英語專業(yè)本科生畢業(yè)論文

1、嚎劭a#本科生畢業(yè)論文學 院 外國語學院專業(yè)英語屆別2015題目從野性的呼喚中看“適者生存”學生姓名學號201108401332指導教師教務處制an analysis of survival of the fittest in the call of the wilda thesissubmitted to the school of foreign languages(english major)yunnan minzu universityin partial fulfillment of the requirementsfor the degree ofbachelor of artsb

2、yclass of 2011student code: 201108401332supervised bydecember 23, 2014云南民族大學畢業(yè)論文（設計）原創(chuàng)性聲明本人鄭重聲明：所呈交的畢業(yè)論文（設計），是本人在指導教師的指導下 進行研究工作所取得的成果。除論文中已經注明引用的內容外，本論文沒 有抄襲、剽竊他人已經發(fā)表的研究成果。本聲明的法律結果市本人承擔。畢業(yè)論文（設計）作者簽名：日期： 年 月 日關于畢業(yè)論文（設計）使用授權的說明本人完全了解云南民族大學有關保留、使用畢業(yè)論文（設計）的規(guī)定，即: 學校有權保留、送交論文的復印件，允許論文被查閱，學校可以公布論文（設 計）的全部

3、或部分內容，可以采用影印或其他復制手段保存論文（設計）。（保密論文在解密后應遵守）指導教師簽名：論文（設計）作者簽名： 日期：2014年12月25日acknowledgementsi would like to express my gratitude to all those who helped me during the writing of this thesis. a special acknowledgement should be given to my supervisor mr. sun, who gave me encouragement and useful instru

4、ctions all through my writing process. finally i wish to extend my thanks to mr. yan, who supplied me with reference materials of great value. last but not the least, fd like to thank those leaders, teachers and working staff especially those in the school of foreign languages. without their help, i

5、t would be much harder for me to finish my study and this paper.abstractthe call of the wild is one of the most famous novels of jack london, which consolidates his status in american literature. it was a sunny and civilized place in which buck originally lived and with the emergence of the gold rus

6、h in arctic regions and created a great demand of sled dogs. so buck was abducted to arctic region. however, buck adjusted himself very quickly to the hostile environment with his sharp intellect and superb physical qualities. buck developed a deep friendship with his master thornton. afterwards, th

7、ornton was killed by yeehats and buck eventually killed the natives to avenge thornton, and he then followed the wolf into the forest and answered the call of the wild. .buck returned to the wild and became a leader of wolves- it's not difficult for us to perceive that the author was stressing t

8、he ideology of survival of the fittest through buckt experience in novel. the analysis of the character buck is of a great enlightening significance to us.key words: buck; the call of the wild; survival of the fittest; change ill野性的呼喚是美國作家杰克倫敦最著名的小說z-,它使得杰克倫 敦確立了在美國文壇的地位。巴克原木生活在文明且暖和的南方，由于寒冷 的北極地區(qū)的淘

9、金者對雪橇狗的需求增大，因此巴克被人拐賣到了環(huán)境極其 惡劣的北極地區(qū)，然而憑借自身出眾的智慧和身體素質便很快地適應了嚴寒 的雪地環(huán)境。巴克與后來的主人桑頓建立起了彼此深厚的友誼，但恩主的遇 害徹底打碎了巴克對丁人類社會的留戀，從而促使巴克堅定決心，毅然走向 荒野，回歸口然，成為了狼群的首領。在整篇小說中，我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)作者一 直都通過巴克的一舉一動來渲染和烘托“適者生存”這一主題。本文通過對 巴克這一形象進行解讀對當代人有著較強的現(xiàn)實意義和啟迪意義。關鍵詞：巴克；野性的呼喚；適者生存；改變contentsstatement of authorshipacknowledgementsiiabstr

10、act iii摘要i introduction 11.1 introduction of jack london11.2 introduction of the call of the wild1ii survival of the fittest theory2id. the change of buck's fate33.1 falling into a snare and leaving home33.2 going into the wild33.3 living in a desperate environment43.4 working as a sled dog5iv.

