課改新題型——閱讀填空常規(guī)備考的方法

1、.任務型閱讀：閱讀填空試題結構。閱讀填空題是語言運用類試題，旨在考查學生搜集信息（包括直接信息和間接信息）、處理信息、運用語言傳遞信息的的能力。閱讀填空分正文和表格兩部分，正文為約300字的一篇短文，是信息采集的主要來源；而表格為信息搜集與處理的標準約定和潛在幫助，同時又是信息搜集與處理結果的定位區(qū)域。表格中一般設10個空，要求考生依據正文內容和表格結構關系，用不超過3個單詞的語段來填補空缺，使表格內容上下左右呼應通達。表格之外有外標題（Title），可視為正文的標題；表格結構基本與正文吻合，內含若干列標題和行標題，統(tǒng)領正文主干；表格細節(jié)內容為涵蓋全篇正文的簡約表述。試題特征。分析2005年、

2、2006年和2007年湖南省英語高考試題閱讀填空，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)閱讀填空題有以下幾個特點。主觀性：該題型重點考查考生獨立使用簡約語言而非已給選項表述相對復雜信息的個體能力，屬于主觀試題；它順應全球語言測試的大方向增加主觀試題，減少客觀試題，是全國英語標準化試題優(yōu)化的必然趨勢。運用性：該題型并非簡單的閱讀理解，不僅是語言理解層面的考查，而且是語言運用層面的考查；語言的運用一部分屬直接運用，另一部分則需對現(xiàn)有語言進行整理、重組和概括。一致性：一方面，表格結構和內容與正文保持一致，這就要求信息搜集和加工必須與表格結構和內容一致；另一方面，表格內部內容的表述形式要力求一致。概括性：體現(xiàn)在使用3個單詞以內的小

3、語段，來表達一個句子、幾個句子、甚至是整篇文章的意思。準確性：就是要用無語言錯誤的規(guī)范語言科學地概括正文的主要內容。應試方略。理解正文大意和結構。表格結構和內容的設置是以正文為依據的，只有讀懂了正文，才能順利地在表格中填出相應的信息?？忌梢圆捎眠呑x邊記要點的方法，將記敘文的人物、事件、時間、地點、起因和結果等簡要地記下來，將議論文的總論點、分論點、論據等加以概括，很有可能表格的不少答案已在其中了。分析表格結構和內容。一般情況下，表格的第一列或第一行為項目內容即小標題（列標題和行標題），通常就是段落和表格的主題句, 它標示著其下方或右邊細節(jié)內容所涉及的方向與范圍，這些細節(jié)內容的填充可借助于小標

4、題，同樣，小標題的概括由各個細節(jié)決定。表格內的所有項目之間存在著邏輯關系，彼此約束，相互支撐，互為聯(lián)系。確定題目答案。在實際做題過程中，考生不妨采用“表格正文表格”的模式。先略讀表格結構和內容，以把握正文的總體脈絡，明了表格空缺所涉及的主要問題。然后帶著問題閱讀正文部分，邊讀邊記正文要點，避免填一空回頭讀一遍文章造成的時間浪費。接下來，用所記的文章要點幫助表格填空，有些屬基礎題可直接引用原文詞匯和語句；而某些活用題則需要運用常識和所學語言知識，對原來結構完整、語意復雜的主題句化繁為簡，簡約地用與相鄰語句相同或相似的形式表述出來；難度較大的總結概括性題目如列標題和行標題，通常放在細節(jié)內容補全后完

5、成，概括力求有針對性，準確，全面，得體。最后，總覽所填表格內容，避免遺漏，保證上下左右語意貫通。下面我們將分四小節(jié)，以高考真題為例來詳盡闡述解答閱讀填空的具體方法和技巧，愿廣大考生從中有所感悟，圓滿通過高考的檢驗，跨進理想大學的門檻！第一節(jié) 引用原文詞匯和語句 考點提示 順利解答閱讀填空題技巧之一就是，采用邊讀邊記要點的方法，用所記的文章要點幫助表格填空。表格中基礎性題目很多可以直接引用原文中的詞匯和語句即語段，如2005年湖南卷的77小題、83小題、84小題、85小題，2006年湖南卷的76小題、78小題、81小題、84小題，2007年湖南卷的76小題、77小題、80小題，07年試題相對比0

