最新改版人教版八年級(jí)上冊(cè)物理知識(shí)點(diǎn)

1、yuan. fourth section equipment management evaluation system of equipment management evaluation system the 49th article dg20 valve is missing a wheel below 10 yuan assessment task force people. lack of pressure piping and pressure vessel every 10 yuan assessment task force people. pipe header lack of

2、 thermometers, pressure vessels and ot her equipment, each evaluation task force-man 10. equi pment lubrication lack an oil cup assessment task force 10. equipment lack of lifting rings, 10 of every assessment task force. each lacked a grounding of electrical equi pment line inspecti on task force p

3、eople 10. connecting coupling 10 yuan per one guard che cking task force peopl e. power box for each missing one handle 10 yuan assessment task force people. lighting box door cover is missing 10 yuan assessment task force people. distribution box (cabinet) lack of direct light bulbs each evaluation

4、 task force 10. damaged aluminum signs every 10 yuan assessment task force people. free signs every 10 yuan assessment task force people, sign an unclear task force on assessment of people 10. valves, instrument person with no signs each evaluation task force 10. main steam, water, smoke, wind, gas

5、pipeline, pressure vessel, not according to the standard painting, numbering, labeling the device name and media trends, . of the defect log book shall be kept properly, improper l ost each of the evaluation responsibility for 100 yuan. equipment defects, operators make records i n a timely manner a

6、nd notify maintenance personnel, general maintenance personnel do not process the run not to register each of the runs a nd overha ul the squad leader checking 50, eliminate less time or refuses to che ck and repair a monitor 50 defects. rotating equipment mecha nical, thermal, electrical, oil leaka

7、ge oil ea ch evaluation task force 10. leakage of pump packing, retaining ring displacement, damage, drainage holes clogge d bearings int o the water every 10 yuan assessment task force people. oil mirror, oil level gauge not see oil level every 10 yuan assessment task force people. equipment damage

8、 due to personal negligence, compensati on for the value of equipment 50%. cracking because of bad freezing measures each valve, water pump (a) compensati on for the value of equipment 30%. due to operator error or does not enforce strict fuel system and equipment repairman maintenance, improper com

9、missi oni ng equipment parts and damage, compensation for the value of 50%. damage to equi pment should be pr omptly reported to the production technology section, undeclared assessment workshop director 100 yuan/times. after overhaul, the equipment shoul d be no grease, no corrosion, fouling and po

10、wder accumulation and debris-free, not up to the standard assessment charge 20 yuan each. t he construction site should have sufficient lighting and necess ary security measures, prohi biting the jumbled mess of equipment and materials, repair and maintenance work after the finished work should be d

11、one before every heads of evaluation the net area is clean contrary to 50 yuan. due to maintena nce needs a temporary mount, cut off the stair railings, open cha nnel cover, should be promptly removed after completion and restoration of offender assessment charge20 yuan. related workshop in the 7th

12、month production technology section for maintenance scheduling, delayed assessment w orkshop director of 50 yuan a day. units of the 25th of the month should be material spare parts, machining parts, new plans bi otech division, day of delay deducted 10 yuan. related workshop at the 27th of the mont

13、h each month equipment rate tables, maintenance plan, along with the repair records, record che ck report, automatic device inputs, relay (thermal), protection of investment and the operation of equipment, each day of delay evaluation workshop director 20 yuan. large and minor maintenance proje cts,

14、 the main parts of equipment replacement (includi ng the usual repla cement) must be incl ude d in file, repair does not fill within a week after delayed one day assessme nt task force 10. (production technology section after each big, minor repairs to equipment file check) monthly preve ntative hea

15、lth checks a nd technology organization, w orkshop director, regular health checks and technol ogy professionals usually do not make their own arrangements, also included in the assessment (notification form issued). fails to participate in the examination, assessment of 50 yuan, late examination 20

16、. biote ch company, 30th totals monthly maintenance plan completion, e qui pment, equi pment inspection, test, and report to the department of busi ness administration. fifth section re ceiving equi pment and materials use r ule 50th expendable materials: 1, without planni ng or competent vice presi

17、dent signature, financial process, led by the payment pr ocessing fee. 2, maintenance . material fee. 3, without a regular testing in biotech, identified in accordance with the scheme, and no maintenance projects or maintenance are not material loss paid by the material the material cost, director o

18、f the task force on assessment of 100 yuan. 4, repair work after the unused material into submission in a timely manner should be properly preserved, found in the field or on the flight, from the employer to pay the cost of materials (welders responsible for the electrode), and evaluation of 50 yuan

