大學(xué)英語實用語法講稿

1、1. Only after a heated discussion in solving the problem.A. they did succeedB. did they succeedC. had they succeededD. they had succeeded(倒裝結(jié)構(gòu))2. Television is different from radio in it sends and receives pictures.A. whichB. thatC. whatD. this(原因狀語從句)3. Heat energy from the sun in a direct way is t

2、he most widely used energy today.A. comeB. to comeC. comingD. having come(非謂語動詞)4. There nothing to do, Lily got to her feet and hurried off.A. is B. wasC. beingD. having(獨立結(jié)構(gòu))5. If the whole operation beforehand, a great deal of time and money would have been lost.A. were not plannedB. has not been

3、 plannedC. was not plannedD. had not been planned(虛擬語氣)6. Dr. Smith, together with his wife and two sons, to arrive on the evening flight.A. is B. are goingC. areD. will be(主謂一致)1. B2. B3. C4. C 5. D6. A倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)：倒裝句之全部倒裝全部倒裝是只將句子中的謂語動詞全部置于主語之前。此結(jié)構(gòu)通常只用于一般現(xiàn)在時和一般過去時。常見的結(jié)構(gòu)有： 1） here， there， now， then， thus等

4、副詞置于句首， 謂語動詞常用be， come， go， lie， run等表示來去或狀態(tài)的動詞。例如：Then came the chairman. 那時總裁來了。Here is your letter. 你的信。2） 表示運動方向的副詞或地點狀語置于句首，謂語表示運動的動詞。例如：Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. 轟炸機肚底下竄出一枚導(dǎo)彈。Ahead sat an old woman. 前面坐著一個老嫗。注意：上述全部倒裝的句型結(jié)構(gòu)的主語必須是名詞，如果主語是人稱代詞則不能完全倒裝。例如：Here he comes. 他來了。Away t

5、hey went. 他們走開了。倒裝：以否定詞開頭作部分倒裝否定詞如 Not onlybut also， Hardly/Scarcelywhen， No sooner than等放在句首，后面要用倒裝。例如： Not only did he refuse the gift， he also severely criticized the sender. 他沒有收下禮物，還狠狠批評了送禮的人。Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her. 她剛出門，就有個學(xué)生來訪。No sooner had she gone out than

6、a student came to visit her. 她剛出門，就有個學(xué)生來訪。典型例題No sooner_ than it began to rain heavily.A. the game began B.has the game begunC. did the game begin D.had the game begun答案D. 以具有否定意義的副詞放在句首時，一般采用倒裝句（謂語前置）。這類表示否定意義的詞有never， seldom， scarcely， little， few， not， hardly， 以及not onlybut （also）， no soonerthan，

7、 hardly when scarcely when等等。注意：只有當Not only but also連接兩個分句時，才在第一個分句用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如果置于句首的Not only but also僅連接兩個并列詞語，不可用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，如Not only you but also I am fond of music.倒裝：倒裝句之部分倒裝部分倒裝是指將謂語的一部分如助動詞或情態(tài)倒裝至主語之前。如果句子的謂語沒有助動詞或情態(tài)動詞，則需添加助動詞do， does或did，并將其置于主語之前。 1） 句首為否定或半否定的詞語，如no， not， never， seldom， little， hardly

8、， at no time， in no way， not until 等。例如：Never have I seen such a performance. 從未見過如此糟糕的表演。Nowhere will you find the answer to this question. 無論如何你不會找到這個問題的答案的。Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 母親一直到孩子入睡后離開房間。當Not until引出主從復(fù)合句，主句倒裝，從句不倒裝。典型例題1）Why can't I smoke here？A

9、t no time_ in the meeting-roomA. is smoking permittedB.smoking is permittedC. smoking is it permittedD.does smoking permit答案A. 這是一個倒裝問題。當否定詞語置于句首以表示強調(diào)時，其句中的主謂須用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。這些否定詞包括no， little， hardly， seldom， never， not only， not until等。本題的正常語序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time.倒裝：only在句首倒

10、裝的情況Only in this way， can you learn English well. 只有這樣，你才能學(xué)好英語。 Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting. 叫了三次，他才來參加會議。如果句子為主從復(fù)合句，則主句倒裝，從句不倒裝。例如：Only when he is seriously ill does he ever stay in bed. 病得狠重時，他才臥床休息。倒裝：so, neither, nor作部分倒裝用這些詞表示"也"、"也不" 的句子要部分

