河北專接本英語——重點(diǎn)詞匯

1、老師的自我介紹major in 以為專業(yè)tutor 導(dǎo)師set a good example to 給某人樹立了榜樣be strict with 嚴(yán)格要求be hard on 苛刻give up 放棄except 除了 improve 提高 belief 信條 share 分享belief 信條： no end to learningspare 的用法spare 專門抽出/拿出時(shí)間干/錢干 spare sb sometime 抽時(shí)間給某人a must 必須get to know 不是一般了解，是漸近的了解經(jīng)過一個(gè)過程come /get /learn to know easy going 隨和平

2、易energetic 充滿能量fall of energy 充滿能量promise 承諾、誓言learn by heart 記住、背過、記在心里instructive 具有教育意義bright future光明前途intense 激烈的well prepared 準(zhǔn)備充分action 行動(dòng)learned to result 得知了結(jié)果were you satisfied ? 你滿意嗎？ in low spirits 低谷，心情低落，郁悶vivid 形象的，栩栩如生的 dull 傻了to further your study 接本unless 除非 ideal 理想的self-reliant 自

3、我實(shí)現(xiàn) rely on oneself 依靠自己to support your parents 孝順你的父母imagine 想象 ambitious 有雄心，有理想 industrious 勤奮的determined 堅(jiān)持信念persistent 堅(jiān)持不懈的，執(zhí)意的insist on sth /doing sth 堅(jiān)持persist in you well make it .take your seat .回到座位。 take ones seat . 就位 look forward to doing sth. 期待accuse sb of 指控某人犯罪 charge sb with 指控某人犯

4、罪情景對(duì)話my pleasure 指幫忙后別人致謝時(shí)的應(yīng)答with pleasure給別人幫忙時(shí)很高興that is all right/ never mind若問題是do you mind ,介意是yes/no反義疑問句 前肯后否 通漢語 前否后肯 實(shí)事求是的回答 是回答yes ,不是回答noeg: you are not a teacher , are you ? no , i am not (是的，我不是) yes ,i am (不是，我是)祈使句中的反義疑問句let us go ,with you ?lets go ,shall we ?包括當(dāng)時(shí)在場(chǎng)的所有人。let us 是不包括發(fā)布

5、命令的人否定的轉(zhuǎn)移 think , believe , suppose (猜測(cè))eg:i do not think you are wrong,are you ? 一 、語音-ed 清輔音結(jié)尾加-ed ，讀/t/。如ask-asked .濁輔音/元音音節(jié)結(jié)尾加-ed 讀/d/ 。如stay-stayed 以字母t 或e結(jié)尾加-ed 讀/id/ar 讀/a:/ /w/+ar 讀 /:/ 如 wolf /:/ /u/ told , cold , fold industry / × / 且重音在前字母u 在非重讀音節(jié)中讀/ worth/worthy中th 讀/清輔音 /ð/ 濁輔

6、音be worth doing 主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)mouth / mouths/ðz/clothes 中的e 不發(fā)音 /ðz/ reward , award , forward debt 中bt在一起時(shí)詞尾不發(fā)音doubt 中 b 不發(fā)音climb 刷子 b 不發(fā)音x 讀 /ks/gz/ exist , exam , exact , 讀/gz/(重讀音節(jié)) 重音在x exit 讀/ks/ 重音在e x 在兩個(gè)元音字母之間是重讀音節(jié)。 如：experience exist expect except 以元音字母結(jié)尾的是開音節(jié)詞，輔音字母結(jié)尾的是閉音節(jié)詞。音素48個(gè)，元音音素20個(gè)，輔

7、音音素28個(gè)所有的元音音素是濁音，濁音是發(fā)音時(shí)聲帶振動(dòng)的輔音音素分為清輔音和濁輔音。清輔音不震動(dòng)，濁輔音振動(dòng)音節(jié) 一個(gè)音節(jié)是由一個(gè)元音或一個(gè)元音加上一個(gè)輔音構(gòu)成。isolate i so late 多音節(jié)worker 雙音節(jié)sit 單音節(jié)多音節(jié)單詞有重讀increase v. increase n.多音節(jié)詞多數(shù)情況下的重讀放在倒數(shù)第三個(gè)音節(jié)以tion 結(jié)尾,以ic結(jié)尾的多音節(jié)單詞的重音放在倒數(shù)第二個(gè)音節(jié)。experimentation charateristicbea/ u/ ti/ful ne/ce / ssa/ry necessity terrfic 清輔音濁化student /st/sk