19、. 5, materials and equipment for private use and fraud, found accountable, paid for by the responsible materials, equi pment, and director of the task force on assessment of 50% performance -related pay. 6, approval to use high quality steel products instead of ordinary steel, offender assessment 50

20、 at a time, instead of 20, 45th for ordinary steel steam-pressure part and shaft each time che ck of 100 yuan (constituted separately). 7, the material does not write specifications, models or wrong specification, do not write, at the material time, each examination 20. 8, plan no materials and dire

21、ctor of the task force (or director) 20 signatures each assessment. 9, attend monthly analysis of materials (director, material part) late check 20 yuan, lack of assessment 50 yuan. 51st equipment and spare parts: 1, needed by the industry and trade compa ny to repurchase workshop materials, accesso

22、ries, equi pment, shop no, led by the workshop director and approved the scheme awarded i n full. workshop 2, requisitioning equi pment and accessorie s to strict quality control, and quality problems in usi ng the第一章機(jī)械運(yùn)動(dòng)一、長(zhǎng)度和時(shí)間的測(cè)量1、測(cè)量某個(gè)物理量時(shí)用來進(jìn)行比較的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)量叫做單位。為方便交流，國(guó)際計(jì)量組織制定了一套國(guó)際統(tǒng)一的單位，叫國(guó)際單位制（簡(jiǎn)稱si）。2、長(zhǎng)度的單

23、位：在國(guó)際單位制中，長(zhǎng)度的基本單位是米(m)，其他單位有：千米(km)、分米(dm)、 厘米 (cm)、 毫米 (mm)、 微米 (m )、 納米 (nm)。 1km=1 000m；1dm=0.1m；1cm=0.01m；1mm=0.001m；1 m=0.000 001m ；1nm=0.000 000 001m 。測(cè)量長(zhǎng)度的常用工具：刻度尺?？潭瘸叩氖褂梅椒ǎ鹤⒁饪潭葮?biāo)尺的零刻度線、最小分度值和量程；測(cè)量時(shí)刻度尺的刻度線要緊貼被測(cè)物體，位置要放正，不得歪斜，零刻度線應(yīng)對(duì)準(zhǔn)所測(cè)物體的一端；讀數(shù)時(shí)視線要垂直于尺面，并且對(duì)正觀測(cè)點(diǎn)，不能仰視或者俯視。3、國(guó)際單位制中，時(shí)間的基本單位是秒(s)。時(shí)間的單

24、位還有小時(shí)(h)、分 (min)。1h=60min 1min=60s。4、測(cè)量值和真實(shí)值之間的差異叫做誤差，我們不能消滅誤差，但應(yīng)盡量減小誤差。誤差的產(chǎn)生與測(cè)量?jī)x器、測(cè)量方法、測(cè)量的人有關(guān)。減少誤差方法：多次測(cè)量求平均值、選用精密測(cè)量工具、改進(jìn)測(cè)量方法。誤差與錯(cuò)誤區(qū)別：誤差不是錯(cuò)誤，錯(cuò)誤不該發(fā)生能夠避免，誤差永遠(yuǎn)存在不能避免。二、運(yùn)動(dòng)的描述1、運(yùn)動(dòng)是宇宙中最普遍的現(xiàn)象，物理學(xué)里把物體位置變化叫做機(jī)械運(yùn)動(dòng)。2、在研究物體的運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)，選作標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的物體叫做參照物。參照物的選擇：任何物體都可做參照物，應(yīng)根據(jù)需要選擇合適的參照物（不能選被研究的物體作參照物）。研究地面上物體的運(yùn)動(dòng)情況時(shí)，通常選地面為參照物。

25、選擇不同的參照物來觀察同一個(gè)物體結(jié)論可能不同。同一個(gè)物體是運(yùn)動(dòng)還是靜止取決于所選的參照物，這就是運(yùn)動(dòng)和靜止的相對(duì)性。三、運(yùn)動(dòng)的快慢1、物體運(yùn)動(dòng)的快慢用速度表示。在相同時(shí)間內(nèi)，物體經(jīng)過的路程越長(zhǎng)，它的速度就越快；物體經(jīng)過相同的路程，所花的時(shí)間越短，速度越快。在勻速直線運(yùn)動(dòng)中，速度等于運(yùn)動(dòng)物體在單位時(shí)間內(nèi)通過的路程。在物理學(xué)中，為了比較物體運(yùn)動(dòng)的快慢，采用“相同時(shí)間比較路程”的方法，也就是將物體運(yùn)動(dòng)的路程除以所用時(shí)間。這樣，在比較不同運(yùn)動(dòng)物體的快慢時(shí)，可以保證時(shí)間相同。計(jì)算公式： v=st其中： s 路程 米(m)；t 時(shí)間 秒(s)；v 速度 米/秒(m/s) 國(guó)際單位制中，速度的單位是米每秒，

