具有環(huán)境意識(shí)的設(shè)計(jì)與制造中英對(duì)照

1、4.3 Environmentally Conscious Design and Manufacturing(ECD&M) 4.3.1 Introduction Industrial countries are beginning to face one of the consequences of the rapid development of the last decade. Wide diffusion of consumer goods and shortening of product lifecycles have caused an increasing quantit

2、y of used products being discarded. 4.3環(huán)保意識(shí)的設(shè)計(jì)和制造(ECD&M)4.3.1介紹工業(yè)國(guó)家開始面臨的后果之一,過(guò)去十年的快速發(fā)展。廣泛擴(kuò)散的消費(fèi)品和縮短產(chǎn)品生命周期造成了越來(lái)越多的產(chǎn)品被丟棄的使用。n In Europe, 800,000 tons of old television sets, computer equipment, radios, and measuring devices, and 3 million tons of automobile equipment are thrown into the national ga

3、rbage center each year.n In the United States, the municipal solid waste (MSW) generated by house- holds and industrial establishments is about 4 pounds per person each day.n According to a current report, the United States has lost more than 70% of its landfill sites in the past 10 years. The repor

4、t also infers that landfills in many states are reaching their permitted capacities. n Facing this environmental problem, both the government and industrial companies are making more strict regulations to promote environmentally friendly products and technology. 在歐洲, 每年的國(guó)家產(chǎn)生800000噸的舊電視機(jī)、電腦設(shè)備、無(wú)線電和測(cè)量設(shè)

5、備,300萬(wàn)噸汽車設(shè)備被扔進(jìn)垃圾中心。在美國(guó),城市所產(chǎn)生的固體廢棄物(垃圾)房屋持有者和工業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)大約是每人每天4磅。根據(jù)當(dāng)前的報(bào)告,美國(guó)已經(jīng)失去了超過(guò)70%的垃圾填埋場(chǎng)在過(guò)去的10年。該報(bào)告還指出,醫(yī)改垃圾填埋場(chǎng)在許多州已經(jīng)到達(dá)了飽和。面對(duì)這種環(huán)境問題,包括了政府和工業(yè)公司正在更嚴(yán)格的規(guī)章制度來(lái)促進(jìn)環(huán)境友好的產(chǎn)品和技術(shù)。n For example ,the governments of Germany and the US require that manufacturers take responsibility for the disposal of their products. The

6、 Green Plan of Canada was proposed in 1990 to reduce the stabilization of CO2 and other greenhouse emissions by the year 2000.例如,德國(guó)和美國(guó)的政府要求廠家負(fù)責(zé)處置他們的產(chǎn)品。加拿大的綠色計(jì)劃在1990年提出了減少穩(wěn)定的二氧化碳和其他溫室氣體排放到2000年。n Some governments have set up official eco-labeling schemes intended to inform customers of environmentall

7、y friendly products. n All of these regulations intend to minimize the environmental impact of products.一些國(guó)家的政府已經(jīng)建立了官方的環(huán)保標(biāo)簽計(jì)劃旨在告知客戶的環(huán)保產(chǎn)品。所有這些法規(guī)打算減少產(chǎn)品對(duì)環(huán)境的影響。n Products affect the environment at many points in their lifecycles. These environmental effects result from the interrelated decisions made at

8、 various stages of a product's life. Once a product moves from the drawing board into the production line, its environmental attributes are largely fixed.產(chǎn)品影響環(huán)境在很多方面上是他們的生命周期。這些環(huán)境影響相關(guān)的決策的結(jié)果在不同階段的一個(gè)產(chǎn)品的生命。一旦產(chǎn)品移動(dòng)從圖紙到生產(chǎn)線,其環(huán)境屬性基本上是固定的。n Therefore, it is necessary to support the design function with t

9、ools and methodologies that enable an assessment of the environmental consequences (such as emissions, exposure, and effects) in each phase. n Environmentally conscious design and manufacturing (ECD&M) is a view of manufacturing that includes the social and technological aspects of the design, s