8、/ school /sk/sg/兩個(gè)清輔音在一起，第二個(gè)清輔音要發(fā)相對(duì)的濁輔音的音。skirt /sk/ sg/動(dòng)詞過去式加ed 后以清輔音結(jié)尾（除了字母t之外）+ed之后 ed-/t/stop -stopped /t/ ask-asked /t/以濁輔音結(jié)尾（除了字母d以外以及元音音節(jié)結(jié)尾） ed-/t/clean -cleaned /d/ clear-cleared /d/ stay-stayed ay -/ei/ stayed-/d/以/t/，和/d/結(jié)尾加ed -/ id/want-wanted /id/tion和sion 的讀音 正常讀 /n/tradition , addition

9、 , discussion stion-/tn/question suggestion , digestion , conjestion ( decision , invasion , conclusion , television )中的sion 讀 /n/元音字母+sion讀 -/n/即sion前為元音字母時(shí)讀作/n/字母組合ing 有兩個(gè)讀音 /鼻音 /ng/long -/ng 在詞尾讀 / ng 在詞中讀 /g/indy finger 食指 indy 索引 sing -/ / singer-/g/al -/:/ : l/e /al 在詞尾-/: /talk walk chalk alt

10、 在一起時(shí)讀-/: lt/alter 改變 although salt 不發(fā)音的輔音b , h , k , t , w有時(shí)候不發(fā)音字母b ， 當(dāng)bt / mb (詞尾)時(shí)不發(fā)音。debt , doubt , subtle(微妙的)comb (刷子) tomb(墳?zāi)? climb (登山)number 和lumber （木材總稱）中的mb都發(fā)音，因?yàn)閙b 不為于詞尾。字母h hour , honest , honor , forehead (前額)，exhausted (如此累) ， exhibition , exhibit 字母k ,kn kn know , knowledge , knife

11、 , kneed , knot (結(jié))字母tsten / ten 不發(fā)音 stle 不發(fā)音t-sten / ten / stlelisten fasten(擠緊，系緊) often glisten 閃耀hasten (匆忙) haste （匆忙）諺語；haste makes waste .欲速則不達(dá)。whistle (打口哨) castle(城堡)字母w-wh-/ h / who , whom , whose c , g , s , x , 發(fā)兩個(gè)音部分輔音字母兩個(gè)音，如c, g , s , xc -/ s/ k / g -/ g /d / s-/ s/ z / x -/ ks / gz/ce

12、lebrate crinite civilization case bicycle collection 字母c 后跟i , e , y 時(shí)讀/s /字母c后跟a , ou 時(shí)讀/k / c-/ s/ k/ g-/ g/ d/s-/ s / z / x-/ks / gz / g 讀-/ g / d/字母g 后面跟 i ,e , y 時(shí)讀 / d/ giant 巨大的 geography 地理 geology 地質(zhì)學(xué)glisten green grasp 字母s 詞首，雙寫，清輔音前后時(shí)讀清輔音/s /sword , sister , maps , glass字母s 位于濁輔音后或兩個(gè)元音字母之

13、間need to meet the needs / to satisfy the needs 滿足需求design n.(兩個(gè)元音之間) assign (×) resume n. 簡歷 resume 中斷之后，從新開始reason 字母x ，在兩個(gè)元音之間，并且是重讀音節(jié)，讀濁輔音/ g z/exam exist exact () exit 中的x不讀/ gz / 讀/ ks/ exhausted 筋疲力盡 exhibition n. exhibit v.exhaust v. 用盡，耗盡exhausted 用盡了的，耗盡了的exhibition n. 展覽 exhibit a , e