26、符號(hào)為m/s 或 m s-1，交通運(yùn)輸中常用千米每小時(shí)做速度的單位，符號(hào)為km/h 或 km h-1，1m/s=3.6km/h。v=st，變形可得：s=vt，t=sv。2、快慢不變，沿著直線的運(yùn)動(dòng)叫勻速直線運(yùn)動(dòng)。勻速直線運(yùn)動(dòng)是最簡(jiǎn)單的機(jī)械運(yùn)動(dòng)。運(yùn)動(dòng)速度變化的運(yùn)動(dòng)叫變速運(yùn)動(dòng)，變速運(yùn)動(dòng)的快慢用平均速度來表示，粗略研究時(shí)，也可用速度的公式來計(jì)算，平均速度=總路程 /總時(shí)間。四、測(cè)量平均速度1、停表的使用：第一次按下時(shí)，表針開始轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)(啟動(dòng) )；第二次按下時(shí)，表針停止轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng) (停止 )；第三次按下時(shí)，表針彈回零點(diǎn)(回表 )。讀數(shù)：表中小圓圈的數(shù)字單位為 min，大圓圈的數(shù)字單位為s。2、測(cè)量原理：平均速度

27、計(jì)算公式v=styuan. fourth section equipment management evaluation system of equipment management evaluation system the 49th article dg20 valve is missing a wheel below 10 yuan assessment task force people. lack of pressure piping and pressure vessel every 10 yuan assessment task force people. pipe header

28、 lack of thermometers, pressure vessels and ot her equipment, each evaluation task force-man 10. equi pment lubrication lack an oil cup assessment task force 10. equipment lack of lifting rings, 10 of every asse ssment task force. each lacked a grounding of electrical equi pment line inspecti on tas

29、k force people 10. connecting coupling 10 yuan per one guard che cking task force peopl e. power box for each missing one handle 10 yuan assessment task force people. lighting box door cover is missing 10 yuan assessment task force people. distribution box (cabinet) lack of direct light bulbs each e

30、valuation task force 10. damaged aluminum signs every 10 yuan assessment task force people. free signs every 10 yuan assessment task force people, sign an unclear task force on assessment of people 10. valves, instrument person with no signs each evaluation task force 10. main steam, water, smoke, w

31、ind, gas pipeline, pressure vessel, not according to the standard painting, numbering, labeling the device name and media trends, . of the defect log book shall be kept properly, improper l ost each of the evaluation responsibility for 100 yuan. equipment defects, operators make records i n a timely

32、 manner and notify maintenance personnel, general maintenance personnel do not process the run not to register each of the runs a nd overha ul the squad leader checking 50, eliminate less time or refuses to che ck and repair a monitor 50 defects. rotating equipment mecha nical, thermal, electrical,

33、oil leakage oil ea ch evaluation task force 10. leakage of pump packing, retaining ring displacement, damage, drainage holes clogge d bearings int o the water every 10 yuan assessment task force people. oil mirror, oil level gauge not see oil level every 10 yuan assessment task force people. equipme

34、nt damage due to personal negligence, compensati on for the value of equipmnt 50%. cracking because of bad freezing measures each valve, water pump (a) compensati on for the value of equipment 30%. due to operator error or does not enforce strict fuel system and equipment repairman maintenance, impr

35、oper commissi oni ng equipment parts and damage, compensation for the value of 50%. damage to equi pment should be pr omptly reported to the production technology section, undeclared assessment workshop director 100 yuan/times. after overhaul, the equipment shoul d be no grease, no corrosion, foulin

36、g and powder accumulation and debris-free, not up to the standard assessment charge 20 yuan each. t he construction site shoul d have sufficient lighting and necessary security measures, prohi biting the jum bled mess of equipment and materials, repair and maintenance work after the finished work sh

37、ould be done before every heads of evaluation the net area is clean contrary to 50 yuan. due to maintena nce needs a temporary mount, cut off the stair railings, open cha nnel cover, should be promptly removed after completion and restoration of offender assessment charge20 yuan. related workshop in

38、 the 7th month production technology section for maintenance scheduling, delayed assessment w orkshop director of 50 yuan a day. units of the 25th of the month should be material spare parts, machining parts, new plans bi otech division, day of delay deducted 10 yuan. related workshop at the 27th of

