高一英語必修4知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)

1、高一英語必修4 各單元知識(shí)點(diǎn)歸納 Unit1 Women of achievement重要詞匯拓展1 achievement n.成就，功績(jī)achieve v.達(dá)到，完成，實(shí)現(xiàn)2 welfare n 福利事業(yè)，福利3. project n.方案, 計(jì)劃, 設(shè)計(jì)，工程, 企業(yè), 事業(yè)，科研項(xiàng)目; 課外自修項(xiàng)目 vi. 伸出, 突出 設(shè)想自已處身于(into)4. specialist n.專家，專業(yè)工作者special adj.特殊的，專門的specialize vi.專攻，專門從事5. connection n.連接，關(guān)系connect v.連接6. condition n. 狀況（不可數(shù)），

2、條件（可數(shù)），環(huán)境（復(fù)數(shù)）on no condition 決不7.organization n.組織，機(jī)構(gòu)，團(tuán)體 organizevt.組織;籌備, 成立; 使加入工會(huì)，使有條理8.behave v.舉止，表現(xiàn)behavior n.行為，舉止9. shade n.陰涼處 v.遮住光線10. worthwhile adj.值得的，值得做的 It is worthwhile doing sth./ to do sth.worth adj.值，值得 be worth doing worthy adj.值得做的，可尊敬的 be worthy of sth/ being done be worthy t

3、o be done11. observe v.觀察，觀測(cè)，遵守observation n.觀察，觀測(cè)12. respect v./n.尊敬，尊重，敬意respectable adj.值得尊敬的，正派的，體面地respectful adj.有禮貌的，恭敬的13. argue .v.爭(zhēng)論，辯論argument n.爭(zhēng)論，辯論 argued-adj 引起爭(zhēng)論的14.entertainment-n 款待，娛樂 entertain-v 款待；招待，娛樂，抱有，懷著（想法、疑問）15. crowd n.人群，觀眾 v.擠滿，使擁擠crowded adj.擁擠的16. inspire v.鼓舞，激發(fā)insp

4、ired adj.受到鼓舞的，有靈感的inspiring adj.鼓舞人的inspiration n.鼓舞，靈感17 support v.支持，擁護(hù)supporter n.支持者，擁護(hù)者18.refer-vi 談到，查閱，參考 19.intend v.計(jì)劃，打算intention n.打算，目的，意圖20.considerate adj.考慮周到的consider v.考慮，認(rèn)為consideration n考慮，體諒considering prep考慮到21.kind adj 仁慈的，和善的，友愛的kindness n 仁慈，好意，善良22.deliver v.遞送，生（小孩），接生，發(fā)表（

5、演講等）delivery n.投遞，交貨，分娩23.modest adj 謙虛的，謙讓的，適度的重點(diǎn)短語梳理1 devoteto (doing) sth.把奉獻(xiàn)給devote oneself to致力于，獻(xiàn)身于 be devoted to專心致志于 2 human beings 人類3 move off 離開，啟程，出發(fā) 4 lead alife 過著的生活5 crowd in 涌上心頭，涌入腦海 6 look down on/ upon 蔑視，瞧不起7 refer to 查閱，參考，談到 (其中，to為介詞)8 by chance 碰巧，湊巧9. come across 偶遇，碰見 10.

6、carry on 繼續(xù)，堅(jiān)持 carry out 實(shí)行，執(zhí)行，完成11. be dressed in 穿著 dress as 打扮成 12.fight for 為.而戰(zhàn) fight against 與戰(zhàn)斗13.put to death判死刑 14. concern oneself with關(guān)注 注意15.intend to do sth./ doing sth. 打算做某事16. in the shade of 在的樹蔭下，在的庇護(hù)下17.gain doctors degree 獲得博士學(xué)位 18. be considered as 被看做. 19.take turns to do sth 采