14、 , i , o ,u 開音節(jié)：以元音字母結(jié)尾的詞叫做開音節(jié)詞。開音節(jié)讀本身音（往往）take , late , lake , behave , have (×),love （）閉音節(jié)讀 a-/ æ /區(qū)分/ æ /和/ e /把食指放在嘴里讀/ e/ ,把兩個(gè)手指放在嘴里讀/ æ /字母a 后跟sk , sb , ss , st , 時(shí)字母a 讀 / a: /ask , glass , fast , grasp 讀音 /w / 后加字母a 時(shí)，讀/ /quality -qu -/ks /watch , want , wish , water 中的wat

15、er 讀/ : /細(xì)水長流 water 中的a 是長音字母e 讀/e / bed , test , text 字母i 讀/ i / sister 字母o 讀 / n/ u/ but , put 元音字母在多音節(jié)詞中 a e i o u 非重讀音節(jié)中的讀音a , e , i, o , u 在非重讀音節(jié)中都可以讀 / /a 中 ago ordinary a 可能讀 /i/village /i / palace /i /e silent student 中e 讀/ /字母 i 非重讀音節(jié)中 / / possible -/ / holiday -/ /字母o 讀 / / bottom / / /字母u

16、 讀 / / suggestion 讀 / / industry 讀 / /eg: she showed them a paper bearing an official seal.中bear 是含有的意思。seal 海豹 ， 印章bear-born born 的原型是bear 熊生產(chǎn)生育，eg：there is no tree,but bears fruit.沒有不結(jié)果的樹。survive幸存eg: the third reich survived hitler by a week. 第三帝國比希特勒多存在一周。字母組合的讀音：ed-/ei/ i:/ e/ i / 讀/ei/ great b

17、reak steak讀/ i:/ heat leave leaf讀/ e/ head bread breakfast breath n. / e/ 呼吸 out of breath 上氣不接下氣breathe v. 中的ea和 th也發(fā)生變化，ea -/ i:/ th-/bath v. bathe n. /ei/ / ea 讀 /i/ real theatre ou-/u:/ /u/ /u/ /au/u:/-soup group /u/ -could should/au/- mouth mouths-讀/z/ clothes southern /u/-soul shoulder字母oo組合-

18、/u:/ /u/ /classroom-/u:/ book cook /u/flood blood -/ /字母ai-/ ei/ / i/obtain complain mountain contain fountain explainai的重讀音節(jié)讀/ ei/ 非重讀音節(jié)讀/i/八個(gè)語法重點(diǎn)一、 非謂語動(dòng)詞二、 虛擬語氣三、 定語從句四、 狀語從句五、 主謂一致六、 倒裝七、 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞八、 時(shí)態(tài)在主語從句中表示是否只能用whether eg: whether he is coming to my party is hot known . do as i say . like 是介詞 ，向一樣

19、。 as 向一樣（連詞） like 后不加句子tell it as it is . 實(shí)話實(shí)說。often中ten在一起不發(fā)音。同樣的還有 listen 。一、 非謂語動(dòng)詞（一） 動(dòng)詞不定式 to do 不定式有時(shí)態(tài)的變化 ，語態(tài)的變化（二）動(dòng)名詞 doing （三）分詞 ：現(xiàn)在分詞，過去分詞（一）動(dòng)詞不定式1.、動(dòng)詞to 是符號(hào)to do 的派生詞to be doing (進(jìn)行時(shí))/to have ved （完成時(shí)）eg: it is said that they are having english classes . they(主語) are said（謂語） to be having e

20、nglish class.it is said that mr. smith has gone to usa .mr. smith is said to have gone to usa .our handout is said to be being printed . 我們的講義正在被印刷。our handout is said to have been printed . 我們的講義被印刷完了。2、不定式能做的句子成分（1）作賓語(直接跟不定式)eg : decide , choose , want , plan , promise , determine , (決定) + to do

