8. Beat, win這兩個(gè)詞都有“獲勝,打敗”的意思,但其后賓語(yǔ)不同?beat是“打敗,優(yōu)于”的意思,后面接人或隊(duì)?如:We beat

9、 them. 我們打敗了他們?win指“贏,獲勝”,后面接比賽?名次?如:We won the match/game/race/the first place. 我們贏了這場(chǎng)比賽(獲得了第一名)?9. Agree with, agree on, agree toagree on表示“就取得一致意見(jiàn)”?如:We all agree on (making) an early start. 我們一致同意及早出發(fā)?agree with表示“與意見(jiàn)一致”,后面既可以跟表示人的名詞或人稱代詞,也可以跟表示意見(jiàn)?看法的名詞或what引導(dǎo)的從句?如:I agree with you without reser

10、vation.我毫無(wú)保留地同意你的意見(jiàn)?We agree with what you said just now.我們同意你剛才所說(shuō)的意見(jiàn)?agree to后面不能接人,只能接“提議,計(jì)劃,方案”等詞句?如:I agree to the terms proposed. 我同意擬議的條件?10. Bring, take, carry,fetch這四個(gè)詞都是動(dòng)詞,都含有“帶”或“拿”的意思,但使用的場(chǎng)合各不相同?bring作“帶來(lái),拿來(lái)”解?如:Next time dont forget to bring me a copy of your work. 下次不要忘了把一份你的作品帶給我?take是

11、bring的對(duì)語(yǔ),作“帶去,拿去”解?如:Take the box away, please. 請(qǐng)把盒子拿走?carry表示“運(yùn)載,攜帶”之意,運(yùn)送的方式很多,可以用車(chē)?船,也可以用手甚至用頭?如:This bus is licensed to carry 100 passengers. 這輛巴士準(zhǔn)載一百人?fetch則表示“去拿來(lái)”的意思?如:Please fetch me the documents in that room. 請(qǐng)到那間房間去把文件拿來(lái)給我?11. Each, every兩詞都是“每個(gè)”的意思,但著重點(diǎn)不同?each著重個(gè)別的情況,every著重全體,有“所有的”的意思?如

12、:She knows each student of the class.她認(rèn)識(shí)這個(gè)班里的每一個(gè)學(xué)生?She knows every student of the class.她認(rèn)識(shí)這個(gè)班所有的學(xué)生?12. No one, noneno one指“沒(méi)有人(只能指人,不能用來(lái)指物)”,意思與nobody相同,作主語(yǔ)時(shí)不必跟of連用,如:No one believes him since he is not honest. 沒(méi)有人相信他,因?yàn)樗徽\(chéng)實(shí)?No one else but I went. 除我以外,誰(shuí)也沒(méi)去?none指“一個(gè)也沒(méi)有(既可指人,也可指物)”,作主語(yǔ)時(shí)代替不可數(shù)名詞,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

13、用單數(shù)形式;代替可數(shù)名詞,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單?復(fù)數(shù)都可以?但在“主+系+表”結(jié)構(gòu)中,如果表語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù),則系動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式?如:None of us are(is) afraid of difficulties. 我們誰(shuí)也不怕困難?13. Go on doing, go on to do, go on with這三個(gè)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)都有“繼續(xù)做某事”的意思,其區(qū)別如下:go on doing表示“繼續(xù)做,一直在做某事(中間無(wú)間斷)”;go on to do表示“接著做某事”,即某事已做完,接著做另一件事;go on with也表示“繼續(xù)做某事”,其含義是某一動(dòng)作一度中止后,又繼續(xù)下去?14. Too much

14、, much too二者都有“太,非?！敝?much too為副詞詞組,修飾形容詞?副詞,不可修飾動(dòng)詞?如:Its much too cold.天氣實(shí)在是太冷了?too much作“太多”講,有以下三種用法?(1)作名詞詞組?如:You have given us too much. 你給我們的太多了?(2)作形容詞詞組修飾不可數(shù)名詞?如:Dont drink toomuch wine. 不要飲太多的酒?(3)作副詞詞組修飾不及物動(dòng)詞?如:She talks too much. 她說(shuō)話太多?15. Lonely, alone二者都可表示“孤獨(dú),獨(dú)自”,alone指客觀存在的“孤獨(dú)”,而lon