11、倒裝。例如： Tom can speak French. So can Jack. 湯姆會講法語，杰克也會。If you won't go，neither will I.你不去，我也不去。典型例題Do you know Jim quarreled with his brother？I don't know， _.A. nor don't I careB. nor do I careC. I don't care neitherD. I don't care also答案：B. nor為增補意思"也不關(guān)心"，因此句子應(yīng)倒裝。A錯在用 d

12、on't 再次否定，C neither 用法不對且缺乏連詞。D缺乏連詞。注意：當so引出的句子用以對上文內(nèi)容加以證實或肯定時，不可用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。意為"的確如此".例如：Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did. 湯姆邀我去踢球，我去了。It's raining hard.So it is. 雨下得真大。是呀。倒裝：as, though引導(dǎo)的倒裝句as / though引導(dǎo)的讓步從句必須將表語或狀語提前（形容詞， 副詞， 分詞， 實義動詞提前）。但需注意： 1） 句首名詞不能帶任何冠詞。2） 句首是實義動詞

13、， 其他助動詞放在主語后。如果實義動詞有賓語和狀語，隨實義動詞一起放在主語之前。例如：Try hard as he will， he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. 他工作很努力，但總不能讓人滿意。注意：讓步狀語從句中，有though，although時，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可連用。倒裝：其他部分倒裝1） so that 句型中的so 位于句首時，需倒裝。例如： So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch. 他害怕得很，動也不敢

14、動。 2） 在某些表示祝愿的句型中。例如：May you all be happy. 愿你們都快樂。3） 在虛擬語氣條件句中從句謂語動詞有were， had， should等詞，可將if 省略，把 were， had， should 移到主語之前，采取部分倒裝。例如：Were I you， I would try it again. 我是你的話，就再試一次。典型例題：1）Not until the early years of the 19th century_ what heat is.A. man did know B. man knew C. didn't man know D.

15、 did man know答案為D.否定詞Not在句首，要求用部分倒裝的句子結(jié)構(gòu)。2）Not until I began to work _ how much time I had wasted.A. didn't I realizeB. did I realizeC. I didn't realizeD. I realize答案為B.3） Do you know Tom bought a new car？I don't know， _.A. nor don't I careB. nor do I careC. I don't care neitherD

16、. I don't care also答案為B. 句中的nor引出部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，表示"也不".由 so， neither， nor引導(dǎo)的倒裝句，表示前一情況的重復(fù)出現(xiàn)。其中， so用于肯定句， 而 neither， nor 用在否定句中。從句主語從句：Subject ClauseA由從屬連詞引導(dǎo)：That he has made progress is true.B由連接代詞引導(dǎo)：Who came here first is not clear.C由連接副詞引導(dǎo)：When will the report begin is unknown.D先行詞it引導(dǎo)的主語從句：

17、It is unknown when she will come back.表語從句：Predicative ClauseA由從屬連詞引導(dǎo)：The fact is that she is clever.B由連接代詞引導(dǎo)：Thats what I want.C由連接副詞引導(dǎo)：This is where you are wrong.注意：連系動詞有時用as if 引導(dǎo)：It looks as if it is going to rain.當主語是reason時，表語從句只能用that引導(dǎo)而不能用because:The reason why he missed the train was that

18、he got up too late.賓語從句：Object ClauseA由從屬連詞that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句（that?？墒÷裕篐e said (that) he would come.That 不充當成分，但如從句時并列句時，第二個分句前的that不可?。篒 think (that) it will clear up this afternoon and that they will come to say goodbye to us.B由連詞whether（或if）引導(dǎo)：I dont know whether he is wrong.C由連接代詞引導(dǎo)：I cant remember wh

19、at he said.D由連接副詞引導(dǎo)：Tell me why you came back so late.E由先行詞it引導(dǎo)的賓語從句：有時，謂語動詞帶有賓補，而賓語又以從句表示，這時把賓語從句移至句子后部，用it做形式賓語，放在前面。常用的句型是：主語+及物動詞+it（形式賓語）+賓補+由連詞that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。在短語動詞后也可用這種結(jié)構(gòu)。We thought it a pity that he didnt come.He feels it a shame that he falls so far behind others in English.注意：1. 在demand、order