7、取步驟做某事 20.do research on 做方面的研究21.mean to do 打算做某事 mean doing 意味著22. by now 直到現(xiàn)在重點(diǎn)句型再現(xiàn)1 She spent years observing and recording their daily activities.她花去多年的時(shí)間觀察和記錄它們的日?；顒?dòng)。（spend+時(shí)間/金錢+doing sth 花時(shí)間或金錢去做某事）2 Only after her mother came to help her for the first few months was she allowed to begin her

8、 project. 她的母親頭幾個(gè)月來幫過她的忙；這才使她得以開始自己的計(jì)劃。（only位于句首并修飾狀語，句子要發(fā)生部分倒裝，將助動(dòng)詞或聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞置于主語之前）3 Following Janes way of studing chimps, our group are all going to visit them in the forest.我們一行人將按照J(rèn)ane研究猩猩的方法去森林里拜訪他們。（-ing作方式狀語。注意非謂語動(dòng)詞作狀語時(shí)的區(qū)別：-ing主動(dòng)/進(jìn)行/延續(xù)，-ed被動(dòng)/過去，to do主動(dòng)/將來）4.It seemed that she had been very busy

9、in her chosen carrer travelling abroad to study as well as writing books and articles 看起來她忙于所選擇的和寫作一樣的到國(guó)外研究。（It seemed that+從句：似乎是，看起來好像是。 as well as 還有）5.What made her succeed later on was the kindness and consideration she showed to all her patients后來使她成功的是她對(duì)所有病人獻(xiàn)出的愛心和體貼。（What made her succeed主語從句

10、。了解what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句的譯法，明白它們?cè)诰渲械某煞郑鹤髦髡Z、賓語、表語、同位語）語法剖析（主謂一致）主謂一致，指人稱和數(shù)方面的一致關(guān)系。分為:語法一致, 內(nèi)容一致, 就近一致。(一) 語法一致原則: 即主語為單數(shù),謂語用單數(shù),主語為復(fù)數(shù),謂語也用復(fù)數(shù)。以下為注意事項(xiàng):1. 單數(shù)主語即使后面帶有with , along with, together with, like(象), but (除了),except, besides, as well as, no less than, rather than(而不是), including, in addition to 引導(dǎo)的短語, 謂語動(dòng)

11、詞仍用單數(shù)。如: Air as well as water is matter.  空氣和水都是物質(zhì)。No one except two servants was late for the dinner.  除了兩個(gè)仆人外, 沒有一個(gè)人遲來用餐。2. 用and連接的并列主語,如果主語是同一個(gè)人,同一事,同一概念, 謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù), 否則用復(fù)數(shù)。如: The poet and writer has come. 那位詩人兼作家來了.(一個(gè)人)A hammer and a saw are useful tools. 錘子和鋸都是有用的工具. (兩樣物)用and連接的成對(duì)名詞習(xí)慣上

12、被看成是一個(gè)整體, 如:bread and butter(黃油抹面包), knife and fork(刀叉)等作主語時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。3. 不定式(短語), 動(dòng)名詞(短語), 或從句作主語時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù). 如:Serving the people is my great happiness.為人民服務(wù)是我最大的幸福.When well go out for an outing has been decided.我們什么時(shí)候出去郊游已決定了。4. 用連接的并列主語被each, every 或no修飾時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).Every boy and every girl likes t

13、o go swimming.  每個(gè)男孩和每個(gè)女孩都喜歡去游泳.No teacher and no student was absent from the meeting.  沒有老師也沒有學(xué)生開會(huì)缺席.Each man and (each) woman is asked to help.  每個(gè)男人和每個(gè)女人都被請(qǐng)去幫忙。5. each of + 復(fù)數(shù)代詞, 謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù). 復(fù)數(shù)代詞+each, 謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).如:Each of us has something to say. 我們每個(gè)人都有話要說。6. 若主語中有more than one 或many a