6、5年和06年試題難。引用原文時（當然亦適用于其它情況）應注意字母的大小寫問題。無論在原文中語段首字母是大寫還是小寫，填空時一般要根據表格內現(xiàn)有同級語段的書寫來確定，位于同一個表格內不同語段的大小寫的規(guī)則，因所處的級別位置不同而不同。另外，不同的表格可能采用不同的大小寫規(guī)則。05年的4個直接復用原文的題目都采用了第一單詞首字母大寫，其它所有題目也采用了同樣的規(guī)則，沒有語段級別的區(qū)分。06年的76小題因為是表格外大標題，所以3個單詞首字母大寫，78題和81題均使用首字母小寫的形式，84題僅一個單詞，受同級語段書寫的約束首字母大寫，同樣其它所有題目遵循同級語段首字母大小寫一致的原則。07年76題與0

7、6年76題一樣，表格外大標題3個單詞首字母大寫，其它小題均為第一單詞首字母大寫，也沒有語段級別的區(qū)分。 解題鑰匙【例1】2007年湖南省高考英語試卷閱讀填空真題Host family accommodation, or living with host families, remains popular among language travel students for its unique advantages. These days, host families are trying to offer more in terms of quality, for they still ha

8、ve something to worry about. Host family accommodation is often seen as the number-one choice for its advantages in language study, cultural communication and cost of living. Staying alongside host families enables students to get enough practice for the short time of their studying so that their la

9、nguage acquisition is likely to become faster. Living in host families also has the advantage for students of being able to spend a lot of time communicating with their “host parents”, and get to know the local way of life, people and culture. Another advantage is that host family accommodation can

10、sometimes be the least expensive. It attracts students for it ensures them a family type of living at a low cost. The advantages, however, have not prevented host families from worrying. On one hand, some host families are losing their unique selling point. The problem is that the majority of hosts

11、in big cites, now generally single and young, have less time available for students but the selling point for host family accommodation is communication practice. One the other hand, students expectations have risen. They are becoming more demanding and asking for more than ever from their accommoda

12、tion, as they come mainly from high socio-economic groups in their own countries. To get out of the difficult situation, host families are now making efforts to improve the quality of service. They are trying to making living conditions better, including broadband Internet service, private bathroom,

13、 and access to plenty of hot water for long showers. They are also providing students with structured family activities. It is believed that host family accommodation will keep the popularity vote with language travel students. Title: 76. _ThemeHost families are improving the accommodation quality77

14、. _1）Language study78. _2）Cultural communication(1) 79. _(2) Knowing the local way of life, people and culture3）80. _Being least expensive sometimes81. _1）Loss of selling pointHosts having less time for students2）82. _Students becoming more demanding83. _Service quality improvement(1) 84. _(2) Organ

15、izing structured family activities85. _Host family accommodation will keep the popularity vote with students.76.Host Family Accommodation77. Advantages78. Possibly becoming faster 79. Communicating with hosts 80. Cost of living81. Worries/ Problems82. Rise in expectations 83. Efforts/ Measures84. Be

16、ttering living conditions85. Conclusion【答案】【解析】該文章主題是“家庭食宿” 許多語言學習者的首選方式。其優(yōu)勢在于，食宿費用較低廉，語言學習者能夠有更多的和主人交流的機會，快速掌握語言，并對當地的文化和風俗習慣有更深的了解。然而，主人不能提供更多的交流機會以及學習者要求的不斷提高，迫使主人進一步改善食宿條件，增強與學習者的交流，確?！凹彝ナ乘蕖背蔀?語言學習者的第一選擇。在本篇閱讀填空中，76題、80題都直接源于原文的Host family accommodation is often seen as the number-one choice for

17、 its advantages in language study, cultural communication and cost of living，而77題的答案直接從原文第三段的主題句The advantages, however, have not prevented host families from worrying中搜出。78題、79題、84題都由同級語段(2) Knowing the local way of life, people and culture和(2) Organizing structured family activities表達形式-ing的提示與限制使

18、用了-ing短語，主要動詞和名詞都來自原文。81題、82題同上邊三個題目一樣，屬于將原文語句調整、壓縮、概括，然后靈活運用語言知識變形轉換表達類試題。The advantages, however, have not prevented host families from worrying和The problem is that the majority of hosts in big cites中的關鍵詞匯，對順利概括出Worries/ Problems起到了一定的幫助作用。從原句One the other hand, students expectations have risen，不難