20、、command、 suggest、decide、insist、desire、request等表示要求、命令、建議、決定等意義的動詞后，賓語從句常用“（should）+動詞原形”結(jié)構(gòu)：She insisted that she (should) finish the task by herself.2. 用who、whom、whose、which、what、when、where、why、how、whatever、whoever、whichever、whether、if 等引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，應(yīng)用陳述語序。Please tell us what you have seen just now.同位語A

21、ppositive Clause同位語從句可以認為是一種特殊的定語從句。由從屬連詞that或whether(不能用if)等來引導(dǎo)。That沒有實際意義，只起連接作用，在從句中不充當句子成分。在fact, wish, truth, idea, news, problem, hope, thought, advice, demand, doubt, information, message, order, question, request, suggestion, belief, probability, discovery等名詞后面，通常會用到同位語從句。We all know the tru

22、th the earth goes round the sun.I have no idea that she will come home today.注意：1、同位語從句與前面的名詞是同位關(guān)系，即說明它前面名詞的內(nèi)容；定語從句與前面的名詞是修飾與被修飾的關(guān)系，即限定或描述它前面的名詞。The news that our team has won the game was true. 我們隊贏了那場比賽的消息是真的?(同位語從句,補充說明news到底是一個什么消息?) The news that he told me yesterday was true. 昨天他告訴我的那個消息是真的?(定

23、語從句,news在從句中作told的賓語?) 2、定語從句that時關(guān)系代詞，在從句中充當主語、賓語或表語等。定語從句Attributive Clause限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句 A限制性定語從句：限制性定語從句是主句中前述詞不可少的定語。如果省去，主句的意義就不明確或不完整。這種定語從句和主句的關(guān)系十分密切，不可用逗號將其隔開。She is the nurse who looks after the children.B非限制性定語從句：非限制性定語從句只是對主句的前述詞作附加說明，如果省去，主句仍能表達明確完整的概念。非限制性定語從句和主句之間要用逗號分開。非限制性定語從

24、句對前述詞所作的附加說明，在意義上一般相當于一個并列句，或相當于一個狀語從句。I received a letter from my sister, who is studying in the university.連接手段A由關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)：who, whom, whose, that, which等B由關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)：when，where，why等1. 關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時，從句謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致：Is he the man who/that wants to see you?2. 關(guān)系副詞when,where,why的含義相當于“介詞+which”結(jié)構(gòu)：There

25、 are occasions when (on which) one must yield(屈服).3. that 代替關(guān)系副詞，在口語中省略：His father died the year (that/when/in which) he was born.4. 只能用that的情況：1） 在there be句型中2） 在不定代詞，如anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等：All that is needed is a supply of oil.3） 先行詞有the only, the very 修飾時4） 先行詞為

26、序數(shù)詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級時：English is the most difficult subject that you will learn during these years.5） 先行詞即有人又有物: Watch the girl and her dog that are crossing the street.6) 主句已有疑問詞who，which：Which is the bike that you lost?5. 不能用that1) 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句2) 介詞后： We depend on the land from which we get our food.the sa

27、me/suchasIve never heard such stories as he told.（關(guān)系代詞as與指示代詞such 連用，在從句中作賓語，先行詞為such stories）Her attitude to him was quite the same as it had always been.(關(guān)系代詞as與指示代詞same連用，在從句中作表語，其先行詞是same)狀語從句Adverbial Clause時間when, while, as, after, before, since, until, once, as soon as, whenevereg. She sings

28、as she goes along.When my brother came, I was playing basketball.讓步though, although, whether, as, even, though, even if, no matter how/what/which, whatever, whileeg. However hard it may be, try your best.He went on working though it was very late.地點where, wherever eg. Leave the book where it is

29、.     Cherry is welcomed wherever she goes.條件if, unless, as long aseg. If you ask her, she will help you.Do not come unless I call you.You may use the room as long as you clean it afterward.原因because, as, since, for (in that:由于，因為)eg. She had to stay at home yesterday because she

30、 was ill.As I have not seen the film, I cant tell you what I think of it.Since she has come, you neednt go now.目的so that, that, in order thateg. Finish this one so that you can begin with another.結(jié)果sothat,  suchthateg. He made such a big noise that everyone was awakened.方式as, just as, as if, as