14、/an , 盡管從意義上看是復(fù)數(shù), 但它的謂語動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)。 但more+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+than one做主語時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞仍用復(fù)數(shù). 如:Many a boy likes playing basketball. 許多男生都喜歡打籃球.More than one student was late. 不只一個(gè)學(xué)生遲到More persons than one come to help us. 不止一個(gè)人來幫助我們。7.  none 做主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù), 也可用復(fù)數(shù); 但在代表不可數(shù)的東西時(shí)總是看作單數(shù),因而謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù). 如:None of us are (is) perfec

15、t. 人無完人。None of this worries me. 這事一點(diǎn)不使我著急。8. 名詞如: trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses 等作主語時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞必須用復(fù)數(shù). 如:His clothes are good. 但這些名詞前若出現(xiàn) a pair of , 謂語一般用單數(shù).如:A pair of glasses is on the desk. 桌上有一副眼鏡。9. 形復(fù)意單名詞如:news ; 以ics 結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱如: physics, mathematics, economics; 國(guó)名如: the United States;

16、 報(bào)紙名如: the New Times; 書名如: Arabian Night <天方夜談> 以及The United Nations<聯(lián)合國(guó)> 等作主語時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。10. “a +名詞+and a half “, “one and a half + 名詞”, “the number of + 名詞” 等作主語時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù). 如:Only one and a half apples is left on the table.注意: one or two + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語, 謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式, 如:One or two places have b

17、een visited. 參觀了一兩個(gè)地點(diǎn)。(二) 內(nèi)容一致原則: 1.主語中有all, half, most, the rest等, 以及”分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+名詞”做主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)取決于連用的名詞.如:The rest of the bikes are on sale today.  剩下的自行車， 今天出售。60%of the apple was eaten by little boy. 這個(gè)蘋果的60%都被這個(gè)小男孩吃了。Most of the apples were rotten. 大部分的蘋果都是爛的。Most of the apple was eaten by a r

18、at.  這個(gè)蘋果的大部分被老鼠吃了。2. 不定數(shù)量的詞組, 如:part of , a lot of , lots of , one of , a number of , plenty of等作主語時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于量詞后面名詞的數(shù).如:A part of the textbooks have arrived.  一小部分教科書已運(yùn)到。A part of the apple has been eaten up by the pig.  這個(gè)蘋果的一部分被豬吃光了。3. 加減乘除用單數(shù).如:Fifteen minus five is ten . 15減去

19、5等于10。4. 表示時(shí)間, 金錢, 距離, 度量等的名詞做主語時(shí), 盡管是復(fù)數(shù)形式, 它們做為一個(gè)單一的概念時(shí), 其謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).如:Ten miles is a good distance. 十英里是一個(gè)相當(dāng)?shù)木嚯x。5. (1) 通常作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞. 包括police , people, cattle 等, 這些集體名詞通常用作復(fù)數(shù).如: The British police have only very limited powers.(2) 通常作不可數(shù)名詞的集體名詞. 包括equipment, furniture, clothing, luggage 等.(3) 可作單數(shù)也可作復(fù)數(shù)

20、的集體名詞. 包括 audience, committee, government, family, enemy, group, party, team, public 等.如:The committee has/have decided to dismiss him. 委員會(huì)決定解雇他。6. the +形容詞/過去分詞形式”表示一類人或事物, 作主語時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù).如:The injured were saved after the fire.(三) 就近原則1. 由here, there, where 等引導(dǎo)的倒裝句中, (有時(shí)主語不止一個(gè)時(shí))謂語動(dòng)詞與靠近它的主語在數(shù)上一致.如:H

21、ere comes the bus 公共汽車來了.Here is a pen and some pieces of paper for you.  給你一支鋼筆和幾張紙。Where is your wife and children to stay while you are away?你不在這兒的時(shí)候, 你愛人和孩子在哪兒呆呢？2. 用連詞or, either. or, neither.nor, not only.but also 等連接的并列主語, 謂語動(dòng)詞與靠近它的主語在數(shù)上一致。 如：Neither the students nor the teacher knows any