10、ynthesis, processing, and use of products in continuous or discrete manufacturing industries. 因此,有必要以支持設(shè)計(jì)功能與工具和方法,使評(píng)估環(huán)境影響(如排放、曝光、和效果)在每個(gè)階段。環(huán)保意識(shí)的設(shè)計(jì)和制造(ECD&M)是一個(gè)視圖的制造,包括社會(huì)和技術(shù)方面的設(shè)計(jì)、合成、加工、使用產(chǎn)品在連續(xù)或離散制造行業(yè)。n The benefits of ECD&M include safer and cleaner factories, worker protection, reduced futur

11、e costs for disposal, reduced environmental and health risks, improved product quality at lower cost, better public image, and higher productivity. n Environmentally conscious technologies and design practices will also allow manufacturers to minimize waste and to turn waste into a profitable produc

12、t.ECD&M的好處包括:更安全、更清潔的工廠,工人的保護(hù),降低了成本,減少了未來(lái)處理環(huán)境和健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn),改進(jìn)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量以較低的成本,更好的公眾形象,和更高的生產(chǎn)力。環(huán)保意識(shí)的技術(shù)和設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)踐也將允許制造商減少浪費(fèi)和把廢物變成有利可圖的產(chǎn)品。 4.3.2 Overviewn Although manufacturing industries contribute significantly to prosperity, they also generate approximately 5.5 billion tons of non-hazardous waste and 0.7 billion

13、 tons of hazardous waste each year.n Historically, much effort focused on the proper treatment and disposal of toxic and hazardous waste from industries. 4.3.2概述盡管制造業(yè)繁榮做出顯著貢獻(xiàn),他們也產(chǎn)生約55億噸的無(wú)害廢物和危險(xiǎn)廢物07億噸每年。歷史上,很多工作集中于適當(dāng)?shù)奶幚砗吞幹糜卸竞臀ｋU(xiǎn)廢物從產(chǎn)業(yè)。n Unfortunately, this reactive environmental protection approach can

14、not completely solve the problems of potential toxic or hazardous materials releasing from products or the waste stream into the environment. n To effectively protect the environment, pollution control must be incorporated into every aspect of manufacturing.不幸的是,這種活性環(huán)保方法不能完全解決問題的潛在有毒或有害物質(zhì)釋放與產(chǎn)品和廢物流到環(huán)

15、境中。有效地保護(hù)環(huán)境,污染控制必須被納入生產(chǎn)的方方面面。n As opposed to the traditional "end-of-pipe" treatment for pollution control, ECD&M is a proactive approach to minimize the product's environmental impact during its design and manufacturing, and thus to increase the product's competitiveness in the

16、 environmentally conscious market place.n There are two general approaches to ECD&M. 與傳統(tǒng)的“末端治理”治療污染控制,ECD&M是積極的方法來(lái)減少產(chǎn)品的環(huán)境影響在其設(shè)計(jì)和制造,從而提高產(chǎn)品的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力,在環(huán)保意識(shí)的市場(chǎng)的地方。有兩個(gè)ECD&M的一般方法。n In the first approach (zero- wasted lifecycle), it is assumed that the environmental impact of a product during its li

17、fecycle can be reduced to zero. The cycle can be absolutely sustainable, and the product may be designed, manufactured, used, and disposed of without affecting the environment. n The emphasis in this approach is to create a product cycle that is as sustainable as possible.在第一種方法(零浪費(fèi)生命周期),假定環(huán)境影響的一個(gè)產(chǎn)品

18、在其生命周期可以減少到零。這個(gè)周期可以絕對(duì)可持續(xù),產(chǎn)品可能是設(shè)計(jì)、制造、使用和處置而不影響環(huán)境。這種方法的重點(diǎn)是創(chuàng)建一個(gè)產(chǎn)品周期,盡可能是可持續(xù)的。n Sustainable production means that products are designed, produced, distributed, used and disposed of with minimal (or none) environmental and occupational health damages, and with minimal use of resources ( material and ener

19、gy).n The sustainability of a system can be considered as the ability of that system to be maintained or prolonged. 可持續(xù)生產(chǎn)意味著產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)、生產(chǎn)、分配和處理使用的最小(或沒有)環(huán)境和職業(yè)健康損害,以最少的利用資源(物質(zhì)和能量)?？沙掷m(xù)性的一個(gè)系統(tǒng)可以被認(rèn)為是該系統(tǒng)的能力是保持或延長(zhǎng)。n The second approach (incremental waste lifecycle control) is based on the premise that there is