21、intend to do (打算) afford (買得起，負(fù)擔(dān)的起)關(guān)于attend , tend , intend 的對(duì)比attend 接賓語或名詞tend to /intend to tend 趨向于，傾向于 intend 目的是（2）作賓語補(bǔ)足語eg: ask sb to do 動(dòng)詞+ 疑問詞+不定式eg: know .wonder , explain , learn i do not know how (疑問詞) to answer your question . i learned how to do it . i do not know what to say .(3)作補(bǔ)語不定

22、式作補(bǔ)語的特殊結(jié)構(gòu) there to be 結(jié)構(gòu)是there be 結(jié)構(gòu)的不定式eg: i did not expect there to be so many people there . for ( 目的) there to be （there be 句型不定式）no mistakes he cheeked it 。i did expect there were so many people (×)(4) 主語/ 表語eg : to see(主語) is to believe（表語） .英語中的特殊形式表語英語中的系動(dòng)詞后的詞是表語，等同于主謂賓=主系表eg: to learn

23、english well in such a short period is difficult . (頭重腳輕)需要借用形式主語it it is difficult for us to learn english well in such a short period .加入for us 才非常完整for us 是to learn 的邏輯主語it is considerate (邏輯主語)of you to do me a favor .用for 還是用of 取決于形容詞動(dòng)詞不定式可以帶自己的邏輯主語，引導(dǎo)邏輯主語通常用介詞for ；如果形容詞是表示人的品行，品德或者特證的時(shí)候必須用of 引

24、導(dǎo)邏輯主語。consider considerate 體貼的，考慮周到的 considerable 相當(dāng)大的，可觀的（指數(shù)量）（5）作定語 的條件后置 ：動(dòng)詞不定式作名詞 的賓語要后置動(dòng)詞不定式作定語，如果動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞，往往需要加一個(gè)介詞。eg: while traveling you need to find a hotel to live in at night .修飾a hotel to live in a hotel 不能說 to live a hotel i need a pen to write with .she has got a chair to sit on .as a

25、 captain (船長) ，he is always the first one to come to the ship . 被修飾的成分有序數(shù)詞時(shí)，只能用動(dòng)詞不定式作定語。（6）作狀語 表示目的。條件、元音eg: 目的狀語 to go to usa he works hard at english ,to be a college teacher you must have doctors degree.作狀語的5 種形式tootoenough to in order to / so as to soas to only to holy girl 剩女in order to 目的是，為了若

26、把目的放在句首只能用in order to 不可用so as to 若目的在句中，則in order to / so as to 均可 so as to 和so that 意思差不多。結(jié)果狀語sothat 后接句子soas to 如此以至于 as to 后接動(dòng)詞原形eg : she is so lovely that everyone likes her (句子). she is so lovely as to be liked by everyone .only to 重點(diǎn)考察 only 出乎意料eg: he hurried to the airport only to find the p

27、lane had taken off.用only to 表示出乎意料的結(jié)果和前面的初衷相反。（二）、動(dòng)名詞 動(dòng)詞的名詞形式 ving eg: seeing is believing . 動(dòng)名詞可以做主語/ 表語。動(dòng)名詞作賓語時(shí)較麻煩，動(dòng)名詞可以做動(dòng)詞的賓語還可以作介詞的賓語eg: avoid 后必須用動(dòng)名詞doing 做賓語。eg: mind , avoid , enjoy , escape , appreciate , delay , postpone , consider 動(dòng)名詞可以做介詞的賓語，動(dòng)名詞具有名詞的特點(diǎn)。eg: iam interested in climbing mount

28、ains . 介詞 in , on , of , after 好判斷， to 不好判斷。 to 加原形構(gòu)成不定式是不定式符號(hào)to 加名詞/ 動(dòng)名詞時(shí)是介詞to 在固定的結(jié)構(gòu)中作介詞使用eg： look forward to / be used to 習(xí)慣于，后接名詞/ 動(dòng)名詞money is used to buy food . 被動(dòng)語態(tài)i am used to getting up early .used to 過去常常作 后+ 動(dòng)詞原形。to 是動(dòng)詞不定式符號(hào)。lead to 中to 是介詞。導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)生引起prefer to 中的to 是介詞。喜歡勝過eg: i prefer coffee

