論中美時(shí)間觀對(duì)跨文化交際的影響

1、 學(xué)生學(xué)號(hào)：141207823797 學(xué)生姓名：李丹 學(xué)習(xí)課程：商務(wù)英語(yǔ)DIFFERENCES IN TIME PERSPECTIVE ON BUSINESS NEGOTIATIOSA COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEENCHINA AND THE UNITED STATESByLi Dan ABSTRACT Nowadays globalization process at a rapid rate in the world owing to the development of technology, the flourishing of international trad

2、e, and the promotion of foreign tourist industry. So international business negotiation is becoming more frequently .Time ,as an important part in our international business negotiation , it put a profound impact on the process of international negotiation. But different countries have different fai

3、th of time, this will make some troubles to the businessman. China and the US as a typical representative of Eastern and Western culture, they are very Comparability in distinctive features of time. This passage will talk about the china-US culture differences impact on international business negoti

4、ation.Key Words: time orientation, business negotiationCONTENTS1 The Differences Time Perceptions between China and American.41.1 Monochronic and Polychronic Time Orientation.41.2 Past and Future Time Orientation.52 The Influence of Different Time Perceptions on Business Negotiation.73 The Strategy

5、for Cultural Business Negotiation.83.1Strengthening Comprehension of Time Orientation.83.2 Prepared Adequately for The Negotiation.9Conclusion.10Works Cited.101 The Differences time Concept between China and American 1.1 Monochronic and Polychronic Time Orientation The famous Anthropologist Hall pro

6、posed that cultures organize time in one of two ways: either monochronic or polychronic. In polychronic orientation, time is regarded as holistic that a lot of things can occur simultaneously, the event is not have to affected by the completion of the agenda and the plan, it is great flexibility. Mo

7、nochronic pay attention to plan, schedule,and time Segmentation, emphasizing specific things to do within a certain time, to act decisively and simply. In china, polychronic time orientation dominates people.Chinese people are specialized in “distraction”: they try to deal something with more people

8、 and do more things at the same time.so it is very common to see that a clerk service more than one costumers at the same time.Chinese people pay attention to judge the hour and size up the situation at work, each step of action is often be make at random and depends on their surrounding , thus it i

9、s highly flexibility in times using. Also because of this time perceptions, Chinese people less advance reservation during social activities, and visiting friends and relatives often not to say hello advance. but this behavior is almost unheard-of in America. In America, on the contrary, people of t

10、he western world,particularly Americans, monochronic time orientation dominates people. They tend to deal one thing with a people and do one thing at a given time, thus they are carefully,and rigorous when they are work. In the western world, the time is limited the way of peoples living ,but at the

11、 same time, time also coordinates the interpersonal relationship of western. And it will be regard as impolite if you not be punctual1.2 Past and Future Time Orientation According to Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck, time orientation is strongly influenced by cultures historical backgrounds. Based on this t

12、heory, they classified time orientation into three groups: The past orientation, the present orientation and the future orientation. Because of china is base on agriculture, people trend to the past time and have a strong sense of reverence with the past time. Chinese people think the lessons from t

13、he past tend to have important reference value for today, as future is hard to grasp, Chinese people is greatly concerned for the future is much weaker than the past. On the contrary, American people trend to pay attention to the future, because they think future orientation has an important value.

14、They are not pay more attention on the past time, the thinking of hardworking will be retain is deeply rooted among the people. In the history of the western, they think the future can be grabbed that what they doing now are prepare for the future. Because the different thinking between the China an

15、d America, they have different attitudes towards Old. We all know that old people are highly respected in China. The word old contains the positive meaning of experienced and respectable. Chinese regard aging as experience: elders always provide valuable experiences that we can learned in personal f

16、ailures to prevent younger generations from making the same mistakes. Therefore, learning to elders is encouraged in China, not only at work, but also in life. Chinese has a lot of idioms and phrases to prove their respect to the old, for examples, Old ginger is hotter, or old people are more experi