39、 the month each month equipment rate tables, maintenance plan, along with the repair records, record che ck report, automatic device inputs, relay (thermal), protection of investment and the operation of equipment, each day of delay evaluation workshop director 20 yuan. large and minor maintenance p

40、roje cts, the main parts of equipment replacement (includi ng the usual repla cement) must be incl ude d in file, repair does not fill within a week after delayed one day assessme nt task force 10. (production technology section after each big, minor repairs to equipment file check) monthly preventa

41、tive health che cks a nd technology organization, w orkshop director, regular health checks and technol ogy professionals usually do not make their own arrangements, also included in the assessment (notification form issued). fails to participate in the examination, assessment of 50 yuan, late exami

42、nation 20. biote ch company, 30th totals monthly maintenance plan completion, e qui pment, equi pment inspection, test, and report to the department of busi ness administration. fifth section re ceiving equi pment and materials use r ule 50th expendable materials: 1, without planni ng or competent v

43、ice president signature, financial process, led by the payment processing fee. 2, maintena nce . material fee. 3, without a regular testing in biotech, identified in accordance with the scheme, and no maintenance projects or maintenance are not material loss paid by the material the material cost, d

44、irector of the task force on assessment of 100 yuan. 4, repair work after the unused material into submission in a timely manner should be properly preserved, found in the field or on the flight, from the employer to pay the cost of materials (welders responsible for the electrode), and evaluation o

45、f 50 yuan. 5, materials and equipment for private use and fraud, found accountable, paid for by the responsible materials, equi pment, and director of the task force on assessment of 50% performance -related pay. 6, approval to use high quality steel products instead of ordinary steel, offender asse

46、ssment 50 at a time, instead of 20, 45th for ordinary steel steam-pressure part and shaft each time che ck of 100 yuan (constituted separately). 7, the material does not write specifications, models or wrong specification, do not write, at the material time, each examination 20. 8, plan no materials

47、 and director of the task force (or director) 20 signatures each assessment. 9, attend monthly analysis of materials (director, material part) late check 20 yuan, lack of assessment 50 yuan. 51st equipment and spare parts: 1, needed by the industry and trade compa ny to repurchase workshop materials

48、, accessories, equi pment, shop no, led by the workshop director and approved the scheme awarded i n full. workshop 2, requisitioning equi pment and accessorie s to strict quality control, and quality problems in usi ng the第二章聲現(xiàn)象一、聲音的產(chǎn)生與傳播1、一切發(fā)聲的物體都在振動(dòng)。用手按住發(fā)音的音叉，發(fā)音也停止，該現(xiàn)象說明振動(dòng)停止發(fā)聲也停止。振動(dòng)的物體叫聲源。人說話，唱歌靠

49、聲帶的振動(dòng)發(fā)聲，婉轉(zhuǎn)的鳥鳴靠鳴膜的振動(dòng)發(fā)聲，清脆的蟋蟀叫聲靠翅膀摩擦的振動(dòng)發(fā)聲，其振動(dòng)頻率一定在20-20000 次/秒之間。2、聲音的傳播需要介質(zhì)，真空不能傳聲。在空氣中，聲音以看不見的聲波來傳播，聲波到達(dá)人耳，引起鼓膜振動(dòng)，人就聽到聲音。氣體、液體、固體都能發(fā)聲，空氣能傳播聲音。3、聲音在介質(zhì)中的傳播速度簡(jiǎn)稱聲速。一般情況下，v固v液v氣聲音在 15空氣中的傳播速度是340m/s 合 1224km/h ，在真空中的傳播速度為0m/s。4、回聲是由于聲音在傳播過程中遇到障礙物被反射回來而形成的。如果回聲到達(dá)人耳比原聲晚 0.1s以上人耳能把回聲跟原聲區(qū)分開來，此時(shí)障礙物到聽者的距離至少為17

50、m。利用：利用回聲可以測(cè)定海底深度、冰山距離、敵方潛水艇的遠(yuǎn)近測(cè)量中要先知道聲音在海水中的傳播速度，測(cè)量方法是： 測(cè)出發(fā)出聲音到受到反射回來的聲音訊號(hào)的時(shí)間t，查出聲音在介質(zhì)中的傳播速度v，則發(fā)聲點(diǎn)距物體s=vt/2。二、聲音的特性1、樂音是物體做規(guī)則振動(dòng)時(shí)發(fā)出的聲音。2、音調(diào)：人感覺到的聲音的高低。用硬紙片在梳子齒上快劃和慢劃時(shí)可以發(fā)現(xiàn)：劃的快音調(diào)高，用同樣大的力撥動(dòng)粗細(xì)不同的橡皮筋時(shí)可以發(fā)現(xiàn)：橡皮筋振動(dòng)快發(fā)聲音調(diào)高。綜合兩個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)現(xiàn)象你得到的共同結(jié)論是：音調(diào)跟發(fā)聲體振動(dòng)頻率有關(guān)系，頻率越高音調(diào)越高；頻率越低音調(diào)越低。物體在1s 振動(dòng)的次數(shù)叫頻率，物體振動(dòng)越快頻率越高。頻率單位次 /秒又記作h

