2022年2022年英語基礎(chǔ)階段測試題及答案

1、精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載section use of englishdirections:read the following text. choose the best words for each numbered blank and mark a、 b、 c or d on answer sheet 1. 10 pointsthe mass media is a big part of our culture、 yet it can also be a helper、 adviser and teacher to our young generation. th

2、e mass media affects the lives of our young by acting as a （an）1for a number of institutions and social contacts. in this way、 it2a variety of functions in human life.the time spent in front of the television screen is usually at the3of leisure: there is less time for games、 amusement and rest.4by w

3、hat is happening on the screen、 children not only imitate what they see but directly5themselves withdifferent characters. americans have been concerned about the6of violence in the media and its7harm to children and adolescents for at least fortyyears. duringthis period、 new media8、 such as video ga

4、mes、 cable television、 music videos、 and the internet. as they continue to gain popularity、 these media、9television、10public concern and research attention.another large societal concern on our young generation11by the media、 is body image.12 forces can influence body image positively or negatively.

5、 13 one、 societal and cultural norms and mass media marketing 14 our concepts of beauty. in the mass media、 the images of 15 beauty fill magazines and newspapers、 16 from our televisions and entertain us17the movies. even inadvertising、 themass media18on accepted cultural values of thinness and fitn

6、ess forcommercialgain. young adults are presented witha19defined standard of attractiveness、 an20that carries unrealistic physical expectations.1. a alternative bpreferencecsubstitute drepresentative2. a accomplishes bfulfillscprovides dsuffices3. a risk bmercycheight dexpense4. a absorbed battracte

7、dcaroused daddicted5. a identify brecognizecunify dequate6. a abundance bincidencecprevalence drecurrence7. a disposed bhiddencimplicit dpotential8. a merged bemergedcimmerged dsubmerged9. a apart from bmuch ascbut for dalong with10. a promote bpropelcprompt dprosper11. a inspired bimposedcdelivered

8、 dcontributed12. a external bexteriorcexplicit dexposed13. a as batcfor din14. a mark beffectcimpact dshock15. a generalizedb regularizedcstandardized dcategorized16. a boom bbottomcbrim dbeam17. a over bwithcon dat18. a play btakecprofit dresort19. a barely bcarefullycnarrowly dsubjectively20. a id

9、eal bimagecstereotype dcriterion精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載section reading comprehensionpart a directions:read the following four texts. answer the questions below each text by choosing a、 b、 c or d.mark your answers on answer sheet1.40pointstext 1theheat waveineuropeinearlyaugust2003wasa catast

10、rophe ofheartbreaking proportions. with more than 3、500 dead in paris alone、 france suffered nearly 15、 000 fatalitiesfrom the heat wave. another 7、 000 died in germany、 8、 000 in spain and italy、 and 2、 000 in the united kingdom. understandably、 this event has become a psychologically powerful meta

11、phor for the frightening vision of a warmer future and our immediate need to prevent it.for europe as a whole、 about 200、000 people die from excess heat each year. however、 about1.5 millioneuropeans die annually from excess cold. that is more than seven times the total number of heat deaths. just in

12、 the past decade、 europe has lost about 15 million people to the cold、 more than 400 times the iconic heat deaths from 2003. that we so easily neglect these deaths and so easily embrace those caused by global warmingtells us of a breakdown inour sense of proportion.how will heat and cold deaths chan

13、ge over the coming century with global warming. let us for the moment assume very unrealistically that we will not adapt at all to the future heat. still、the biggest cross-european cold/heatstudyconcludes that foran increase of3.6 degrees fahrenheit in the a verage european temperatures、“ our data s

14、uggest that any increases in mortality due to increased temperatures wouldbe outweighedbymuchlarger short-termdeclines incold- related mortalities.” for britain、 it is estimated a 3.6° f incmreoaresehewailtl mean 2、000 deaths but 20、000 fewer cold deaths. likewise、another paper incorporatingall

15、 studies on thisissue and applying them to a broad variety of settings in both developed and developing countries found that“ global warming may cause a decrease ionrmtality rates、 especially of cardiovascular diseases.”but of course、 it seems very unrealistic and conservative to assume that we will

16、 not adapt to rising temperatures throughout the 21 st century. several recent studies have looked at adaptation inup to 28 of the biggest cities in the united states. take philadelphia. the optimal temperature seems to be about 80°f. in the 1960s、 on days when it got significantly hotter than

17、that about 100 °f 、 the death rate increased sharply. likewise、 when the temperature dropped below freezing、deaths increased sharply.yet something great happened in the decades following.death rates in philadelphiaand around the country dropped in general because of better health care. but cruc

18、ially、 temperatures of 100 °f today cause almost no excess deaths. however、 people stilldie more because of cold weather. one of the main reasons for the lower heat susceptibility is most likely increased accessto air-conditioning.studies seem to indicate that over time and withsufficientresour