29、to tea .prefer to 后接動(dòng)詞原形，to 是不定式符號(hào)，寧愿做某事devote oneself to獻(xiàn)身于object to 中的object 反對(duì)中的to 是介詞+名詞/ 動(dòng)名詞ufo 中的u是 unidentified 是fly, o是objectidentify v 動(dòng)詞詞尾是y讀/ ai/ 名詞詞尾是y讀/ i/beautify / ai / technology / i/ satisfy / ai/ identify eg: a sleeping baby 現(xiàn)在的分詞 a sleeping car (臥鋪車廂) 動(dòng)名詞現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，表示正在進(jìn)行，可以用定語從句替換動(dòng)名

30、詞作定語表示用途或性質(zhì)。有些動(dòng)詞既可以跟動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)名詞且意思一致。begin / start (不考)有些動(dòng)詞既可以跟動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)名詞意思略有不同，如 like eg: i like smoking ,but i dont like to smoke now .like doing 表示習(xí)慣。 like to do 表示具體的動(dòng)作有些動(dòng)詞既可以跟動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)名詞，但意思完全不同。stop , go on , remember , forget , regret , mean stop doing 停下來現(xiàn)在做的事情stop to do 停下來現(xiàn)在做的事情去做別的事情regret doi

31、ng 后悔做了某事regret to do 遺憾的去做某事remember doing 記得做過remember to do 記得去做try doing 試著做某事 try to do 努力做某事 go on doing 繼續(xù)做原來的事 go on to do 繼續(xù)做另一件事 mean doing 意味著mean to do 打算need , want , require 需要，都可以接動(dòng)名詞和不定式。eg : these flowers need watering / to be watered .用動(dòng)名詞時(shí) 是主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)，用不定式時(shí)是被動(dòng)表被動(dòng)。worth , worthy worth

32、+ v-ing (動(dòng)名詞) 主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)be worthy of + 動(dòng)名詞 主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)worthy to be done 主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)eg : he asked the students to work hard . 使役動(dòng)詞， let ,make , have , 讓某人做，使得感官動(dòng)詞 see, hear , watch , smell , fell , 前3個(gè)常用，使役動(dòng)詞或感官動(dòng)詞作謂語后的不定式做賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，應(yīng)當(dāng)省略to . eg ; i saw the thief steal money in the shop . 如果使役動(dòng)詞和感官動(dòng)詞是被動(dòng)語態(tài)必須要還原to 。 have sb /

33、sth do (省略to 的不定式) doing (讓某人一直) done 如果用省略to 的不定式，表示的是動(dòng)作。如果用動(dòng)名詞doing 表示的是動(dòng)作的持續(xù)，如果用過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)，是讓某人做某事，但不提出是誰做的，表示被動(dòng)或完成。eg：he wants to do nothing but go out . he wants to believe nothing but to take the medicine . he has no choice but to wait . 有do沒to，沒do 有to ,(在but 后面加不加to ,取決于其前面的那個(gè)詞，其中do 是do , does ,

34、 did 表示實(shí)義動(dòng)詞則沒喲to )eg：do you mind my (邏輯主語)smoking here ?動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語形容詞性物主代詞或者所有格人稱代詞的賓格沒有生命的詞用普遍格。（原形=普通格）eg: the hope of the team （邏輯主語原形）winning the game 贏得比賽的希望the noise of desks(邏輯主語) being opened and closed could be heard in the distance .動(dòng)名詞+邏輯主語eg: the girls being educated in such a good school.

35、主語相當(dāng)于一個(gè)完整的句子，is 有些結(jié)構(gòu)中必須用動(dòng)名詞i have difficulty / trouble in doing 有可能省略in 沒有in 也用doinghave a good / hard time (in )doing it is no good / point(意義) / use（有用） / sense（意義） (in) doing sth eg: it is no point asking him for help ,because he is selfish .there is no good / point / use / sense / (in )doing sth

