外文翻譯--輔助監(jiān)管兒童的游樂場設(shè)計

1、2000單詞，10400英文字符,3200字文獻出處：hudson s, thompson d, olsen h. designing playgrounds to help those supervising children.j parks & recreation, 2003:88-93本 科生畢 業(yè)設(shè)計外文翻譯（2014 屆）夕卜文題目： designing playgroimds to help those supervising children 譯文題目：輔助監(jiān)管兒童的游樂場設(shè)計題 目：學(xué)生姓名：學(xué) 號：專業(yè)班級：系 名:指導(dǎo)教師：職稱： 講師原文:designing p

2、laygrounds to help those supervising children.playgrounds have been an integral part of public parks and recreation from the start of the movement in the late 1800s. in fact, the first professional organization of municipal recreation professionals was called the playground association of america. t

3、he importance of these early playgrounds is well documented in the writings of the early leaders of the field, including joseph lee, henry curtis and luther gulick. an integral part of these playgrounds was not only the equipment, but also the supervision that was provided joseph lee noted the impor

4、tanee of supervision when he observe that boston's playgrounds weren't used to nearly their full capacity owing to a lack of supervision. without supervision, it seemed to lee, the bigger boys broke up constructive play.over the years, public playgrounds have continued to be a mainstay in pa

5、rks. however, unlike the early playgrounds, the majority of park and recreation agencies have foregone the expense of providing supervisors for these play spaces. instead, they rely on adults who may accompany children to these areas to provide supervision. because most adults are ill-prepared to pr

6、ovide supervision, it's not surprising that the lack of proper supervision is cited as a contributing factor in 40 percent of all playground injuriesthe lack of adequate supervision on playgrounds puts public park and recreation departments in a dilemma on the one hand, the public pressures agen

7、cies to provide playgrounds; on the other hand, providing these play spaces without adequate supervision places children at risk and poses a liability exposure to publicplayground owners in states where government immunity provides limited or no protection. short of providing staff members to provid

8、e supervision to these sites, is there anything else that public park and recreation agencies can do to help the public supervise children in these play spaces?yes. one key way that park and recreation agencies can help the public in the supervision process is to consider elements of supervision in

9、the planning anddesign of these areas. this article will discuss some essential points of design that help facilitate supendsion by caregivers who take children to playgrounds.the design of the playground environment can either promote or hinder the supervision process as such, there are at least fo

10、ur major elements to consider in thedesign of any playground to aid adults in supervision. these elements are location of the playground site, zones for play, age-appropriate design of equipment and open sight lines. letrs take a look at eachlocation of the playground siteas a result of the location

11、 of the playground site, there are many potential hazards to children. for instance, if the playground is located in an area where a road runs adjacent to it, there's a real possibility of a child running into the street we're aware of a park in the midwest where a road separated the playgro

12、und from the public restroom. as most parents can attest, the second most-visited place in a park, aside from a playground, is probably the public restrooms. this kind ofdesign is literally an accident waiting to happen. in the same light, unfenced parking lots adjacent to playground sites also pose

13、 a problem, as children are more intent on running to and from to the playground than looking out for moving vehicles.a third moving object that needs to be consider is the bicycle bicycle trails are popular entrances to many public parks. often, these pathways lead right to theplayground it's i

14、mportant that designers lay out a pathway that doesn't interrupt the activities that are occurring on the playground. pathways that allow cyclists to enter into the playground environment set up a conflict between a moving object and a child. one other note should be made about the bicycle and t

15、he playground cyclists need to be warned to take their helmets off when getting on playground equipment. spaces on the equipment aren't designed for children with helmets. allowing children on playground equipment with helmets can lead to a potentially life-threatening head entrapmentforested ar

16、eas and streams are also elements in the playground environment that can present supervision hazards these areas are attractive nuisances for children if a caregiver isn't paying attention to children, the children can easily wander off and get into serious trouble. having a definite boundary ou