19、ces、 we actually learn to adapt to higher temperatures. consequently we will experience fewer heat deaths even when temperatures rise.21. the death toll in several european countries is noted to show that .精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載a. it was hotter in early august 2003 than ever beforeb. it is

20、urgent to prevent the coming of a warmer futurec. the catastrophe in europe in 2003 was heartbreakingd. europe suffered from more heat deaths than anywhere else22. the author believes that .a. we have lost our sense of proportionb. it is irrational to embrace heat deathsc. cold deaths should claim d

21、ue attentiond. the heat deaths in 2003 were only iconic23. in the author s opinion、 with global warming、 a. mortality rates will remarkably decreaseb. there will be less cardiovascular diseasesc. people will surely adapt to the future heatd. temperature will rise 3. 6 degrees fahrenheit24. the examp

22、le of philadelphia is used to illustrate that .a. rising temperatures will cause more deathsb. people still die more because of cold weatherc. rising temperatures will cause no excess deathsd. people will be less susceptible to ring temperatures25. the author argues that .a. all deaths should be tre

23、ated with equal concernb. it is vital to avoid many more dying from coldc. heat waves will no longer cause excess deathsd. excess cold will cause more deaths in the futuretext 2by the time most people realized that whales were not oversize fish but warm-bloodedmammals with large brains、 sophisticate

24、d social structures and an elaborate language of squeals、 clicks and low moans、 it was nearly too late. the orgy of unrestrained whale hunting、 which beganin the 1600s and became industrializedin the 19th century、 had already sent many species intoserious decline. environmental groups、 fearing that

25、the whales would become extinct、 lobbied hard to bring the hunting and killing to a halt. in 1986 they came very close: the international whaling commission iwc voted to prohibit whaling、 allowing it only for scientific purposes or、in a handful of cases、 such as among native peoples in alaska and gr

26、eenland、 to preserve ancientfood-gathering practices.but the treaty has proved all too easy to get around. japan、 iceland and norway、 in particular、 have slaughtered tens of thousands of whales in the past 20 years. the first two countries claimthey are doing it for science、 although much of the mea

27、t they take ends up on dinner tables.norway doesn t even bother pretending. it openly flouts the iwc s rules.now japan has upped the ante: at the annual meeting of the iwc last week in the caribbean nation of st. kitts and nevis、 the japanese pushed through a resolution calling for a repeal of the w

28、haling moratorium、 declaring it“ no longer necessary”.fortunately for the wha1es、 the resolution isn t binding. the vote was 33 to 32 in favor、 but it would have taken a 75% majority to overturn the ban. for whaling opponents、 however、 the votewas an ominous sign of japan s power over the iawncd of

29、its willingness to use strong-arm精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載tactics and not-so- subtle bribery to get its way. japan has reportedly showered more than $ 100 millionin aid inrecent years on island nations that it has persuaded to back its pro-whaling positions.and though japan s allies don t have

30、 the votes to overturn the whaling ban、 it takes only asimple majority to make other changes to take future votes on secret ballots、 for example、 so that nations can t be held accountable for their positions、 or to exclude antiwhaling groups from iwc meetings. indeed、 japan last week sparred once ag

31、ain with greenpeace the organization that agitated hardest for the original ban until japan was pressured to back off.26. the author intends primarily to tell readers in the first paragraph that .a. unrestricted whaling will inevitably result in whales extinctionb. there has been some achievement in

32、 the protection of whalesc. the whales would become extinct in the foreseeable futured. whales are warm-blooded mammals worth strict protecting27. the international whaling commission .a. is dedicated to the protection of ever-decreasing whalesb. allows scientists to slaughter whales for their resea

33、rchc. is not powerful enough to prohibit unrestricted whalingd. tries its best to prohibit the hunting and killing of whales28. the resolution pushed through by the japanese isn t binding because .a. it exploits illegal tactics to accomplish its aimb. only a few nations back its pro-whaling position

34、c. its not-so-subtle bribery tactics has been revealedd. more votes are needed to overturn the whaling ban29. it is implied that .a. future votes will be taken on secret ballotsb. greenpeace strongly supports the whaling banc. nations openly taking pro-whaling position are fewd. both alaska and gree

35、nland are against the whaling ban30. the text is mainly about .a. revenge of the whale huntersb. the protection of declining whalesc. japan s powerful command of the iwcd. the tactics used to overturn the whaling bantext 3ben bernanke、 mr. greenspan s successor、 likes to explain america's c-aucr

36、rceonutnt deficit as the inevitable consequence of a saving glut in the rest of the world. yet a large part of the blame lies withthe fed oswn policies、which have allowedgrowth in domestic demand to outstrip supply for no less than ten years on the trot. part of america s current prosperity is based