11、acquiring the survival skills in the new environment54.1 learning the lesson of primitive law54.2 becoming a leader of the team64.3 fighting in the wild6v returning to the wild7vi conclusion8referencesi introductionli introduction of jack londonjack london, a great american realistic writer, is not

12、only well-known worldwide master of novel but also as a great dramatist. he was bom on january 12，1876 in a poor family and died on november 22, 1916. besides, he came from the bottom of the society and once worked as a writer, sailor and journalist. therefore, london got a rich experience during hi

13、s lifetime to some extent, jack london was totally self-educated on account of the poor life. at the age of 10, he had to go to work while going to school. ever he was free he would devote all his spare time to study. in london，s career, he had created a great number of works which including short s

14、tories, novels, as well as a great many essays. as one of the greatest american writers, london's works were considered as classic in the history of american literature. the readers can tell by his works that he depicted the miserable lives of lower class in america and revealed the evil of the

15、capitalism.introduction of the call of the wildthe call of the wild is one of the most famous novels by jack london. the story revolves around the time of the gold rush prevalent in society, in which the author depicts the dog's struggling actions most incisively and vividly. the novel mainly de

16、scribes the process of leading character -buck who returns from the civilized human society to the primitive life of the wolves. buck has lived in a safe and comfortable environment since childhood, until he was abducted to the primal wilderness as a sled dog. buck lived in the south originally, a c

17、ivilized and warm place, with the emergence of the gold rush in arctic regions which created a great demand of sled dog. so buck was abducted to arctic region. however, buck is an agile dog of wild nature. he puts his best efforts into pulling sled while fighting against others with bravery and valo

18、r buck adjusted himself very quickly to the hostile environment with his sharp intellect and superb physical qualities. afterwards, buck returned to the wild and became a leader of wolves. although the central character is a dog in the story, it gives a vivid description of the life in the primitive

19、 northern world where a gold rush exploded and people all wanted to make a fortune. buck.used to be a pet of judge miller, was abducted and sold to north- and in ensuing days he became one of a dog-sled team to pull a sled. during the process of pulling a snow-sled, he understood that only when one

20、follows the law of nature and obeys the master could one survive. afterwards, buck，s nature had been liberated, which made him be able to survive in the harsh environment. this is a brief introduction to the call of the wild. and the novel belongs to the genre of animal fiction, when you read it，you

21、 will find that buck is endowed with the character of human nature and human thoughts. so he is more like a man than a dog. in the story, buck would be certain to give you a deep impression with his wisdom and strength.ii survival of the fittest theory"survival of the fittest" is a phrase

22、that orig in ated in evoluti on ary theory as a way of describing the natural selection（net. 1） we are endowed with incredible potential and ability to fight and compete. obviously there are winners and losers existing in this world we live. just like animals fight a bloody battle for the sexual par

23、tner or prey. they are doing their utmost to extend the life and get a high status in front of their same species. the world is greatly cruel, survival of the fittest. the strong get the opportunity to survive and receive rewards, and the weak will be eliminative and disappeared in this world. that

24、means the weak are doomed to die ou匸 it is because that the strong making possible impelling the weak move in decline or the dead direction. even if you are a spectator, you might be the one who makes grief to others; therefore everyone might be a culprit in someone else5s life directly or indirectl

25、y in this brutal world the big bullying the small, the strong bullying the weak and the big fish swallowing the little fish what we should have learned from that statement is that the strong survived, and the weak eliminated. this is not just a phenomenon confined to the whole animal world, but the

26、human society as well. in the ecology environment of animals, there exists the law of the jungle and survival completion, and that is their survival state. we live in a world that is constantly bombarding us with changes. humankind's response has got to be immediately to new signs of sudden situ

27、ation. because that's what life is. whether you are willing or not, the world would move forward airft nobody gonna have no pity on you. ain" nobody gonna have no understanding on you. only by working hard can we reveal ourselves- nature always follows the rule of selecting the superior and