19、看出Rise in expectations表述的概括性和巧妙性。要實現(xiàn)這一靈活的轉換，必須在平時的語言學習中用心學習，潛心體會，不斷積累，掌握更多實用有效的表達手段，形成運用自如的表達技巧。83題和85題當屬概括類行標題，To get out of the difficult situation, host families are now making efforts to improve the quality of service可幫助細心的人歸納出Efforts/ Measures，而Conclusion的寫出有賴于平時對分析文章結構所用語匯的搜集和積累。規(guī)律小結 解題一般步驟: 分

20、析表格結構，抓住主要問題；理解正文大意，列出文章概要；理清表格層次，先做細節(jié)題，再定小標題，最后的大標題，做對沒問題！注意大小寫的規(guī)范性，表格外大標題多數為每個單詞首字母大寫，表格內的小標題和細解題應視具體情況而定，不可一概而論。 考點警示 做閱讀填空題，必須要充滿信心，決不可讓殘缺不全的表格吞噬你的自信。要冷靜地分析表格內部的各層關系，細心閱讀并理解正文大意。題目設計者一定會設置35道直接引用原文詞匯和語句的題目，我們首先要保證這部分題拿滿分。往往容易的題目偏偏會出錯，因此，書寫要清楚規(guī)范，每個單詞不能因粗心多寫或少些字母，答案要定位準確，不能無意識地制造“問東答西”的笑話。 同步訓練 閱讀

21、填空模擬訓練一Every two years, cities around the world make bids to the International Olympic Commission (IOC) to host the Olympic Games. Today, cities are selected through a much more rigorous (嚴格的) process.Any city that wants to host the Olympic Games puts in its name to the IOC and is considered an “App

22、licant City”. For the next ten months, the IOC investigates the city on several points: 1) The city must prove that it is big enough to handle the Olympics. It also needs to show that it can handle the high level of security (安全) needed at the games.2) The city needs to convince the local people tha

23、t the expenses of covering the Olympics (which may be covered by raising taxes) are worth it in city improvement and new jobs.3) The city needs to maintain a highly positive media exposure to carry the games.If the IOC decides that a city has fulfilled the three points above, it is considered a “Can

24、didate City ” and goes into the second phase of the process. After an application and an application fee submitted (遞交), the IOC makes a final judgment on which city is the best candidate for the coming Summer or Winter Olympic Games. The cost for bidding for the games is incredibly high. Bid commit

25、tees must pay an application fee to the IOC. (The fee for hosting the 2012 Olympics is US$150,000.) Following the fee, the cities generally need to begin large construction projects like building the “Olympic village”, new sports arenas (競技場) and stadiums, and transportation systems. Since the Olymp

26、ics are so expensive, why do cities want to host the games? Cities bid for the Olympics for a variety of reasons: the desire to show pride in their city and their country, the eagerness to be in the international spotlight for two weeks, the opportunity to bring new jobs into the community, and to b

27、uild up tourism for that city.Bid for the OlympicsBidding phasesNecessary construction projectsReasons for biddingfirst phase79. _81. _83. _put in name to 76. _submit the application and pay 80. _new sports arenasbeing eager to become the international spotlightthe IOC investigates the city on three

28、 points77. _ make final judgmentstadiums84. _78. _highly positive media exposure82. _85. _閱讀填空模擬訓練二Filling in company application forms can become a boring and repetitive task, yet any carelessness on an applicants part can draw a negative reaction from readers. Blow it at this stage and you wo

29、nt get a chance to persuade them in person, no matter how good you are. Each company or organization usually uses its own specially designed form that, although it generally asks for the same basic information, may vary in detail. So the suggestions below will help you to know what to do rather than

30、 what you should write.When visiting future employers, always carry your personal data record with you so that you can readily search for details such as dates, telephone, numbers and other useful information.Treat every application form as though it is the first one you are completing-write careful

31、ly and neatly.Use words that describe each job you have held as fully as possible rather than list only the duties you performed.Particularly describe social activities that show your involvement in the community, or activities in which you held a teaching or coaching role.Pay particular attention i

32、f there is a section on the form that asks you to say how your education and past experience have especially prepared you for the position.Think this through very carefully before you write so that what you say shows a natural progression from past experience to the job you are applying for. If you

33、can, and if they fit naturally, add a few words to explain how the position fits your overall career plan.Follow these suggestions and you can get your foot in the door of a great future!Title: How to Fill in_76_77_ Always carry your _78_ record with you.Write_79_.Describe each job you have held _80