37、 not on genuine gains in income、 nor on high productivity growth、 but on borrowing from the future. thewords of ludwig von mises、 an austrian economist of the early 20th century、 nicely sum up the illusion:"itmay sometimes be expedient for a man to heat the stove with his furniture. but he shou

38、ld not delude himself by believing that he has discovered a wonderful new method of heating his premises."精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載handovers to a new fed chairmanare always trickymoments. they have often been followed by some sort of financial turmoil、 such as the l987 stockmarket crash、

39、only two monthsafter mr. greenspan took over. this handover takes place withthe economy in an unusually vulnerable state、 thanks to its imbalances. the interest rates that mr. bernanke will inherit will be close to neutral、 neither restraining nor stimulating the economy. but america's domestic

40、demand needs to grow more slowly in order to bring the saving rate and the current-account deficit back to sustainable levels. if demand fails to slow、 he will need to push rates higher. this will be risky、given households heavy debts. after 13 increases in interest rates、 the tide of easy money is

41、nowflowing out、 and many american households are going to be shockingly exposed. in the words ofwarren buffett、 "it s only when the tide goes out that you can see who s swimming naked."how should mr. bernanke respond to falling house prices and a sharp economic slowdown when they come. whi

42、le he is even more opposed than mr. greenspan to the idea of restraining asset-price bubbles、 he seems just as keen to slash interest rates when bubbles burst to prevent a downturn. he is likely to continue the current asymmetric policy of never raising interest rates tocurb risingasset prices、butal

43、wayscuttingrates afterprices fall.thisis dangerous as it encourages excessive risk takingand allows the imbalances to growever larger、 making the eventual correction even worse. if the imbalances are to unwind、 america needs to accept a period in which domestic demand grows more slowly than output.t

44、he big question is whether the rest of the world will slow too. the good news is that growthis becoming more broadly based、 as demand in the euro area and japan has been picking up、 and fears about an imminent hard landing in china have faded. america kept the world going during troubled times. but

45、now it is time for others to take the lead.31. america s current prosperity can be attributed to .a. high productivity growthb. increased incomes of most americansc. far too much saving in the rest of the worldd. its extravagant lifestyle at the expense of future32. which of the following is compare

46、d to“ heating one s premises with his furniture” .a. america s domestic demand grows muchtfearsthan supply.b. america s domestic demand grows much slower than supply.c. america s job creation is obviously weaker than usual.d. american incomes have increased much more slowly than ever before.33. the

47、imbalances of american economy .a. result from the current-account deficitb. result from the federal reserve s policiesc. coincide with the handover to a new fed chairmand. are often followed by some sort of financial turmoil34. it can be inferred from the text that in america .a. the saving rate sh

48、ould be increasedb. the current-account deficit is sustainablec. the current interest rates can help stimulate its economyd. investors are eager to finance the current-account deficit35. mr. bernanke will probably manage to .精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載a. restrain asset- price bubblesb. low house

49、holds heavy debtsc. maintain the current imbalancesd. unwind the current imbalancestext 4the unhappy history of ukraine、 russia and gas is the story of energy security in miniature.when it comes to hydrocarbons、 geopolitics and geology are inextricable. that is a problem formost countries in eastern

50、 europe、 which wou1d love to get their energy from allies、 and feel understandably twitchy about having their former master as big supplier.russia sees it differently. it wants to use its energy riches to the maximum effect in the worldmarket. it sees former communist satellite countries as nuisance

51、s、 which scrounge subsidised gas、 pay late if at all、 and jeopardise sales to western europe by brinkmanship about transit fees.it is easy to understand why ukraine and other russian neighbours are exasperating gazprom、 russia s huge gas monopoly. its gas has long been siphoned off in vast quantitie

52、s and ukraine、 like georgia、 has a dreadful record of falling behind with its payments. the main power stationthat supplies moldova doesn't pay its bills at all. in 2005 ukraine paid only $ 50 per 1、000 cubic metres of russian gas、 compared with the $ 240 paid by the eu. now gazprom says it want

53、s to sell to these countries on a purely commercial basis.that seems fair enough、 but there is another dimension. formally、 at least、 the $ 50 price is part of a framework that is supposed to last until 2021. moreover、 gazprom is not asking for thesame increase from each of russia s neighbours. the

54、independent baltic states have two years toadjust. georgia、 which like ukraine has an independent streak、 faces a doubling of prices. belarus、 stillfriendlyand dependable、 is keeping its price and givingaway part of the controlof thepipeline to russia instead. gazprom and its chairman、 dmitry medved

55、ev、 who moonlights as the head of vladimirputins p residential administration、decided which deal is presented to which country. and russia wsay of pressing its case was an example of energy politicsof the mostbrutal sort.on january 1st、 when russia kept gas out of the“ brotherhood” pipeline crossing ukraine、 it also stopped gas from turkmenistan and kazakhstan、 big suppliers to the country、 from flowingthrough its pipes. althoughenough was left for the rest of europe、 ukraine simplytappe