17、enced. However, in America old is given negative meanings like useless,hopeless and die out. Hall reported that the U.S. society does not integrate the elders into American mainstream culture Thus, being old contains quite negative attitudes, such as being useless and the elders are not respected in

18、 the society of the United States. Americans do their utmost to avoid using the word old in daily life; if necessary, they would substitute it with some euphemisms like elder. Therefore, the place where the mature people are taken care of is named as nursing house. Similarly, there are idioms which

19、imply the attitudes of Americans towards old. Such as When people get old, all they can expect is the increasing memory dysfunction, which describes the physical decline of elders in a sarcastic and chilling way.2. the Influence of different Time Perceptions on business negotiation First, it will ma

20、ke some trouble in communication , Some words Related time in English and Chinese are not exactly corresponding to each other's language system, which is easy to cause misunderstanding,like yesterday today and tomorrow what is not completely means 昨天、今天and明天in Chinese, because in America, people

21、 would like to begin a new day with 0 oclock, but in china , people would like to begin a new day with the sunrise. And second, the different attitude toward old can also course some mistakes on business negotiation. Chinese trend to regard the elder people as the representative of experience. But i

22、n America, it is impolite to call the elder as old. Third, different attitude on deal with office hours and private time may lead to conflict. Because American will make plans when they at work, do one thing at a given time , try to finish all the work within the working time, and rarely do personal

23、 business when they are working. On contrary, Chinese always do several things at a given time, for example, Chinese people think it is permit sign a document when the boss are talking with others, but American people think it is impolite. For this reason, Chinese company encourage employees overtim

24、e by triple overtime pay. But American believe that if the employees need to work overtime to finish the work, he may lack of ability to work. In addition, if Chinese demand American who had already make a plan for vacation to give up his vacation to complete the work,the request is likely to be rej

25、ected. Because they think that hard work is in order to enjoy their vacation which they deserved, they will not give up easily. Fourth, Impact on negotiating style. Chinese people like to make friends with their partner before they doing business, Chinese people think that once they become friends,

26、and achieved the trust on both sides. The other is not a problem, because the problem can sit down and talk again. But for American people, they are not willing to spend much time to make friends before obtained the cooperative relations. And if you not comply with the contract provisions, Americans

27、 will be strictly in accordance with the provisions of the law to punish and claim for compensation, without consultation room, this time to come up with friends to request is of no use. 3.The strategy for cultural business negotiation3.1Strengthening Comprehension of Time Orientation As people from

28、 different cultural background, when people prepare to negotiation with others ,they should try to get a general knowledge of the target culture in advance, especially the knowledge of time orientation. Only by this way, can he understand the habits how his intercultural partner responds to time and

29、 uses time, for the purpose of making the communication more effective.As is stated above, there exist various kinds of time orientations, such as polychronic vs. monochronic,past vs. future and so on. Each of these orientations has its unique characters and customs in dealing with time.For example,

30、 monochronic people used to segment time into accurate small unites in order to make it possible to do things once at a given time; while polychronic people deal with time as a whole and used to handle more than one thing at the same time. If a person from monochronic culture knows little about the

31、time customs of his polychronic partner, there would be problems and misunderstandings exist in the process of their communication, and may this will frail the negotioation.3.2 prepared adequately for the negotiation For avoiding some mistakes exist in negotiation ,we should make adequately prepared

32、 for the negotiation, including, which the time orientation that American people are faith, Consider the values of freedom and equality in American culture,Should not be too serious and boring, as far as possible to create a relaxed and pleasant atmosphere. In view of the American character directly

33、, in the negotiations should be straight into the theme, not a waste of time. To cater to their character, they will feel oneself get respect, of course, will in negotiations in return to China to respect, to give full consideration to China's different opinions Preparation work before the negotiation is a prerequisite for the smooth conduct of