自控論文-陸杰10

1、pcb layout programpcb布局方案electronic design automation (eda or ecad) is a category of software tools for designing electronic systems such as printed circuit boards and integrated circuits. the tools work together in a design flow that chip designers use to design and analyze entire semiconductor chi

2、ps.電了設(shè)計(jì)口動(dòng)化(eda或的ecad)是用于設(shè)計(jì)的軟件工具，如卬刷電路板 和集成屯路屯子系統(tǒng)類別。設(shè)計(jì)流程的芯片設(shè)計(jì)師用這些工具來設(shè)計(jì)和分析整個(gè) 半導(dǎo)體芯片。this article describes eda specifically with respect to integrated circuits. 本文介紹的的是eda,特別是在集成電路方面history 歷史early,daysbefore eda, integrated circuits were designed by hand, and manually laid out. some advanced shops use

3、d geometric software to generate the tapes for the gerber photoplotter, but even those copied digital recordings of mechanically-drawn components. the process was fundamentally graphic, with the translation from electronics to graphics done manually. the best known company from this era was calma, w

4、hose gdsii format survives.初期，在eda軟件發(fā)明前，集成電路都采用手工設(shè)計(jì)，并手動(dòng)布局。一些先 進(jìn)的軟件商店用幾何生成的gerber光繪的錄音帶，也只是對(duì)機(jī)械復(fù)制繪制組件 數(shù)字錄音。這個(gè)從電子產(chǎn)品到手工完成圖形翻譯的過程基本上是在圖形上進(jìn)行 的。在那個(gè)時(shí)代做的最好的是卡爾馬知名公司，提供了 gdsii格式服務(wù)。by the mid-70s, developers started to automate the design, and not just the drafting. the first placement and routing (place and r

5、oute) tools were developed. the proceedings of the design automation conference cover much of this era.到了70年代中期，開發(fā)商開始門動(dòng)化設(shè)計(jì)，而不僅僅是起草。第一布局布線 (位置和線路)工具的開發(fā)工作。設(shè)計(jì)自動(dòng)化會(huì)議記錄涵蓋了這個(gè)時(shí)代。the next era began about the time of the publication of nintroduction to vlsi systems11 by carver mead and lynn conway in 1980 thi

6、s ground breaking text advocated chip design with programming languages that compiled to silicon. the immediate result was a considerable increase in the complexity of the chips that could be designed, with improved access to design verification tools that used logic simulation. often the chips were

7、 easier to lay out and more likely to function correctly, since their designs could be simulated more thoroughly prior to construction.although the languages and tools have evolved, this general approach of specifying the desired behavior in a textual programming language and letting the tools deriv

8、e the detailed physical design remains the basis of digital ic design today.接下來的時(shí)代，以卡弗米德和林恩康威在1980年出版的“超大規(guī)模集成電路 系統(tǒng)導(dǎo)論"開始。這個(gè)突破性的文本倡導(dǎo)芯片設(shè)計(jì)的編程語言。其直接結(jié)果是在 設(shè)計(jì)提高接入，設(shè)計(jì)驗(yàn)證工具，用于邏輯模擬芯片的復(fù)朵性大大增加。通常比較 容易對(duì)芯片進(jìn)行布局，更冇可能正常工作，因?yàn)樗麄兊脑O(shè)計(jì)可以更徹底地模擬z 前的設(shè)計(jì)。雖然語言和工具的演變，但這個(gè)文本中指定的編程語言所需的行為， 讓衍生工具的詳細(xì)物理設(shè)計(jì)的一般方法仍然是當(dāng)今數(shù)字集成電路設(shè)計(jì)的基礎(chǔ)。the e

9、arliest eda tools were produced academically one of the most famous was the "berkeley vlsi tools tarball", a set of unix utilities used to design early vlsi systems. still widely used is the espresso heuristic logic minimizer and magic.最早的eda工具產(chǎn)生了卓越的成就。其屮最右名的一個(gè)是“超大規(guī)模集成 電路工具伯克利tarball"