36、 (三) 分詞a developing country 發(fā)展中國家 表示正在進(jìn)行a developed country 發(fā)達(dá)國家 表示已經(jīng)完成現(xiàn)在分詞表示現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行，過去分詞表示已經(jīng)完成a touching film the touched audience 現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)，過去分詞表示被動(dòng)eg: seen from the hill top ,the village was make smaller . 用ing 還是用ed 取決于主語。seeing from the hill top ,we find the village was make smaller .have sb doing

37、讓某人一直做某事have sb done 分詞作賓語的補(bǔ)足語 eg: having not heard from his son for a long time ,the father want to see him,(×)非謂語動(dòng)詞的否定形式，否定詞要放在非謂語動(dòng)詞之前。no having heard from his son for a long time ,the father want to see him.()獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu) 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的基本形式名詞/ 代詞+ 現(xiàn)在分詞/ 過去分詞 v-ing / v-ed eg :weather permitting(獨(dú)立主格做狀語) w

38、ell go fishing tomorrow .if weather permits well go fishing tomorrow (完整的條件狀語從句)名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞表達(dá)的是一個(gè)條件。weather 是主語，permitting 是謂語但不是主謂結(jié)構(gòu)而是獨(dú)立主格形式。怎么判斷獨(dú)立主格1、 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同，他獨(dú)立存在eg: all things considered we decided to give up .2、 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的名詞或代詞和緊隨其后的分詞構(gòu)成的主謂關(guān)系，但不是主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。3、 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)和主句一般用逗號(hào)隔開，逗號(hào)連接的不可是完整的單句。eg:

39、my bike _，i have to go to school on foot .a . is being repaired b. being repaired c. has been repaired d. repaired 解析：和可構(gòu)成完整的句子，和在結(jié)構(gòu)上均可，但在句意上合理，故選擇名詞代詞+adj / 副詞/ 不定式to do / 介詞eg: he came into the room ,his ears red with cold he 和his ears 主語不同 ，red 是形容詞he was leapt busy all day ,much work (主語) to do（

40、動(dòng)詞不定式） .he ran out the room ,a knife in (介詞)his hand .with+n. + 其他成分（表示伴隨的獨(dú)立主格）eg : he was brought to the court (法庭) ，with his hands tied behind his back . if / whether as / like 像一樣只能用whether 表示是否 在主語從句和表語從句中表示是否只能用whether . eg: whether he is coming to my party is not known (主語從句) the question is w

41、hether he is coming to my party.(表語從句) 謂語動(dòng)詞是discuss 或wonder時(shí)賓語從句表示是否只能用whether。eg: we are discussing whether he is coming to my party (作賓語) 介詞后面表示是否只能用whether .they are talking about whether he is coming to my party . 和or not 連用時(shí)只能用whether whether or noteg: i do not know if / whether he is coming to

42、 my party . as的詞性是連詞，介詞。連詞，像一樣。介詞，作為 like 當(dāng)動(dòng)詞講是喜歡，當(dāng)介詞講是像一樣as 當(dāng)連詞講像一樣，后接句子。like 當(dāng)介詞講像一樣，后接名詞。eg: like father ,like son . 有其父必有其子。 as 當(dāng)連詞講，像一樣，除了接句子，還可以接介詞結(jié)構(gòu)，以及過去分詞。eg: like in large cities ,net bars also popular in small village .中把like換為as才正確。as motioned in the last paragraph ,net bars should be ban

43、ned . 中as 像一樣as 之后接的是過去分詞like當(dāng)動(dòng)詞講是喜歡 ，反義詞是dislike 不喜歡unlike 是不像eg: unlike her brother bill ,mary was quite . likely , unlikely 中l(wèi)ikely 是可能的，unlikely是不可能的。eg : he is unlikely to come to my party . be likely to 很有可能的二、定語從句定語從句分為限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句。區(qū)分在于有無逗號(hào)隔開。 沒有逗號(hào)隔開的叫限制性定語從句。有逗號(hào)隔開的叫非限制性定語從句。引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系

44、副詞關(guān)系代詞分別是常用的關(guān)系代詞和特殊關(guān)系代詞。常用的關(guān)系代詞，5個(gè)。 who , whom , whose , that , which 特殊關(guān)系代詞， 5個(gè)。 as, than , but 關(guān)系副詞 ， 3個(gè)， when , why , where who , whom , whose who , whose 都指人，who 做主語， whom 作賓語。eg : do you know the boy who is standing here ?do you know the boy whom they are talking about ?中whom 修飾名詞作定語。eg: do you

