初中英語動詞時態(tài)和語態(tài)講解8949895

1、初中英語動詞時態(tài)和語態(tài)講解（一） 英語語法中的時態(tài)（tense）是一種動詞形式，不同的時態(tài)用以表示不同的時間與方式。 是表示行為、動作、狀態(tài)在各種時間條件下的動詞形式。英語動詞有16種時態(tài)，但是中考常考時態(tài)包括6種：一般現(xiàn)在時、一般過去時、一般將來時、現(xiàn)在進行時、過去進行時、現(xiàn)在完成時.下面分別介紹。 1、 一般現(xiàn)在時的用法 1） 表示經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動作；表示現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)、特征、客觀事實和真理。句中常用 often, usually, every day 等時間狀語。例如： a. i get up early every morning. （經(jīng)常性的動作）b. he is very upset

2、. （狀態(tài)）c.the earth moves around the sun. (客觀事實）d.knowledge is power(真理）（2013武漢）-what does toms uncle do?-he is a teacher. he ( )physics at a school now. a.will teach b.has taught c.teaches d.taught 2) 在由連詞if, unless, before, as soon as, when, once, however, until 等引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中，主句用將來時，從句必須用現(xiàn)在時代替將來時。如： a.

3、if it rains tomorrow, well put off the game.b. when he comes, ill let you know.c.i will wait till he comes. when you ( ) at a restaurant, please order just enough food.（2013陜西）a .ate b.will eat c.eat d.have eatenhenry will give us a report as soon as he (arrives).(2013 河北）a.arrives b.arrived c.is ar

4、riving d.will arrive3) 有時這個時態(tài)表示按計劃、規(guī)定要發(fā)生的動作（句中都帶有時間狀語），但限于少數(shù)動詞，如：begin, come, leave, go ,arrive, start , stop, return, open, close等。例如： a. the meeting begins at seven. b. the rain starts at nine in the morning. 4) 表示狀態(tài)和感覺的動詞(be, like, hate, think, remember, find, sound 等)常用一般現(xiàn)在進行時。 a. i like english

5、 very much. b. the story sounds very interesting. 5) 書報的標(biāo)題、小說等情節(jié)介紹常用一般現(xiàn)在時。 2.一般過去時的用法 1） 表示過去某一時間所發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。常和表示過去的時間狀語連用(常見的有：yesterday, last night , two days ago,in 1940,just now, then,the year before last, in the past, before,at that time等）。如：a. he saw mr. wang yesterday. b. he was born in 1960

6、. the school boy( ) to the blind man.on his way home yesterday afternoon.(2013 上海）a.apologizes b.apologized c.will apologize d.has apologized-thats a nice mobile phone.-so it is.my aunt( )it for my last birthday.(2013 武漢）a.buy b.will buy c.have bought d.bought2)在過去一段時間內(nèi)的經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性動作。如：we often played t

7、ogether when we were children. 我們小時候常在一起玩。（2013 寧波）tony(played)football every weekend when he was young注：表示過去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作還可用used to 和would。如：he used to smoke a lot, but he doesnt now. 他過去經(jīng)常抽煙，但現(xiàn)在不抽了。whenever we were in trouble, he would help us. 每當(dāng)我們遇到困難，他都會幫助我們。3.一般將來時的用法 一般將來時表示將來的動作或狀態(tài)。表達(dá)形式1）“will、sha

8、ll/am、be going to+動詞原形”表示即將發(fā)生的或最近打算進行的事,也用來表示自然現(xiàn)象。(常與一般將來時連用的時間狀語： next time，tomorrow，tomorrow evening, the day after tomorrow, this afternoon, next year, before long, in the future.)a)i/we will/shall have a meeting .b）you/he/she/it/they will leave for tianjin.c )it is going to rain. d )we are going

9、 to have a meeting today. (2013北京）mr.green, a famous writer,(will visit) our school next week.2）“be to + 動詞原形” 表示按計劃進行或征求對方意見，或按職責(zé)、義務(wù)和要求必須去做的事或即將發(fā)生的動作。 a )the boy is to go to school tomorrow. b) are we to go on with this work? 3) “be about to + 動詞原形” 表示客觀就要發(fā)生的事，馬上就要發(fā)生。意為 be ready to do sth. 后面一般不跟具體

10、的時間狀語連用。 we are about to leave. 4) go , come , start, move, sail, leave, arrive ,stay 等可用進行時態(tài)表示按計劃即將發(fā)生的動作。im leaving for beijing. 5) 某些動詞(如come, go ,leave, arrive, start, get , stay 等)的一般現(xiàn)在時也可表示將來。 a )the meeting starts at five oclock. b )he gets off at the next stop. 4.現(xiàn)在進行時的用法 1） 現(xiàn)在進行時表示現(xiàn)在正在進行尚未完成

11、的動作或狀態(tài)，由“to be + 現(xiàn)在分詞” 構(gòu)成。另外， “系動詞 + 介詞或副詞” 也表示進行時的意義。a.what are you doing? b.the bridge is under construction. (2013 上海）look, so many passengers(are playing）with their smart phones on the underground.注：由 while(when）引導(dǎo)的狀語從句，動詞通常要用進行式（現(xiàn)在進行式，過去進行式）。(2013 廣東）todays young people cant live without smart