22、thing about it 學(xué)生和老師都不知道這事.He or you have taken my pen. 他或你拿了我的鋼筆。注意: one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+who/that/which 引導(dǎo)的定語從句中, 定語從句的動(dòng)詞為復(fù)數(shù)。如：Mary is one of those people who keep pets. 瑪麗是飼養(yǎng)寵物者之一。The only one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+ who/that./which 引導(dǎo)的定語從句中，定語從句的動(dòng)詞應(yīng)為單數(shù)。Mary is the only one of those people who keeps pets. 瑪麗是唯一一個(gè)飼養(yǎng)寵物的

23、人。Units 2 Working the land重要詞匯拓展 1 sunburn v.日曬，曬黑sunburnt adj.曬黑的2 struggle v./n.掙扎，奮斗，努力 struggle against struggle for struggle with3 decade n.十年，十年期4 super n.冗員, 額外人員; 口特級(jí)品, 特大號(hào)商品; 超級(jí)市場(chǎng)adj特級(jí)的, 極好的, 非凡的5. hunger n.饑餓，渴望/v.使饑餓hungry adj.饑餓的；渴望的6.output n. 產(chǎn)量，輸出，input 輸入，消費(fèi) 7.disturbing adj 引起煩惱的，令人

24、不安的，disturb v. 打擾，麻煩8.expand vt.擴(kuò)大, 擴(kuò)展,張開, 使發(fā), 詳談; 引伸 9. circulate v.循環(huán)，流通circulation n.循環(huán)，流傳10. battle n.戰(zhàn)役，戰(zhàn)斗 v.搏斗，奮斗11. therefore adv.因此，所以12. rid vt 擺脫，除去 13.freedom n 自由，自主 free adj 自由的，免費(fèi)的14.equip v.配備，裝備equipment n.設(shè)備15. export v.輸出，出口 n.輸出（品）import v.輸入，進(jìn)口 n.進(jìn)口（品）16.nationality n 國(guó)籍，national

25、 adj 國(guó)家的，民族的 nation n. 國(guó)家17.occupation n 工作，職業(yè)，占領(lǐng) occupy v.占用，使從事，把注意力集中于.占領(lǐng), 占據(jù)18.confuse v.使迷惑，使為難confused adj.感到迷惑的 confusing adj.令人迷惑的19 regret v./n.后悔，遺憾regretful adj.后悔的，遺憾的20.production n.生產(chǎn)，制造，productive 可生產(chǎn)的，可制造的，produce v 生產(chǎn)，制造21.discovery n. 發(fā)現(xiàn)，發(fā)覺，discover-v 發(fā)現(xiàn)，22.focus v. 集中，聚焦，n 焦點(diǎn)，中心點(diǎn)2

26、3. reduce v.減少，縮減reduction n.減少，縮減24 comment n./v.評(píng)論，議論 重點(diǎn)短語梳理 1 if not 如果不. If so 如果這樣，2.consider oneself sth 自認(rèn)為是 consider sb sth 認(rèn)為某人是3.since then 從那時(shí)起4.search for a way to do sth 尋找做某事的途徑。5.thanks to 幸虧，由于，因?yàn)?（to為介詞）6.ridof 擺脫，除去 get rid of 除去7. be satisfied with 對(duì)感到滿意8 would rather do than do寧愿

27、，寧可也不=would do rather than do9with the hope of 滿懷希望.10.in some way 在某種程度上11.cause damage to 對(duì) 造成危害。12.build up 增強(qiáng)，強(qiáng)大13. lead to 導(dǎo)致，造成(to為介詞)14. focus on 集中（注意力、精力等）于15. keepfrom/of 使免受（影響、傷害等）重點(diǎn)句型再現(xiàn) 1. Dr Yuan Longping grows what is called super hybrid rice.袁隆平博士種植的是被稱為“超級(jí)雜交水稻”的稻種。（what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句在句中作賓