45、 know the boy whose father is vip .中whose 修飾father the tree whose branches (樹枝)are almost bare (光禿禿) is 500 years old. whose 可以指人的所屬關(guān)系，也可以指物的所屬關(guān)系。which 只能指物不能指人，可以做主語也可以做賓語。eg: she is married to a foreigner ,which is known to everyone . 中的which 指前面的句子。本句中的which 可以用as 替換若放在句首時(shí)只能用as 不可用which _is known

46、 to everyone ,she is married to a foreigner . (c)a it b that c as d which it is known to everyone that she is married to a foreigner. eg: the mother showed more love for the younger son ,which made others jealous (嫉妒)。本句中which 不可被as 替換。 which 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句指代前面的整個(gè)句子，如果定語從句的謂語是系動(dòng)詞，那么可以用as 替代which ，并且可以放在

47、句首，只能用as 不能用which 如果定語從句的謂語是行為動(dòng)詞，則不能用as 替代which，也不能放在句首that 既可以指人也可以指物 必須用that時(shí)，指人時(shí)可用who, 指物時(shí)不可用which there be 句型中，定語從句只能用that引導(dǎo)eg : is there any thing that you want to tell me ? 當(dāng)先行詞為數(shù)量詞或者表示含有數(shù)量的詞，定語從句只能用that引導(dǎo)eg : all that you need is money . what = all that the father offered him much money ,that

48、 he can spent at will. at will 隨意 當(dāng)先行詞是不定代詞的時(shí)候，必須用that引導(dǎo)定語從句something anything everything nothing somebody anybody everybody nobody someone anyone everyone none 當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞的最高級(jí)，序數(shù)詞以及the only 或the very 修飾的時(shí)候，只能用that 引導(dǎo)定語從句。eg:this is the film which / that i like . this is the most interesting that i lik

49、e . 當(dāng)先行詞既有人也有物，用that引導(dǎo)。 不用that引導(dǎo)的情況 非限制性定語從句 定語從句中介詞提前情況下，絕對(duì)不能用that引導(dǎo)（考點(diǎn)）eg:this is the movie which / that i am interested in .in this is the movie which i am interested in 提前到句首時(shí)不可用that 介詞提前根據(jù)定語從句后面的內(nèi)容 根據(jù)定語從句前面的內(nèi)容eg : we need a monition in whom we have confidence 中的in 取決于confidence。living in the de

50、sert has its problems (of) which getting fresh water is the most serious .中which指problems of 表示范圍as than but 重點(diǎn)asthe same as / the same that eg : she showed me the same book as (that ) the teacher showed me . 特殊的關(guān)系代詞as , than , but eg: she showed me the same book as (that ) the teacher showed me .本句

51、中在結(jié)構(gòu)上as 和that 都符合用as 指一模一樣的兩本書，用that 指 同一本書the same as 一模一樣的兩個(gè)東西the same that 同一個(gè)東西eg: you must the same boy this morning as (that) i met yesterday . 中用thatthan 用特殊關(guān)系代詞是比較結(jié)構(gòu)eg: he called his father and asked for (請(qǐng)求) more money than was needed. was的主語是than .than 在定語從句，than was needed 作主語but eg: ther

52、e is no one but likes money .中l(wèi)ike的主語是but，本句中but可以換為thatnot there is no tree in the world but bear fruit (結(jié)果)。bear -born 出生 born原形是bear關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)定語從句 when , why , where where 等同于in while why =for which when =on whicheg: the days _we lived/ spent in the village were unforgettable .先行詞為the days the days 是spent的賓語，所以所添加的詞應(yīng)代替the days 作賓語，應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞that/ which 若用lived時(shí)應(yīng)用when ，live 是不及物動(dòng)詞后面沒有賓語，句中缺狀語，故用when eg: the reason that / which he gave for his lateness was unacceptable .先行