28、 eliminating the inferior. there is a theory about the society that no progressive opportunities can be seen if do not strive to perform any competitive action, since ancient times. competition is more ruthless than what we have thought it should be. however, only in this way can reveal one?s incred

29、ibly excellent ability in human society as well as in animal world.iii. the change of buck?s fate3.1 falling into a snare and leaving homebuck was a dog of 140 pounds. he had lived in judge miller，s residence for 4 years. during that time, buck was supplied with satisfied food and a comfortable envi

30、ronment. it seemed that he never worried about lives because he could reach whatever he wanted. due to the superior living environment, he received a great number of favors and did not need to do some hard works or chores. in this regard, buck formed a few good habits such as docility and gentleness

31、. however, all of this was ended on an awful night.manuel,a gardener of judge miller, who liked gambling. it was a man of misbehavior. one day he lost his money in a gamble and wanted to get his loan back. therefore, he made buck fall into a snare and abducted buck get out of house and sold him to a

32、 strange man with a fortune of 100 dollars. when the train was coming along the railway and two people threw it in the luggage trunk all of a sudden he realized that he was kidnapped and it was too late to do anything for him. from that moment on, there were no any differences between buck and other

33、 dogs. his entire halo had been removed and there was an unknown road ahead him.going into the wildit seemed apparently that buck had played a key role in judge miller home. as a pet, buck lived in a civilized society originally, in which residents lived under good social order. buck is more a pet t

34、han a beast in this world. he need not work for his master, mr. miller; besides, he neither did have to nurse his master or secure home. it was because that buck was primarily a playmate or a family member to m匸 mille匚 living in such a cozy environment, buck had never feared the shortage of food and

35、 the struggle with his species. on the contrary, he kept enjoying what the civilization had brought to him, including the warm sunshine, beautiful garden and the fruit fields- however, buck's rich life did not last long. gone away from the sunny and civilized south, buck had come to the arctic r

36、egion in which there is full of ice and snow. he was not the boss any more with a fancy status to rule other companions, where buck stayed after kidnapping was a totally wilderness, it's a place without peace and repose, and as well filling with dangers. “here was neither peace, nor rest, nor a

37、moment, s safety. all was confusion and action, and every moment life and limb were in peril there was imperative need to be constantly alert, for these dogs and men were not town dogs and men. they were savages, al 1 of them, who knew no law but the 1 aw of club and fang" . (jack london, 1981:

38、45) in this regard, they had to be careful and remain focused every momen匸 buck was forced to arrive in an unfamiliar world. in his eyes, both the dogs and people here were full of barbarism. it was the first time that he saw those dogs attacking their companions with fellness> that scene would b

39、e an unforgettable experience in his life and he started figuring out what the real situation was in wild environment.living in a desperate environmentbuck had lived a carefree life in mr. millefs luxurious house till he was kidnapped but since then, buck's living environment became worse and wo

40、rse. every day he had little food to eat, so that he was almost always hungry. in this regard, buck had to fill the belly by stealing the foods from his host and learning to eat fast. moreover, while fetching water to quench his thirst, he tried to break the ice by his strong feet under freezing con

41、dition. even though, he met a good host john thornton who treated buck with much care and love, unfortunately, it didn't last long. as a human being, thornton had to fight against the harsh environment together with those dogs. ultimately, he was not successful and he was murdered by local india

42、ns. so buck exploded into a rage about thornton's death and revenged the murder of his maste匸 after that, he was determined to head to the wilderness, becoming a part of the wolves. in fact, buck was an undisputed warrior, he defeated other wolves and became a leader with his wisdom and strength

43、. as buck got away from civilized society gradually, he became an intrepid beast eventually.buck had gone through a large amount of trials. first, his living environment had undergone a huge shift and the carefree life had gone forever. and, second, the new environment was full of all kinds of dange