17、tlined by fences or shrubs helps delineate the playground area for both children and supervisors.utility lines running through the playground area can also pose potential problems. we've seen playgrounds where, over time, the power lines have sagged to such an extent that they're within reac

18、h of a child standing on a slide. in addition, support structures for the utility lines may be enticing to children who view them as just another climbing opportunity.a few years ago, parents of private school children found out one day that the business office had made a contractual arrangement wit

19、h a cell phone company to erect a phone tower in the middle of an existing playground the first that the principal or other school officials knew of this business arrangement was when the trucks showed up at recess to begin the work of erecting the tower. the parents ended up taking the school admin

20、istration to court over the issue the business officials saw no problems with the tower, especially if it brought extra money to the school. however, the judge granted the parents a permanent injunction citing that the best interest of the children was to have a safe environment minus the towe匚 when

21、 providing space for children, the guiding principle should be whats in the best interest of the child, not whats cheap, available or leftover.zones for playthe type of play behavior children might engage in, given the space and equipment that is present, defines play zones the play site should be d

22、ivided into zones of different activity types with buffers to prevent user conflicts and accidents. for instance, an architectural firm on the west coast that was developing a four-field baseball complex contacted the national program for playground safety concerning the placement of playground equi

23、pment. the firm had decided to put theplayground in the center field area of the complex. their reasoning was that while adults were watching one child play ball, they could also see another child playing on the equipment. never mind that the children on the playground might be hit by a fly ball, or

24、 that the center fielders might run into the playground area chasing a ball. in addition, while the adults might have been able to see the children on the playground, they wouldrft have been close enough to intervene promptly if a child was in trouble or exhibiting behavior that was disruptive to ot

25、her children.within the playground area itself, moving equipment, such as swings and merry-go-rounds, should be located away from other structures. children exiting equipment don't necessarily watch where they're going, and can easily move into the paths of other children. in the same light,

26、 routes between safety zones should be mapped out ahead of time to avoid children disrupting each other's play patterns.one design problem that we've seen many times, is placing swings in front of slides although the use zones may conform to the standards, one needs to remember that these us

27、e zones are the minimum for safety, not the maximum for example, we were doing an assessment at a school where this swing-slide configuration was found on, the playground we had measured the distance between the two structures and found that it met the consumer product safety commission guidelines t

28、hen we watched as a 5th grader "bailed outn of a swing and landed two feet to the side of the slide chute. luckily, no other child was present at the time had he landed straight across from the slide, he would have touched down on the exit of the chute.age developmental designplayground equipme

29、nt needs to be suitable for the developmental abilities of the users. the one-size-fits-all approach to playground equipment can contribute to serious injury on playgrounds a preschool has a smaller foot and leg length than a school-age child in addition, young children don't have the decision-m

30、aking abilities to know that they're at risk when they get on equipment thatrs too large for their size and strengthdespite this fact, the majority of park and recreation departments in the u.s. continue to design playgrounds for ages 2-12. this puts both the agency and children at risk for exam

31、ple, one of the authors was involved in a legal case in the southwest where a mother put her 4-year-old on a track ride the young girl lost her grip, fell to an inappropriate surface and broke her arm. the park and recreation agency claimed that the mother was at fault for putting her child on equip

32、ment that was too large for her. however, there were two problems with this line of defense.first, although there were two composite structures on the site, a review of the master plans revealed that both structures were designed for ages 2-12. thus, instead of having one structure for ages 2-5 and

33、one structure for ages 5-12, both structures had equipment that was appropriate for ages 2 as well as for ages 12 so, how was the parent to know which piece of equipment on the composite structure was appropriate for her child? second, there were no signs at the site or labels on the equipment that

34、designated the age appropriateness of the equipment. the only sign present on the playground stated that children under the age of 10 should be supervised, which is what the mother was doing at the time of the incident. the resulting settlement in this case cost the agency well over $100,000.the poi

35、nt is that, by ignoring the cpsc guidelines that recommend that playground equipment should be separated for children ages 2 to 5 and ages 5 to 12 and that carry the weight of "professional duty of care1' in most civil cases, park and recreation agencies are putting children at risk for inj