34、_.Describe social activities you _81_ .Pay attention to the section about your_82_.Add a few words to explain how the position fits your_83_.Reasons_84_can draw a negative reaction from readers._85_and you wont get a chance to persuade them in person. 參考答案閱讀填空模擬訓練一【答案】76. the IOC 77. size and securi

35、ty 78. citizens support 79. second phase 80. an application fee 81. Olympic village 82. transportation systems83. showing pride 84. more job opportunities 85. building up tourism【解析】本文介紹申辦奧運會的程序及舉辦奧運會的前期準備工作，表格的難度設置不大，旨在培養(yǎng)完成閱讀填空題的信心。76、80、81、82題屬直接應用原文詞匯題，77、83、84、85題取自原文的靈活表達題，79題為借助于表格中的first phas

36、e可填出的判斷推理題，78題為本表格的難點和亮點，重點考查考生的概括能力和準確表述能力。閱讀填空模擬訓練二【答案】76. an Application Form 77.Suggestions/Advice 78. personal data 79. carefully and neatly 80. in full 81. were involved in 82. education and experience 83. overall career plan 84. An applicants carelessness 85. Blow it【解析】本文主題為如何填寫申請表。76題為大標題，讀

37、完全文后并在文章首句Filling in company application forms can become a boring and repetitive task的幫助下，歸納出How to Fill in an Application Form，冠詞an表示一類，注意大寫實詞首字母。77題由表格右邊的各項建議總結出Suggestions/Advice。78題直接引用原句always carry your personal data record with you。79題直接取自原句write carefully and neatly。80題運用語法知識將原文describe eac

38、h job you have held as fully as possible的副詞fully轉化為介詞短語in full。81題借助于Particularly describe social activities that show your involvement in the community中名詞involvement的提示，由動詞短語were involved in表達“參與”。82題直接選用how your education and past experience have especially prepared you for the position的關鍵詞匯educat

39、ion and experience。83題引用了add a few words to explain how the position fits your overall career plan的重點詞匯overall career plan。84題屬yet any carelessness on an applicants part can draw a negative reaction from readers中applicants和carelessness的巧妙組合。85題Blow it直接引自Blow it at this stage and you wont get a chan

40、ce to persuade them in person。第二節(jié) 歸納總結 考點提示 歸納總結是閱讀填空題的重要組成部分。湖南卷閱讀理解題中，05年小標題歸納2題，大標題歸納1題；06年小標題歸納5題，大標題歸納1題；07年小標題歸納4題，大標題歸納1題?？梢姎w納總結題在閱讀理解題中所占份量之大，08年考題此類題目預計35題。 解題鑰匙 【例1】2006年湖南省高考英語試卷閱讀填空真題 Quality after-school programs are designed to improve academic performance, decrease youth crimes and ot

41、her high-risk behaviors, and help young people grow into healthy, successful adults. The effect of quality after-school programs on academic performance is clear. Studies show that students who take part in such programs show better work habits, higher rates of homework completion, improved grades,

42、and higher scores on achievement tests. They also have fewer absences and are less likely to blame. After-school programs also influence high-risk teen behavior. Various studies show decreased rates of crime, drug use, and teen sex among youth who join in well-run after-school programs when compared

43、 to similar youth who do not. Finally, after-school programs play an important role in supporting the following fields of development: physical development, mental development and social development. Thus, one can safely say that after-school programming is an effective method to help young people b

44、ecome contributing members of society. Although there is enough proof from both small and large assessments that after-school programs can make a positive difference, it is important to note that not all programs are equal. First, dosage (時量) matters - young people who attend the most hours over the

45、 most years benefit more than members who attend less often or over a shorter period of time. Next, after-school programs make a bigger difference for those students who need help most and have the fewest choices. Finally, program qualities matter. After-school programs work best when they create un

46、ique opportunities for youth. They should provide opportunities for positive relationships, skill building, meaningful involvement (參入), expression, suggestion, service, and work. Staff characteristics make an important difference in the quality of a program. The adults should treat youth as partner

47、s, create safe and fair environments, encourage personalized (個性化的) involvement, and actively create learning opportunities. In short, although after-school programs have promising future, how they are designed and run matters.Title: _76_77. _·improving academic performance·78. and high-ri