28、語）2. The special strain of rice makes it possible to produce one-third more of the crop in the same field. 這種特殊的稻種使得同樣的田地多收獲三分之一的產(chǎn)量。（makes it possible 中it為形式賓語，to do不定式短語為真正賓語）3. Its a great pity that 很遺憾的是.4.Using his hybrid rice，farmers are producing harvest twice as large as before.由于使用了他的雜質(zhì)水稻，農(nóng)民

29、的豐收是以前的兩倍。（-ing動(dòng)詞短語作原因狀語）語法剖析（非謂語動(dòng)詞-動(dòng)詞的-ing形式作主語和賓語）一、動(dòng)詞-ing形式作主語 動(dòng)詞-ing形式作主語常用來表示經(jīng)常性和習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。動(dòng)詞-ing形式作主語通常放在句首，謂語用單數(shù)形式。例如：Listening to music is my sisters hobby. 動(dòng)詞-ing形式作主語時(shí)，為了保持句子平衡，可以用it作形式主語。常用的結(jié)構(gòu)：1. It is + no use / no good / useless etc.+ v-ing2. It is + nice / good / interesting / a waste of

30、etc. + v-ing 例如：It is no use crying over spilt milk.二、動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語 動(dòng)詞-ing形式既可作動(dòng)詞的賓語，又可作介詞的賓語。1. 以下動(dòng)詞或短語只接動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語：admit, avoid, appreciate, consider, enjoy, escape, finish, keep, mind, miss, suggest等動(dòng)詞; cant stand, give up, feel like, keep on, think of, set about, dream of 等短語。2. 在下列短語中，to是介詞，后面應(yīng)用

31、動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語：be / get used to, look forward to, devoteto, pay attention to, object to等。3. 下列動(dòng)詞或短語既可以跟動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語，也可以跟不定式作賓語，但意義上有區(qū)別： like, love, prefer如表示經(jīng)常性的行為后接動(dòng)詞-ing形式；如表示具體的行為常用動(dòng)詞不定式，但要注意：如果like, love, prefer前有would，后面則接動(dòng)詞不定式。如：Would you like to go shopping with me? 下列幾組詞接動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語和不定式作賓語含義不同：f

32、orget doing 忘記已做過某事； forget to do 忘記要做某事remember doing 記得做過某事； remember to do 記住要做某事mean doing 意思是，意味著； mean to do 打算做 regret doing 后悔做過某事; regret to do 遺憾要做某事cant help doing 禁不住做； cant help (to) do 不能幫忙做。 在allow, permit, advise等動(dòng)詞后直接跟動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語，如果這些詞后面有名詞或代詞作賓語，其后要用動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語。如：We dont allow smok

33、ing in the classroom.We dont allow students to smoke. 動(dòng)詞need, require, want作“需要”解時(shí)，其后用動(dòng)詞-ing的主動(dòng)形式或不定式的被動(dòng)形式作賓語，這時(shí)動(dòng)詞-ing的主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義。如：Your coat wants washing. = Your coat wants to be washed.三、動(dòng)詞-ing的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)動(dòng)詞-ing的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)即：物主代詞或名詞所有格(作賓語時(shí)也可以用代詞賓格或名詞普通格) + 動(dòng)詞-ing。如：Lucys turning up surprised everyone present.W

34、ould you mind my / me using your mobile phone?四、動(dòng)詞-ing的時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)以及否定形式動(dòng)詞-ing有一般式(doing) 和完成式 (having done) 兩種時(shí)態(tài)，一般式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)是being done，完成式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)是having been done。動(dòng)詞-ing的完成式所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前。動(dòng)詞-ing的否定形式是在doing之前加not。例如：Im sorry for not having told you the news earlier.Unit 3 A taste of English humour重要詞匯拓展