51、z 。3、響度：人耳感受到的聲音的大小。響度跟發(fā)生體的振幅和距發(fā)聲距離的遠(yuǎn)近有關(guān)。物體在振動(dòng)時(shí)，偏離原來位置的最大距離叫振幅。振幅越大響度越大。增大響度的主要方法是：減小聲音的發(fā)散。（1）聲音是由物體的振動(dòng)產(chǎn)生的；（2）聲音的大小跟發(fā)聲體的振幅有關(guān)。4、音色：由物體本身決定。人們根據(jù)音色能夠辨別樂器或區(qū)分人。5、區(qū)分樂音三要素：聞聲知人 依據(jù)不同人的音色來判定；高聲大叫 指響度；高音歌唱家 指音調(diào)。三、聲的利用可以利用聲來傳播信息和傳遞能量。四、噪聲的危害和控制1、當(dāng)代社會(huì)的四大污染：噪聲污染、水污染、大氣污染、固體廢棄物污染。2、物理學(xué)角度看，噪聲是指發(fā)聲體做無規(guī)則的雜亂無章的振動(dòng)發(fā)出的聲音

52、；環(huán)境保護(hù)的角度噪聲是指妨礙人們正常休息、學(xué)習(xí)和工作的聲音，以及對(duì)人們要聽的聲音起干擾作用的聲音。3、人們用分貝 （db）來劃分聲音等級(jí)；聽覺下限0db；為保護(hù)聽力應(yīng)控制噪聲不超過90db；為保證工作學(xué)習(xí)，應(yīng)控制噪聲不超過70db；為保證休息和睡眠應(yīng)控制噪聲不超過50db。4、減弱噪聲的方法：在聲源處減弱、在傳播過程中減弱、在人耳處減弱。第三章物態(tài)變化一、溫度1、定義：溫度表示物體的冷熱程度。2、單位：國(guó)際單位制中采用熱力學(xué)溫度。yuan. fourth section equi pment management evaluation system of equipment managemen

53、t evaluation system the 49th article dg20 valve is missing a wheel below 10 yuan assessment task force people. lack of pressure piping and pressure vessel every 10 yuan assessment task force pe opl e. pipe header lack of thermometers, pressure vessels and other e qui pment, each eval uation task for

54、ce-man 10. equipment lubrication lack an oil cup asse ssment task force 10. equipment lack of lifting rings, 10 of every assessment task force. each lacked a grounding of electrical e qui pment line inspection task force people 10. connecting coupling 10 yuan per one guard checking task force people

55、. power box for each missing one handl e 10 yuan assessment task force people. lighting box door cover is missing 10 yuan assessment task force people. distribution box (cabinet) lack of direct light bulbs each evaluation task force 10. damaged aluminum signs every 10 yuan assessment task force pe o

56、pl e. free signs every 10 yuan asse ssment task force pe opl e, sign an unclear task force on assessment of people 10. valves, instrument person with no signs ea ch evaluation task force 10. main steam, water, smoke, wind, gas pipeline, pressure vessel, not according to the standard painti ng, numbe

57、ring, labeling the device name and media trends, . of the defect log book shall be kept properly, improper l ost each of the evaluation responsibility for 100 yuan. equipment defects, operators make records i n a timely manner and notify maintenance personnel, general maintenance personnel do not pr

58、ocess the run not to register each of the runs and ov erhaul the squad leader checking 50, eliminate less time or refuses to check and re pair a monitor 50 defects. rotating equipment mechanical, thermal, electrical, oil leakage oil each evaluation task force 10. leakage of pump packi ng, retaining

59、ring displacement, damage, drainage holes clogge d bearings int o the water every 10 yuan assessment task force people. oilmirror, oil level gauge not see oil level every 10 yuan assessment task force pe opl e. equipment damage due to personal negligence, compensation for the value of equipment 50%.

60、 cracking be cause of bad freezing measures each valve, water pump (a) compensation for the value of equi pment 30%. due to operator error or does not enforce strict fuel system and equi pment repairman maintenance, improper commissioning equi pment parts and damage, compensation for the value of 50