20、a certain amount of negative impact from the current process cycle. This impact can be reduced or cleaned based on some improvement in technology that is named as incremental waste lifecycle control.第二種方法(增量浪費(fèi)生命周期控制)是基于一個(gè)前提,存在一定程度的負(fù)面影響當(dāng)前過(guò)程循環(huán)。這種影響可以減少或清除基于一些改進(jìn)技術(shù),被譽(yù)為增量浪費(fèi)生命周期控制。n This approach is to re

21、duce the negative impact of hazardous materials through clean technology. A "cleaner technology" is a source reduction or recycling method applied to eliminate or significantly reduce hazardous waste generation.n Research on ECD&M can be categorized into two areas, namely, environmenta

22、lly conscious product design and environmentally conscious process design, also called environmentally conscious manufacturing (ECM).這種方法是減少負(fù)面影響,有害物質(zhì)通過(guò)清潔技術(shù)。一個(gè)“清潔技術(shù)”是一個(gè)源還原或回收法用于消除或顯著減少危險(xiǎn)廢物生成。ECD&M研究可分為兩個(gè)區(qū)域,即,環(huán)保意識(shí)的產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)和環(huán)保意識(shí)的流程設(shè)計(jì),也稱為環(huán)境意識(shí)制造(ECM)。n I. Whitmer II, Olson, and Sutherland developed a hie

23、rarchy comprised of environmentally conscious products (Fig. 3. 7).即Whitmer II,奧森,薩瑟蘭發(fā)達(dá)一個(gè)層次組成的環(huán)保意識(shí)的產(chǎn)品(圖。3。7)。EnvironmentallyConscious ProductRUSERemanufactureRecycleDisposal TimeModularityEnergyMaterialsCostLevel 1：ObjectiveLevel 2：Post-Use ProcessLevel 3：Design Factorn At the first level of the hie

24、rarchy, the overall objectives for the system are considered when creating an environmentally conscious product. n At the second level, the four groups represent a post-use process that can be employed to achieve the objectives.n The third level consists of the five design factors that can facilitat

25、e the post-use processes and in turn accomplish the overall goal. 在第一個(gè)層次,總體目標(biāo)為系統(tǒng)被認(rèn)為是當(dāng)創(chuàng)建一個(gè)環(huán)保意識(shí)的產(chǎn)品。第二層次,四組代表一個(gè)帖子用的過(guò)程,可以用來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)。第三層次包括五個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)因素,可以促進(jìn)郵報(bào)使用過(guò)程,進(jìn)而完成總體目標(biāo)。n This hierarchy shows the method of retiring products, whether the designers intend to have the product discarded in a landfall, or whether th

26、ey plan to reuse or recycle part or all of the product.這個(gè)層次結(jié)構(gòu)顯示了退休產(chǎn)品的方法,是否有產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)師打算丟棄在一個(gè)登陸,或者他們是否打算重用或回收部分或所有的產(chǎn)品。n The principle of ECM is to adopt those processes that reduce the harmful environmental impacts of manufacturing, including minimization of hazardous waste and emissions reduction of ener

27、gy consumption, improvement of materials utilization efficiency, and enhancement of operational safety.ECM的原理是采用這些流程,減少有害的環(huán)境影響的制造,包括危險(xiǎn)廢物和排放最小化減少能源消耗,提高材料利用率,提高運(yùn)營(yíng)安全。n Sandia National Laboratories Environmentally Conscious Manufacturing Programs Department describes ECM as "the deliberate attempt

28、 to reduce ecological impacts of industrial activity without sacrificing quality ,cost, reliability, performance, or energy utilization efficiency."桑迪亞國(guó)家實(shí)驗(yàn)室的環(huán)保意識(shí)的生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃部門描述ECM是“故意試圖減少工業(yè)活動(dòng)的生態(tài)影響不犧牲質(zhì)量、成本、可靠性、性能、或能源利用效率?！眓 The activities of ECM emphasize largely extracting the useful product from raw

29、 materials, the avoiding of waste generation at the source, or using waste to create other products. In addition, ECM involves refining operating procedures, replacing existing processes and developing new, waste-free processes, finding innovative ways to redesign products, and increasing recycling.