31、 thougheg. He talks as if he knows everything.比較than, asas, not so(as)as, thetheeg. I can walk faster than you can run.“倍數(shù)、百分比+as +原級+···+as”: This room is one third as large as that one.非謂語動詞特點：可以有賓語和狀語，有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化，但不能單獨做謂語，不受主語人稱和數(shù)的限制。三種形式：不定式、動名詞、分詞1不定式1）作主語，常用it作形式主語：Its an honor fo

32、r me to meet you.2）作定語，放在所修飾詞之后：I have a lot of things to deal with now.3) 不帶toa. 在had better, had best, would rather, ratherthan, would sooner, would just as soon, might as well,cannot but等后面I cant but continue my career.b. 感官和使役動詞后：see, feel, smell, hear, watch, make, let, have等The teacher watched

33、 her enter the classroom.Have him study hard!2. 動名詞1）否定結(jié)構(gòu)：not/no+doingIt is no use studying theory but not practicing it.2) 復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：物主代詞或名詞所有格+doing（邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系）Their coming here wont change the whole situation.3）常接動名詞作賓語：avoid, admit, consider, deny, endure, excuse, enjoy, escape, finish, practice, mind,

34、 miss, stop, look forward to, keep on, be used to, object to, devote oneself to, feel like, cant help, put off等。3.分詞1）否定結(jié)構(gòu)：not+分詞短語：Not allowed to travel alone, he invited his girl friend to accompany him.Not wishing to be alone in the house, she went to the party.2）分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu)：有自己的邏輯主語Weather permitting

35、, well have a party tomorrow.His homework finished, he went to see the movie.注意：現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式，一般作狀語獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)（Independent Genitive）由兩部分組成，前一部份是名詞或者代詞，后一部分是非謂語動詞(不定式、動名詞和分詞)或形容詞、副詞、或介詞短語。前后兩部分具有邏輯主謂關(guān)系。獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)本身不是句子，在句子中作狀語，表示時間、原因、條件、伴隨、目的等。用作時間狀語The work done(=After the work had been done), we went home

36、. 工作完成后，我們就回家了。用作條件狀語Weather permitting(=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天氣允許的話，他們將在明天組織一次海濱小游。用作原因狀語An important lecture to be given tomorrow(=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因為明天要發(fā)表一個重要的演講，教授

37、不得不熬夜到很晚。用作伴隨狀語He was lying on the grass,his hands crossed under his head(=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，將兩手交叉枕在腦后。表示補充說明We redoubled our efforts,each man working like two. 我們加倍努力，一個人干兩個人的活。*注：獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)表示時間、條件或原因時，相當于一個狀語從句，一般放在句首，表示原因時還可放在句末；表伴隨狀況或補充說明時，相當于一個并列句，通常放于句末。用法：名詞/主格代詞+現(xiàn)

38、在分詞：主動關(guān)系如：The girl staring at him(= As the girl stared at him), he didn't know what to say. 姑娘兩眼望著他，他不知道說什么好。Time permitting(= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果時間允許的話，我們明天去郊游。名詞/主格代詞+過去分詞：被動關(guān)系如：The problems solved(= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improve

39、d. 隨著問題的解決，質(zhì)量已經(jīng)提高了。Her glasses broken(= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn't see the words on the blackboard. 由于眼鏡摔壞了，她看不見黑板上的字。名詞/主格代詞+不定式：主動關(guān)系，且強調(diào)的是一次具體性的動作。He is going to make a model plane,some old parts to help. 借助于一些舊零件，他要做一個飛機模型。They said good-bye to each other,one to go home, t

40、he other to go to the bookstore. 他們道別后，一個回了家，一個去了書店。名詞/主格代詞+形容詞如：An air accident happened to the plane,nobody alive. 那架飛機遭遇了空難，無一人生還。So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 這么多人缺席，會議不得不取消。名詞/主格代詞+副詞如：He put on his sweater ,wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。The meeting over, they all went home. 會議一結(jié)束，他們就都回家了。名詞/主格代詞+介詞短語如：The boy goes to the classroom,book in hand. 那男孩手里拿著書去教室。Mary was sitting near the fire,her back towards the door.瑪麗靠近火爐坐著，背對著門。4>其他形式