12、phones. they keep their hands on the phones wherever they go, even while they( are having)meals.2） 表示感覺、愿望和狀態(tài)的某些動詞（如have, be , hear, see, like 等 ） 一般不用進行。 5.過去進行時的用法 1） 過去進行時過去某一時刻、某一階段正進行的動作，由 “ was (were) + 現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。 a .in 1980 he was studying in a university. b .he was reading a novel when i came

13、in. (2013天津）i saw him in the library yesterday. he( was reading)a book at that moment.(2013 杭州)sally took a photo of her friends while they(were playing)computer games.6.現(xiàn)在完成時的用法現(xiàn)在完成時由 “have + 過去分詞其使用有兩種情況： 1） 現(xiàn)在完成時所表示的動作在說話之前已完成，但對現(xiàn)在有影響。句中沒有具體時間狀語。 i have just come back from the united states.（2013

14、 連云港）julies father went to london last month.he(has been) there three times.注：用法比較 have gone to 與have been to have gone to 表示的意思為“去而未歸”，而have been to 的意思是“去過”he has gone to fuzhou. he has been to fuzhou. 2) 現(xiàn)在完成時所表示的動作開始于過去，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，也許還會持續(xù)下去常用 for 和since表示一段時間的狀語或so far , now, today, this week (month,

15、year ) 等狀語。 a )he has studied english for 5 years. b ) he has studied english since 1985. c )now i have finished the work. (2013北京）miss lin (has done) a lot of work for the poor area since 2010注意：表示短暫時間動作的詞（如come, go , die, marry, buy 等）的完成時不能與for, since 等 表示一般時間的詞連用。 3）現(xiàn)在完成進行時還可用時間和條件狀語從句中，表示將來某時完成

16、的動作。 a )ill go o your home when i have finished my homework. b )if it has stopped snowing in the morning, well go to the park. （二） 動詞語態(tài) 1 當(dāng)句子的主語是動作的執(zhí)行者時， 謂語的形式叫主動語態(tài)。句子的主語是動作承受者時，謂語的形式叫被動作語態(tài)。被動語態(tài)由助動詞be + 過去分詞構(gòu)成，時態(tài)通過be 表現(xiàn)出來。中考語態(tài)的考查側(cè)重于以下幾個方面：主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)的選擇，各種時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)形式，被動語態(tài)中的動詞形式，主動形式表示被動意義的常見結(jié)構(gòu)。 1） 一般現(xiàn)在時

17、：you are required to do this. （2013 天津）-what languages(are spoken) in that country?2） 一般過去時：the story was told by her. (2013 北京）flowers(were planted) along the road last year.3） 一般將來時：the problem will be discussed tomorrow. (2013 南京）it is said that an asian culture village(will be built) inside the

18、ayg village in nanjing in the coming asia youth games period.4） 現(xiàn)在進行時：the road is being widened. 5） 過去進行時：the new tool was being made. 6） 現(xiàn)在完成時：the novel has been read. 7） 過去完成時：he said that the work had been finished. 8） 過去將來時：he said that the trees would be planted soon. 2. 一些特殊的被動結(jié)構(gòu) 1） 帶情態(tài)動詞的被動結(jié)構(gòu)

19、：the problem must be solved soon. (2013 黃岡）-how often do i need to feed the dog?-it(must be given) food every day, or it will be hungry.2） 帶不定式的被動結(jié)構(gòu)：the room is going to be painted. the homework needs to be done with care. (2013 包頭）-nobody likes(to be laughed at), so we should to be kind to everyone

20、;-i agree with you.3) 短語動詞的被動： a.（不及物）動詞+介詞：若這類短語動詞是及物性的，則可用于被動語態(tài)中，如：laugh at, look after, talk about, think of 等。若這類短語動詞是不及物性的則不可用于被動語態(tài)中，如：book up, look down. 等 b.（及物）動詞+副詞：bring about, carry out, find out, make out, put away, put off, take up, turn down, turn out, wipe out等 (2013 茂名）the children w

21、ere hungry and the salad was quickly(eaten up)c. 動詞+副詞 +介詞：do away with, face up to, give into ,look down upon, make up with等 d. 動詞+名詞+介詞：catch sight of, keep on eye on, make a fool of , pay attention to , put an end to , set fire/light to , take notice of 等 4) 帶復(fù)合賓語的動詞在改為被動語態(tài)時，一般把主動結(jié)構(gòu)中的賓語改為主語，賓語補足語

22、保留在謂語后面。we always keep the classroom clean. (比較：the classroom is always kept clean.) 5)主動形式表示被動意義的詞。常見的有： a.主動形式，這時動名詞同句中的主語有動賓關(guān)系。 the children need looking after. the windows wants /requires repairing. this point deserves mentioning. b.有些及物動詞后須加副詞 （如：well, easily等）， 有些可不加，如：act, clean, cut, draw, lock, open, play, read, sell, shut, strike, wash, write 等。 the cloth washes/ sells well. the door won