15、ely更偏重一種主觀感受上的“寂寞”?如:I went alone. 我是一個(gè)人去的?Mary lived alone, but she didnt feel lonely. 瑪麗孤身一人生活,但她并不感到孤獨(dú)?16. Happen, take place與occurhappen有“偶然”的意思,多用于客觀事物?情況的發(fā)生?如:Whatever has happened to your arm? Its all swollen. 你的手臂怎么了?腫得好歷害?occur 指有計(jì)劃地使某些事“發(fā)生”?有時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)“呈現(xiàn)”于人的知覺(jué)中?如:Did it occur to you to phone the

16、m about it?你難道沒(méi)想到就這事給他們打個(gè)電話?具體事物?事件作主語(yǔ)時(shí),happen和occur可以通用?如:The accident happened/occurred yesterday. 事故是昨天發(fā)生的?take place 指事件發(fā)生,但常用來(lái)表示“舉行”的意思,帶有非偶然性?例如:The meeting took place last night.會(huì)議昨晚舉行?17. In front of, in the front ofin front of的意思是“在前面”?如:There is a tree in front of the house.房子前面有一棵樹(shù)?in the

17、 front of的意思是“在前部”,指在某個(gè)空間范圍內(nèi)的前面?如:There is a blackboard in the front of the classroom. 教室里前部有一塊黑板?18. Find, find out兩者都有“發(fā)現(xiàn)”的意思,但語(yǔ)義有差別?find有偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)某物的意味?如:He found a bag on the floor. 他發(fā)現(xiàn)地板上有個(gè)書(shū)包?find out指“經(jīng)過(guò),探聽(tīng),詢問(wèn)”,指調(diào)查之后的“發(fā)現(xiàn)”或“弄清楚”?如:Please find out who took my book by mistake.請(qǐng)查清楚誰(shuí)錯(cuò)拿了我的書(shū)?19. Noise, vo

18、ice, sound這三個(gè)詞都作“聲音”解,在表示“聽(tīng)到聲音”這個(gè)意思時(shí),三者可以通用?但它們又各有特定的含義?sound 作“聲音”解,含義最廣,指可以聽(tīng)到的任何聲音,如:a weak sound 微弱的聲?noise作“噪音,嘈雜聲,吵鬧聲”解,指不悅耳,不和諧的聲音?它既可作可數(shù)名詞,也可作不可數(shù)名詞?如:Another kind of pollution is noise. 另外一種污染是噪音?voice 作“聲音”解時(shí),多指人發(fā)出的聲音,包括說(shuō)話聲?歌聲和笑聲?如:He shouted at the top of voice. 他高聲呼喊?有時(shí)也用于引申意義,作“意見(jiàn)?發(fā)言權(quán)”解?如

19、:I have no voice in the matter. 對(duì)于這件事,我沒(méi)有發(fā)言權(quán)?20. Arrive, get, reach三者均可表示“到達(dá)”,arrive后通常接介詞at(一般用于較小的地方)或 in(一般用于較大的地方)?如:We arrived at the station five minutes late. 我們晚了5分鐘到車(chē)站?又如:They will arrive in Paris next Monday. 他們將于下周星期一到達(dá)巴黎?get之后通常接介詞to?如:When we got to the park, it began to rain. 我們到達(dá)公園時(shí),就

20、開(kāi)始下雨了?reach是及物動(dòng)詞(較 get更正式),其后可直接跟地點(diǎn)名詞做賓語(yǔ)(不能用介詞)?如:He reached Beijing yesterday. 他昨天到達(dá)北京?2010中考英語(yǔ)必背的20組詞語(yǔ)辨析(下) 中考真題單項(xiàng)選擇?1. (2008年安徽) A lot of story books are on sale, but _ good ones.A. any B. someC. few D. many2. (2008年安徽) Is Mr. Brown driving here?Im not sure. He _ come by train.A. may B. shallC. n

21、eed D. must3. (2008年安徽) The music made me think of the _ of a running stream.A. shout B. noiseC. voice D. sound4. (2008年廣東清遠(yuǎn)) How nice the MP4 is! How much is it?It _ me 500 yuan.A. spent B. costC. bought D. paid5. (2008年上海)After a long journey, the eight pandas from Wolong safely _ in Beijing.A. ar

22、rived B. reachedC. got D. came6. (2007年山東濟(jì)南)Dont forget to _ “Thank you” when someone has helped you.A. speak B. tellC. say D. talk7. (2008年湖北黃石)Please _ your notebook with you when you come.A. take B. carryC. bring D. hold8. (2008年福建泉州)Mike, you _ the magazine since last week. Can you return it now?Sure.A. borrowedB. have borrowedC. have keptD. lent9. (2008