10、中，一組用于超大規(guī)模集成電路系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)的早期的unix 實(shí)用程序。仍廣泛采用的是咖啡啟發(fā)式邏輯極小和魔術(shù)。another crucial development was the formation of mosis, a consortium of universities and fabricators that developed an inexpensive way to train student chip designers by producing real integrated circuits. the basic concept was to use reliable, low

11、-cost, relatively low-technology ic processes, and pack a large number of projects per wafer, with just a few copies of each projects1 chips. cooperating fabricators either donated the processed wafers, or sold them at cost, seeing the program as helpful to their own long-term growth.另一個(gè)重要的形成發(fā)展,是高校m

12、osis組成及經(jīng)銷商，發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的廉價(jià)的方 式從設(shè)計(jì)集成電路芯片來培養(yǎng)學(xué)生。其基木概念是使用可靠，低成木，相對(duì)低技 術(shù)ic工藝，并包裝好每片晶圓的大量項(xiàng)目，每個(gè)項(xiàng)目?jī)H需幾個(gè)芯片。看到方案 能夠幫助他們口己的長(zhǎng)期增長(zhǎng)，造假者開始合作捐贈(zèng)的處理品片，按成木或出售 它們，。birth of commercial eda商業(yè)的eda誕生1981 marks the beginning of eda as an industry. for many years, the larger electronic companies, such as hewlett packard, tektronix, and

13、 intel, had pursued eda internally. in 1981，managers and developers spun out of these companies to concentrate on eda as a business. daisy systems, mentor graphics, and valid logic systems were all founded around this time, and collectively referred to as dmv. within a few years there were many comp

14、anies specializing in eda, each with a slightly different emphasis. the first trade show for eda was held at the design automation conference in 1984.1981馬克應(yīng)用eda作為-個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)的開始。多年來，規(guī)模較大的電子公司， 如惠普，泰克公司，英特爾，一直便用edao 1981年，管理人員和開發(fā)人員對(duì) 這些公司紡出基于eda集中作為一項(xiàng)業(yè)務(wù)。黛西系統(tǒng)公司，mentor graphics和 有效的邏輯系統(tǒng)都建立在這段時(shí)間，并統(tǒng)稱為機(jī)動(dòng)車管理局。在短短十

15、年間在 eda,略帶不同的側(cè)重點(diǎn)各專門許多公司。該系統(tǒng)為eda第一次貿(mào)易展上舉行的設(shè)計(jì)動(dòng)化會(huì)議丁 1984年oin 1986, verilog, a popular high-level design language, was first introduced as a hardware description language by gateway design automation. in 1987, the u.s. department of defense funded creation of vhdl as a specification language. simulators

16、 quickly followed these introductions, permitting direct simulation of chip designs: executable specifications. in a few more years, back-ends were developed to perform logic synthesis.1986年，verilog的，一個(gè)流行的高層次的設(shè)計(jì)語言，作為首次推出的網(wǎng)關(guān)設(shè) 計(jì)口動(dòng)化硬件描述語言。1987年，美國(guó)國(guó)防部資助的vhdl創(chuàng)作為規(guī)范語言。 模擬器緊接著這些介紹，允許宜接模擬芯片設(shè)計(jì)：可執(zhí)行規(guī)范。再過幾年，后端 開

17、發(fā)，以進(jìn)行邏輯綜合。current status現(xiàn)狀current digital flows are extremely modular (see ,integrated circuit design, design closure, anddesign flow (eda). the front ends produce standardized design descriptions that compile into invocations of ”cells,", without regard to the cell technology. cells implement

18、logic or other electronic functions using a particular integrated circuit technology fabricators generally provide libraries of components for their production processes, with simulation models that fit standard simulation tools. analog eda tools are far less modular, since many more functions are required, they interact more strongly, and the components are (in general) less ideal.口前數(shù)碼流動(dòng)是非常模塊化（見集成電路設(shè)計(jì)，設(shè)計(jì)收斂，設(shè)計(jì)流量（eda）o 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化生產(chǎn)的前端設(shè)計(jì)說明屮編入的“細(xì)胞“的調(diào)用，而不考慮到細(xì)胞的技術(shù)。細(xì) 胞實(shí)現(xiàn)邏