36、ury and their agencies at financial risk in terms of liabilityin the above case, if the playground had been designed according to the cpsc guidelines and the american society for testing and materials standards, and had proper signage to inform the mother about which pieces of equipment were appropr

37、iate for her child, the park and recreation agency's defense would have been validopen sight linessupervision means an active, yet unobtrusive, monitoring of the play environment. it also means that the supervisor moves through the play environment and scans frequently in order to help ensure sa

38、fety and promote injury prevention. many times park and recreation agencies defeat the concept of active supervision by providing benches around the playground for adults to sit on while the children play on equipment. if park and recreation agencies do provide benches, then the placement of the ben

39、ches becomes crucial for scanning the playground open sight lines refer to the existence of several angles of visual access for the supervisor. to facilitate this, the layout of equipment should be without visual barriers.even enclosed structures used for quiet play should provide for unobstructed v

40、isibility. in addition, its important that adults have the ability to respond to emergencies by being able to get to the interior as well as the exterior of the structures to aid an injured childif park and recreation professionals believe that supervision is important to keep children safe on playg

41、rounds, then its prudent for park and recreation agencies to facilitate this process through better design of their playground structures paying attention to the four elements discussed in this article is a start the second part of the equation is to inform and educate the public about the importanc

42、e of supervision when taking children to public playgrounds. good design of playgrounds is the 21st century is the substitute for paid playground supervisors of the 20th century. remember, however, that equipment won't supervise children; only people do. by thinking about supervision and incoipo

43、rating into the design of the playground, public parks and recreation organizations are providing a foundation for the safety of children and making a sound investment in the financial well-being of the agency.輔助監(jiān)管兒童的游樂場設(shè)計hudson, susan t thompson, donna olsen，heather摘 要:這涉及游樂場需要哪些設(shè)計以幫助成人監(jiān)督考慮的因素研究。操場

44、的位置； 活動區(qū)；操場設(shè)備對兒童的發(fā)展能力的適用性。關(guān)鍵詞：游樂場；游憩區(qū)；兒童；游玩；娛樂&冃i口19世紀(jì)后期開始，游樂場已經(jīng)是公共公園和娛樂的一個組成部分。事實上，第一個專業(yè)的市 政休閑娛樂組織被稱為美國游樂場協(xié)會。joseph lee, henry curtis和luther gulick.,這些在該領(lǐng) 域的早期領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者對于早期游樂場設(shè)計的重要性是有據(jù)可查的。這些游樂場的組成部分不僅僅只是 提供設(shè)備，而且還被用于監(jiān)管兒童。joseph lee注意到監(jiān)管的重要性是當(dāng)他發(fā)現(xiàn)波士頓的游樂場 由于缺乏監(jiān)管而沒有起到最大作用。在lee看來，沒有了監(jiān)管孩子們就不能很好的玩耍。多年來，公共游樂場

45、一直是公園的中流砥柱。然而，不同于早期游樂場，現(xiàn)在多數(shù)公園和娛 樂機構(gòu)都為了游戲空間而輕視監(jiān)管。相反，他們都依賴于家長們自己陪孩子到這些游樂場來提供 監(jiān)管。由于大多數(shù)家長們提供不了充分的監(jiān)管，所有這并不奇怪，缺乏適當(dāng)?shù)谋O(jiān)管在游樂場受傷 原因中占到40%o由于游樂場缺乏足夠的監(jiān)管，使公園和娛樂機構(gòu)處于兩難的境地。一方面公眾的壓力促使政 府提供游樂場地，另一方血，提供這些沒有足夠監(jiān)管的游樂場會使兒童處于危險之中，并對提供 游樂場所的政府部門構(gòu)成了責(zé)任風(fēng)險。除了雇傭臨時工來監(jiān)管這些游樂場，公共公園和娛樂部門 還能再做些什么來幫助公眾監(jiān)管在這些游樂場里玩耍的孩子？答案當(dāng)然是肯定的。公園和娛樂機構(gòu)可以幫

