Conceptual-Metaphor概念隱喻推薦課件

1、Metaphor12021/8/22What is metaphor?p Comparison theory Metaphor is a figure of speech in which one thing is compared to another by saying that one is the other.(Kovecses,2002:vii) p Substitution theoryA metaphorical expression is used in place of an equivalent literal expression and is, therefore, c

2、ompletely replaceable by its literal counterpart .(Way,1991:23)p Conceptual metaphor theory Metaphor is not simply a stylistic feature of language, but that thought itself is fundamentally metaphorical in nature. What makes it a metaphor is the conventional association of one domain with another. Wh

3、at makes it conceptual (rather than purely linguistic) is the idea that the motivation for the metaphor resides at the level of conceptual domains.(Lakoff& Johnson)22021/8/22Metaphors and cognitive model Cognitive model is the knowledge experienced and stored for a certain field by individuals.

4、Idealized Cognitive Model, or ICM, is the phenomenon in which knowledge represented in a semantic frame is often a conceptualization of experience that is not congruent with reality. From a cognitive point of view, the crucial aspects of a metaphor are their role in the structure of an entire cognit

5、ive model. What is transferred by metaphor is the structure, the internal relations or the logic of a cognitive model. In other words, from a cognitive perspective a metaphor is a mapping of the structure of a source model onto a target model.32021/8/22Mapping LOVE IS A JOURNEY 傳統(tǒng)：（tenor /primary te

6、rm ） （vehicle/ secondary term ） 當代： ( target domain ) (source domain) A mapping is the systematic set of correspondences that exist between constituent elements of the source and the target domain.42021/8/22The unidirectionality of metaphor An important observation made by conceptual metaphor theori

7、sts is that conceptual metaphors are unidirectional. This means that metaphors map structure from a source domain to a target domain but not vice versa. For example:1. PEOPLE ARE MACHINES John is so efficient; hes just a machine.2. MACHINES ARE PEOPLE I dont think my car wants to start this morning.

8、 Although these two metaphors appear to be the mirror image of one another, close inspection reveals that each metaphor involves distinct mappings: in the first one, the mechanical and functional attributes associated with computer are mapped onto people, such as their speed and efficiency. In the s

9、econd metaphor, it is the notion of desire and volition that is mapped onto machine. 52021/8/22Metaphorical entailment In addition to the individual mappings that conceptual metaphors bring with them, they also provide additional, sometimes detailed knowledge. This is because aspects of the source d

10、omain that are not explicitly stated in the mappings can be inferred. In this way, metaphoric mappings carry entailments. For example: AN ARGUMENT IS A JOURNEYa.We will proceed in a step-by-step fashion.b.We have covered a lot of ground. In this metaphor, PARTICIPANTS in the argument correspond to T

11、RAVELERS, the ARGUMENT itself corresponds to a JOURNEY and the PROGRESS of the argument corresponds to the ROUTE taken. However, in the source domain JOURNEY, travelers can get lost, they can stray from the path, they can fail to reach their destination, and so on. The association between source and

12、 target gives rise to the entailment that these events can also occur in the target domain ARGUMENT. metaphorical entailments paly an essential role in linking all of the instances of a single metaphorical structuring of a concept62021/8/22Metaphors and image schemas Subsequent to the development of

13、 image schema theory, the idea that certain concepts were image-schematic in nature was exploited by Conceptual Metaphor Theory. Lakoff and Johnson both argued that image schemas could serve as source domains for metaphoric mapping. Image schemas appear to be knowledge structures that emerge directl

14、y from pre-conceptual embodied experience. These structures are meaningful at the conceptual level precisely because they derive from the level of bodily experience, which is directly meaningful. The importance of image schemas is that they can provide the concrete basis for metaphoric mappings.7202

15、1/8/22Invariance Lakoff and Turner observed that there appear to be certain restrictions in terms of which source domains can serve particular target domains. In order to account for these restrictions, Lakoff posited the Invariance Principle: Metaphorical mappings preserve the cognitive topology (

16、that is , the image schema structure) of the source domain, in a way consistent with the inherent structure of the target domain.( Lakoff, 1993:215) What the invariance principle does is guarantee that image-schematic organization is invariant across metaphoric mappings. This means that the structur

17、e of the source domain must be preserved by the mapping in a way consistent with the target domain.82021/8/22Hiding and highlighting An important idea in Conceptual Metaphor Theory relates to hiding and highlighting: when a target is structured in terms of a particular source, this highlights certai

18、n aspects of the target while simultaneously hiding other aspects. For example: ARGUMENT IS WAR highlights the adversarial nature of argument but hides the fact that argument often involves an ordered and organized development of a particular topic. This shows that that the metaphorical structuring

19、involved here is partial, not total. If it were total, one concept would actually be the other, not merely be understood in terms of it.92021/8/22Categories of Metaphors （1）Orientational metaphorrelates to spatial orientation, is not arbitrary but is based on our physical and cultural experience. Th

20、rough orientational metaphor, we can project specific spatial orientations onto some abstract concepts, such as emotion (happy and sad), body (illness and death), and morality (virtue and depravity). For example： HAPPY IS UP；SAD ID DOWN Im feeling up. My spirits rose. Hes really low these days. I fe

21、ll into a depression. 102021/8/22 (2) ontological metaphormeans human experiences with physical objects enable us to view abstract concepts and experiences as entities and substances. For example: INFLATION IS AN ENTITY.Inflation is lowering our standard of living.We need to combat inflation. Container metaphor is an ontological metaphor in which some concept is represented as having an inside and outside, and capable of holding something else. Personificatio