30、ECM的主要活動(dòng)強(qiáng)調(diào)產(chǎn)品從原材料提取有用的部分,避免浪費(fèi)的一代在源,或者使用浪費(fèi)創(chuàng)建其他產(chǎn)品。此外,ECM涉及煉油操作程序,替換現(xiàn)有的流程和開發(fā)新的、杜絕浪費(fèi)的過(guò)程,尋找創(chuàng)新的方法來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)產(chǎn)品,增加回收。 4.3.4 Environmental Engineeringn All aspects of environmental problems are considered in environmental engineering, such as water and wastewater, environmental hydrology, environmental hydraulics an

31、d pneumatics, air, solid waste, noise, environmental modeling, and hazardous waste. 4.3.4環(huán)境工程環(huán)境問題的所有方面都被認(rèn)為是在環(huán)境工程,比如水和廢水、環(huán)境水文、環(huán)境水力學(xué)和氣體、空氣、固體廢物、噪聲、環(huán)境建模、危險(xiǎn)廢物。n Sincero defined environmental engineering as "the application of engineering principles, under constraint, to the protection and enhanceme

32、nt of the quality of the environment and to the enhancement and protection of public health and welfare. "Sincero定義環(huán)境工程作為“工程應(yīng)用的原則,在約束,保護(hù)和提高環(huán)境的質(zhì)量,增強(qiáng)和保護(hù)公共健康的福利?！皀 As the US environmental policy expanded from clean air to cradle-to-grave solid and hazardous waste management, environmental engineer

33、ing research helped us better understand how pollutants migrate through soils, groundwater, and air, and developed treatment technologies to minimize their impact on natural and human environment.作為美國(guó)環(huán)境政策擴(kuò)大從清潔空氣從搖籃到墳?zāi)沟墓腆w和危險(xiǎn)廢物管理、環(huán)境工程研究幫助我們更好的理解如何通過(guò)土壤、地下水污染物遷移、和空氣,和開發(fā)治療技術(shù)來(lái)最小化對(duì)自然和人文環(huán)境。n The water resou

34、rce management system includes water pollution, wastewater disposal, and the measurement of water quality, supply, and treatment. n Crook presented guidelines for water reuse. These guidelines were developed to encourage and facilitate the orderly planning, design, and implementation of water reclam

35、ation. 水資源管理系統(tǒng)包括水污染,廢水處理,測(cè)量水的質(zhì)量、供應(yīng)和治療。克魯克提出指導(dǎo)水重用。這些指南被開發(fā)來(lái)鼓勵(lì)和促進(jìn)有序的規(guī)劃、設(shè)計(jì)和實(shí)現(xiàn)的水填海。n The air resource management system includes air pollution control and the measurement of air quality. The solid waste management system includes solid waste collection and landfill design.n Williams indicated that source

36、 reduction, recycling and compositing, waste- to-energy facilities, and landfills are the four basic approaches to waste management.空氣資源管理系統(tǒng)包括空氣污染控制和測(cè)量空氣質(zhì)量。固體廢物管理系統(tǒng)包括固體廢物收集和垃圾填埋場(chǎng)的設(shè)計(jì)。威廉姆斯表示,源減少,回收和合成,浪費(fèi)能源,設(shè)施和垃圾填埋場(chǎng)的廢物管理的四種基本方法。 (1) Pollution Preventionn The term "pollution prevention" was co

37、ined in 1976 by the 3M Co. and is based on the technological and management advances program. The purposes of this program are 1) to reduce environmental releases and 2) to lower costs in production from previous methods associated with pollution.(1)污染防治術(shù)語(yǔ)“污染預(yù)防”一詞在1976年由3 m公司,是基于技術(shù)和管理進(jìn)步程序。這個(gè)程序的目的1)減

38、少環(huán)境釋放和2)降低成本在生產(chǎn)從先前的方法與污染有關(guān)。n The Pollution Prevention Act defined pollution prevention as "source reduction. " Considering this definition, it may infer that the creation of pollutants may he reduced or eliminated through increased efficiency in the use of raw materials, energy, water, or

39、other resources, or protection of natural resources by conservation.污染預(yù)防行為定義為“源削減污染防治。“考慮這個(gè)定義,它可以推斷出污染物的生成可能他降低或消除了通過(guò)提高效率在使用原材料、能源、水、或其他資源,或保護(hù)自然資源的保護(hù)。n The second preference is reuse and recycling of wastes that cannot be reduced at the source. n The third preference is waste treatment, and the leas