44、rs and challenges, he had to adjust himself to it as soon as possible. in such a desperate environment, buck had to accept new things and learn essential survival skills. it was sharp changes of his living environment that enabled him to obey the rules of nature.working as a sled dogbuck was abducte

45、d to the cold area and started doing physical labor as a horse buck felt strongly that his dignity was deeply hurt but he knew that there was no use resisting. he had got to obey orders. if he came out against he would be punished in that case, the violence enabled him to quickly learn how to pull t

46、he sledge to please his maste匚 it was very hard for those dogs to pull a sled in freezing condition. on the one hand, the dogs were supposed to run hundreds of miles a day. on the other hand, when working, the dogs had to gone through the hunger and cold. in the period of pulling the sledge, buck ha

47、d gained a lot from sled work, which was beneficial to his further life in primitive world.iv acquiring the survival skills in the new environment4<1 learning the lesson of primitive lawthe primitive law is a basic rule, which must be followed in the primitive world. it implies that cruelty is an

48、 essential part of the primitive world and obeying the power is a must for men and animals in the wild world. buck had lived a cozy life in mr. miller's house in the santa clara valley, because he had no need to work for mr. mille匚 to his delight, buck had got a really easy job, what he had to d

49、o was to play with his hosts. it must be a nice living in such a civilized environment and never having to worry about food or struggling with others, let alone dangers. during his time in mr. millers home, he believed that human beings were friendly until he was directly to be sold to the dog trade

50、r without any precautions by manuel who was a gardener of mr. miller5s< by the time he realized that he had been sold to a stranger, it5s too late and buck felt extremely humiliated. he had privately resolved he would revenge the men who maltreated him. to complete the revenge, buck tussled with

51、other dogs. only in this way, could he get dog trainers9 attention and show them his powe匸 later, there was a chance for him, so he bursted out of the cage, he couldn't wait to vent out his anger at once. actually it，s not that easy, buck was knocked down every time, so that the idea he wanted t

52、o jump on the man in red for revenge was beaten out of his head by reality.ultimately, after he had been knocked down to the ground for so many times, buck found he could not rise to his feet again. after being beaten badly, buck understood that a man with club is not the one he could provoke all he

53、 could do was to follow the law of club. that5s one of the first lessons he had learnt in the primitive world, and it's also the first time that buck had realized how cruel the life was. however, looking at this from another perspective, buck was a success because he had understood the law of th

54、e club.4e2becoming a leader of the teamthe wild animal was strong in buck, and as he traveled across the snow, it grew stronger and stronger. (jack lon don, 1981:67) during the period he was compelled to do slave labor to pull the sled with his companions, buck was too strong to face up to the diffi

55、culties no matter how hard the situation was. spitz who was the leader of the team, buck had learnt a lot from him. it was the behaviors of spitz that aroused the conquering desire of buck spitz was regarding buck as a potential adversary and provocating external behaviors to buck. at first, he reso

56、rted to tolerate and avoid any confrontations with spitz, so he tried his utmost to control himself whereas, when spitz realized bucks threaten, he made up his mind to put buck in a serious position. so spitz seized an opportunity to forcibly occupy the cozy nest of buck. this kind of hatred behavio

57、r initated buck to strive against the fiend spitz. to spitzes surprise, buck was not a yellow-bellied dog. there was much courage in his bones. in fact, buck was an intrepid dog. therefore, the conflict between buck and spitz was unable to avoid. he wanted to defeat the devil spitz and be the leader

58、 among dogs. later, there was a chance for him. the teammates were running after a rabbit, buck and spitz had also been involved in hunting. when the rabbit was killed by those peckish sled dogs, a struggle of life-and-death was just getting started. spitz fought like a wolf while buck fought like t

59、en wolves. finally, buck defeated spitz with the wisdom and physical strength, becoming a leader of the team.fighting in the wildbuck and the other dogs accompanied their host thornton to find the lost cabin and the journey was full of dangers. even if they had made great efforts, they failed to find the lost cabin that was only a legend, they discovered a mineral deposit by accident and they decided not to seek any more. therefore, they settl