46、助公眾監(jiān)管兒童的一個關(guān)鍵途徑是考慮監(jiān)管的規(guī) 劃和這些游樂場的設(shè)計因素。本文將討論一些有助于促進帯著孩子去游樂場的家長的監(jiān)管的設(shè)計 要點。游樂場環(huán)境設(shè)計可以促進或阻礙監(jiān)管。因此，任何幫助家長們提供監(jiān)管的游樂場的設(shè)計都至 少要考慮四大元素。這些元素分別是游樂場的位置，游樂區(qū)，與年齡相適應(yīng)的設(shè)計和開放的視野 位置。游樂場的位置對于兒童來說，游樂場的地點位置有許多潛在的危險。例如，游樂場坐落在與馬路相鄰的位 置，那么兒童跑到馬路上的可能性就很大。在中西部的一個公園，一條馬路橫穿在游斥場與公共 廁所之間。大多數(shù)家長都知道，一個公園訪問量第二大的地方除了游樂場可能就是公廁了。這種 設(shè)計簡直就是一個等待發(fā)生

47、的事故！同樣的，毗鄰游樂場卻沒有圍欄的停車場也是一個問題，因 為孩子們的注意力都在游樂場和玩耍上而不會注意行駛的車輛。第三個需要考慮的移動對彖是白行車。許多公園都設(shè)有自行車道。通常情況下，這些車道要 在公園里正確設(shè)置。對于設(shè)計師來說，制定出一個不會干擾游樂園里活動的自行車道是很重要的。 這是解決讓騎自行車的人進入游樂場而建立一個移動對象與兒童之間沖突的辦法。自行車和游樂 場之間另外需要注意應(yīng)對的是，騎自行車的人在進入游樂場設(shè)施時需要戴上頭盔。因為在游樂場 里，兒童是不適合戴頭盔的。讓孩子戴頭盔在游樂場里玩耍，孩子的頭可能會被夾住從而會導(dǎo)致 潛在的生命危險。公園里的林區(qū)和溪流也是危害對兒童的監(jiān)管

48、的要素。這些區(qū)域很容易干擾到對兒童的監(jiān)管。監(jiān) 護者稍不小心，孩子們就很容易的走丟，從而會使事態(tài)變得嚴(yán)重。通過圍欄或灌木勾勒出明確的 界線，有助于為兒童和監(jiān)護人劃定游樂區(qū)。通過游樂場的公用線路也可能會造成潛在的問題?？梢钥吹剑S著時間的推移游樂場里的電 力線路己經(jīng)下垂到小孩站在滑板上就能摸到的程度。此外，孩子們還會把支撐公用線路的架子看 成是一個攀爬的好機會。幾年前，一所民辦學(xué)校的家長們發(fā)現(xiàn)有一天學(xué)校董事會與一家移動電話公司作出合約，要架 設(shè)一個電話塔在學(xué)校操場中間。當(dāng)架設(shè)電話塔的卡車開進操場時，學(xué)校的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)才知道有這事。最 終家長們因為這事把學(xué)校告上了法庭。學(xué)校董事會辯解道，塔是沒有問題的，甚至還會給學(xué)校帶 來額外的收益。但法官還是判了家長們勝訴，理由是一個安全的環(huán)境是孩子們最大的利益。當(dāng)為 兒童提供空間場地時，主導(dǎo)原則應(yīng)該是兒童的最大利益。游樂區(qū)在提供的場地和設(shè)施里，孩子們能自由自在玩耍的地方叫做游樂區(qū)。游樂區(qū)應(yīng)該分為不同活 動類型區(qū)域，以防止孩子們發(fā)生沖突和意外。例如，西海岸的一家建筑設(shè)計公司通過有關(guān)游樂 場安全的全國方案開發(fā)了一種名叫“four-field baseball”的兒童游樂設(shè)施。該公司把游樂場建在 復(fù)雜的中心區(qū)域。他們的理由是，監(jiān)護人不僅能夠看到一個孩子在玩球，而且也能看到另一個孩 子