40、t preferred alternative is disposal. n Two methods of source reduction can be used. product changes and process changes. These two methods reduce the volume and toxicity of production wastes and end products during their lifecycles.第二偏好是重用和回收廢物,不能從源頭上減少。第三個(gè)偏好是廢物處理,和最不喜歡的替代方法是處理。兩種方法可以使用減少來(lái)源。產(chǎn)品變更和工藝變

41、更。這兩個(gè)方法減少體積和毒性廢物和生產(chǎn)終端產(chǎn)品在其生命周期。n The pollution prevention techniques used in industry are waste minimization and clean technology. Waste minimization includes source reduction and environmentally sound recycling. n Source reduction is defined as many practice that reduces the amount of any hazardous

42、substance, pollutant, or contaminant entering any waste stream or otherwise released into the environment prior to recycling, treatment, or disposal.污染預(yù)防技術(shù)用于工業(yè)廢物最少化和清潔技術(shù)。廢物最少化包括減少來(lái)源和環(huán)?；厥?。源還原被定義為許多實(shí)踐,減少數(shù)量的任何有害物質(zhì)、污染物或污染物進(jìn)入任何廢物流或釋放到環(huán)境之前,治療,或處置回收。 Fig 4.8 shows source reduction methods.圖4.8顯示了源還原方法。Sour

43、ce ReductionProduct Changes*Design for environmental impact*Increase product life Process ChangesInput Material Changes*Material Purification*Substitution of Less-ToxicMaterialsTechnology Changes*Layout Changes*Increased Automation*Improved Operating ConditionImproved Operating Practices*Operating a

44、nd Maintenance Procedure*Management Practicesn Clean technology uses less raw materials, energy, and water, generates less or no waste (gas, liquid, and solid), and recycles waste as useful materials in a closed system. n The clean technology used in pollution prevention can be categorized into five

45、 groups: improved plant operations, in-process recycling, process modification, materials and product substitutions, and material separations.清潔技術(shù)使用更少的原材料、能源和水,生成更少或沒有浪費(fèi)(氣體、液體、固體)和回收廢物作為有用的材料在一個(gè)封閉的系統(tǒng)。清潔技術(shù)用于污染防治可分為五組:改善工廠操作,進(jìn)程內(nèi)的回收、流程改造、材料和產(chǎn)品替換,和物質(zhì)的分離。 (2) Design for Environmentn Design for Environmen

46、t (DFE) is defined by Lenox, Jordan, and Ehrenfeld as "the systematic process by which firms design products and processes in an environmentally conscious way. " Another definition provided by Fiksel and Wapman is "the systematic consideration during new production and process develop

47、ment of design issues associated with environmental safety and health over the full product life cycle. "(2)設(shè)計(jì)環(huán)境設(shè)計(jì)環(huán)境(DFE)被定義為雷諾克斯、喬丹,艾倫菲爾德為“系統(tǒng)性的過(guò)程,公司設(shè)計(jì)產(chǎn)品和過(guò)程在一個(gè)環(huán)保意識(shí)的方法?！傲硪粋€(gè)定義Fiksel和Wapman提供的是“系統(tǒng)考慮在新的生產(chǎn)和過(guò)程開發(fā)設(shè)計(jì)相關(guān)的問題與環(huán)境安全健康在整個(gè)產(chǎn)品生命周期?！皀 The scope of DFE encompasses many disciplines, including enviro

48、nmental risk management, product safety, occupational health and safety, pollution prevention, ecology, resource conservation, accident prevention, and waste management.DFE的范圍包含了許多學(xué)科,包括環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理、安全生產(chǎn)、職業(yè)健康和安全、污染防治、生態(tài)、資源保護(hù)、事故預(yù)防、和廢物管理。n Horvath et al. provided three main goals of DFE: 1) minimize the use

49、of nonrenewable resources, 2) effectively manage renewable resources, and 3) minimize toxic release to the environment. n The elements of DFE include : metrics, practices, and analysis methods. 霍瓦特等人提供的三個(gè)主要目標(biāo)的DFE:1)減少不可再生資源的使用,2)有效管理可再生資源,和3)減少有毒釋放到環(huán)境中。DFE的元素包括:指標(biāo)、實(shí)踐和分析方法。Mizuki, Sandborn, and Pitts