48、sk behaviors·helping young people grow into healthy, successful adults _ Effects79._·better work habits·higher rates of homework completion·improved grades and higher scores·fewer absences and 80._ 83._·helping young people become contributing members of society _ _ Dec

49、reased high-risk teen behaviors ·decreased rates of crime, 81._ and teen sex among youth_ 82. _.·physical development·mental development·social development _ Conclusion·How to design and run the program is very important.84. _ ·dosage·85._·quality _ _ _ _ _ _

50、【答案】76. Quality After-School Program 77. Aims 78. decreasing youth crimes 79. Improved academic behaviors 80. less blame 81.drug use 82. Integrated development/ All-around development 83. Result 84. Assessments85. student difference【解析】本文主題為優(yōu)質的課外活動。它可以幫助學生養(yǎng)成及時完成作業(yè)、少遲到、少違反紀律的好習慣，提高學習成績；預防青年學生吸毒、早戀等高危

51、習慣的形成，降低青少年犯罪率；有利于學生德、智、體的全面發(fā)展，使他們成為有益于社會發(fā)展的人才。優(yōu)質的課外活動的開展，應由一定時間和次數來保證，參加的學生要有針對性，通過構建平等的師生關系，采用多種形式，鼓勵學生積極參與，進一步提高課外活動的質量。準確理解了正文的意思，便可以順水推舟地完成表格填充的任務。76、78、81、84題大都能從原文中直接取來復用。76題為大標題歸納，可從本文主題段的主題句中取出Quality After-School Program，三個單詞首字母均大寫，當然僅第一單詞首字母大寫也行。利用文章的主題段和通常位于段首的主題句來進行歸納總結，不失為一種很好的做題方法。78題

52、后的連詞and提示前面待填充部分一定和high-risk behaviors構成并列關系，在原文的第一段可搜索到相同結構關系的decrease youth crimes and other high-risk behaviors，考慮到表格中該題的上下相鄰的同級別語段表達形式為-ing短語，所以還要把decrease改用為decreasing，同時確切地表達出優(yōu)質課外活動的動態(tài)作用，可見題目設計者的匠心獨具。81題的答案可從原文第二段Various studies show decreased rates of crime, drug use, and teen sex among youth

53、中直接找到。單看84題后表格中待歸納的dosage和quality，我們很可能一下子就懵了，不知所云，毫無頭緒。但是，請時刻銘記做閱讀填空題目時必須遵循的最實用的原則：不僅從表格結構關系尋找提示，更重要的是學會自原文的關鍵句中尋求最原始最有效的幫助。當我們仔細閱讀第三段主題句Although there is enough proof from both small and large assessments that after-school programs can make a positive difference, it is important to note that not a

54、ll programs are equal時，卻發(fā)現(xiàn)答案竟在其中了！表中Decreased high-risk teen behaviors與79題、82題屬同一級別的歸納總結題，它約定了兩題大寫要求及動詞形式，用動詞-ed形式準確而又巧妙地表達出優(yōu)質的課外活動所產生Effects的現(xiàn)實性。79題的答案從第一段Quality after-school programs are designed to improve academic performance中的關鍵語段加以調整變形可得Improved academic behaviors，當然亦可用Improved academic perfo

55、rmance。82題下面的三個短語共有development，前面的三個定語說明優(yōu)質課外活動“多方面的綜合作用”，因此可歸納為Integrated development/ All-around development。80題則運用語言知識中副詞變用形容詞和動詞變用名詞的手段，將They also have fewer absences and are less likely to blame中的關鍵詞轉述為less blame。85題屬句子歸納總結，可謂本大題的最高亮點。理解句意是做對本題的關鍵，課外活動對于那些急需幫助的學生作用極大，也就是說課外活動的組織要針對不同的學生different

56、 students，即學生的不同情況student difference。77題、83題是課外活動開展的目的Aims和結果Result，屬于行列標題的歸納，一般放在最后處理。另外，我們要注意表格內同級別內容的標志，83題前沒有“· ”，83題和它下面的·helping young people become contributing members of society屬不同級別。規(guī)律小結歸納總結就是將眾多的復雜信息簡單化的過程，是多變少的過程，簡單化的信息應具有眾多信息所具有的共同特征。歸納總結，一要分析確定眾多信息某一方面的共同點，二要選取規(guī)范簡潔的語言將其表述出來。在閱讀填空的某一表格中，歸納總結存