50、 explained that DFE requires the coordination of several design and data-based activities such as environmental impact metrics, data and database management, and design optimization (including cost assessments).水木,Sandborn和皮茨解釋說(shuō),需要協(xié)調(diào)的DFE幾個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)和基于數(shù)據(jù)的活動(dòng),如環(huán)境影響指標(biāo)、數(shù)據(jù)和數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)管理和設(shè)計(jì)優(yōu)化(包括成本評(píng)估)。The environmental me

51、tric is defined by Veroutis and Fava as "an algorithmic interpretation of levels of performance within an environmental criterion. " The environmental criterion is the environmental attribute of the product , that is , the energy to heat water for a specific function, grams of CO2 produced

52、 to deliver the above energy, chemical oxygen demand generated in the wastewater, degree of risk of exposure to a toxic substance, and so on. 環(huán)境指標(biāo)被定義為Veroutis和蠶豆為“一個(gè)算法解釋水平的性能在一個(gè)環(huán)境標(biāo)準(zhǔn)?！碍h(huán)境標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是產(chǎn)品的環(huán)境屬性,即能量來(lái)加熱水為一個(gè)特定的函數(shù),克二氧化碳生產(chǎn)交付上述能源、化學(xué)需氧量產(chǎn)生的廢水,程度的暴露危險(xiǎn)的有毒物質(zhì),等等。n The New Jersey Department of Environment Prot

53、ection (NJDEP) conducted a major lifecycle assessment of the environmental impact of producing and disposing of packaging materials. n NJDEP analyzed the specific pollutants released form packaging materials. The Hewlett-Packard Co. also provides the tools of DFE for the company's use: DFE guide

54、lines, product assessments, and product stewardship metrics.新澤西部門環(huán)境保護(hù)(NJDEP)進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)主要的生命周期評(píng)估環(huán)境影響的生產(chǎn)和包裝材料的處理。NJDEP分析了特定污染物釋放形式包裝材料。在惠普公司還提供了工具的DFE為公司的使用:DFE指南、產(chǎn)品評(píng)估和產(chǎn)品管理指標(biāo)。n The product stewardship metrics include material conservation and waste reduction, energy efficiency, and design for environmental

55、 and manufacturing process emissions.產(chǎn)品管理指標(biāo)包括材料環(huán)保、廢棄物的減少、能源效率和設(shè)計(jì)環(huán)境和生產(chǎn)過(guò)程排放。 (3)Lifecycle Engineering and Lifecycle Assessmentn Lifecycle engineering (LCE) may also be referred to as lifecycle design (LCD). n An outstanding analysis of lifecycle design that provides design support from the environment

56、al point of view was provided by Alting.(3)生命周期工程和生命周期評(píng)估生命周期工程(LCE)也可以被稱為生命周期設(shè)計(jì)(LCD)。一個(gè)杰出的分析設(shè)計(jì),提供設(shè)計(jì)支持生命周期從環(huán)保的觀點(diǎn)是Alting提供。n Lifecycle design is based on the early product concept, including product and market research, design phases, manufacturing process, qualification, reliability issues, customer

57、service, maintainability, and supportability issues.n Boothroyd and Alting distinguished six phases in the product lifecycle: need recognition, design development, production, distribution, use, and disposal. 生命周期的設(shè)計(jì)是基于早期的產(chǎn)品概念,包括產(chǎn)品和市場(chǎng)研究、設(shè)計(jì)階段,生產(chǎn)過(guò)程、資格、可靠性問題、客戶服務(wù)、可維護(hù)性和可支持性問題。博斯羅伊德和Alting杰出六階段的產(chǎn)品生命周期:需要

58、識(shí)別、設(shè)計(jì)開發(fā)、生產(chǎn)、銷售、使用和處置。n All of the phases must be considered during the conceptual stage, where it is possible to inexpensively change solutions to accommodate the requirements in each phase and in the total lifecycle.所有的階段必須考慮在概念階段,在那里可以廉價(jià)地改變,以適應(yīng)需求的解決方案在每個(gè)階段和總生命周期。n Lifecycle assessment is a family of methods for assessing materials, services, products processes, and technologies over the entire product life. n The definition of product lifecycle assessment, developed by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, is as follows:生命周期評(píng)價(jià)是一個(gè)家庭的方法來(lái)