35、1 humour n.幽默humorous adj.幽默的 2 content adj.滿足的，滿意的 n.滿足；內(nèi)容 v.使?jié)M足3 performer n.表演者，演出者perform v.表演；做，履行，執(zhí)行performance n.表演，履行4 astonish v.使驚訝astonishing adj.令人驚訝的 astonished adj.感到驚訝的5 fortunate adj.幸運(yùn)的fortune v.幸運(yùn)，運(yùn)氣fortunately adv.幸運(yùn)地unfortunately adv.不幸地6 depressed adj.憂傷的,抑郁的,消沉的，蕭條的depress-v使消沉

36、, 使沮喪, 愁苦，使貶值, 7.ordinary adj.平常的，普通的8.bored adj.厭煩的bore v.使厭煩boring adj.令人厭煩的9.entertain v.使歡樂，款待entertainment n.款待；娛樂，消遣10. throughout prep.遍及，貫穿adv.到處，始終，全部11.homeless adj 無家可歸的，12.worn adj 用舊的，用壞的，破爛的13. overcome v.戰(zhàn)勝，克服14. convince v.使信服convincing adj.令人信服的convinced adj.相信的，信服的15. direct v.導(dǎo)演，指

37、示，指揮 adj.直的，直接的director n.導(dǎo)演，指揮directly adv.直地，直接地direction n.指導(dǎo)，方向16.enjoyment n享樂，歡樂，樂趣 17.outstanding adj.突出的，杰出的，顯著的18.particular adj.特殊的，特別的particularly adv.特殊地，特別地19 occasion n.時(shí)刻，場(chǎng)合occasional adj.偶爾的，臨時(shí)的occasionally adv.偶爾地，有時(shí)地20. slide v./n.滑動(dòng)，滑行21.amuse v.使發(fā)笑，使愉快amused adj.愉快的amusing adj.逗人

38、發(fā)笑的，令人愉快的amusement n.愉快，快樂22. whisper v./n.耳語，低聲說23、react v.做出反應(yīng)，回應(yīng)reaction n.反應(yīng)，回應(yīng) 重點(diǎn)短語梳理 1break into 闖入，進(jìn)入2up to now 直到現(xiàn)在3brighten the lives of 照亮某人的生活道路4feel/be content with 對(duì)滿足5badly off 窮的，缺少的 6in search of 尋找.7pick out 挑選出，辨認(rèn)出8on the edge of 在邊沿9cut off 切斷，斷絕10in silence沉默，不作聲11. make use of 使

39、用12.be angry about 對(duì)很生氣13.star in 擔(dān)任主角，主演 重點(diǎn)句型再現(xiàn) 1. He made people laugh at a time when they felt depressed, so they could feel more content with their lives.在人們感到沮喪的時(shí)候，卓別林使他們開懷大笑，于是人們對(duì)自己的生活感到比較滿足。2 No one was ever bored watching himhis subtle acting made everything entertaining.看他的表演沒有人會(huì)感到無聊他巧妙的表演使

40、得一切都那么滑稽可笑。3 Instead they are hiding in a small hut on the edge of a mountian during a snowstorm with nothing to eat.相反，他們被暴風(fēng)雪困在山邊的一個(gè)小木屋中，沒有任何東西可吃。(with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作伴隨狀語)語法剖析（動(dòng)詞的-ing形式作定語、表語和補(bǔ)語）一、動(dòng)詞-ing形式作表語1. 表示主語的內(nèi)容 ,可以轉(zhuǎn)換到句首作主語Her job is keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible. (= keeping the lectu

41、re hall as clean as possible is her job) 她的工作是盡量使報(bào)告廳保持干凈。2. 表示主語具有的特征、性質(zhì)和狀態(tài)(動(dòng)詞ing 相當(dāng)一個(gè)形容詞）The problem is quite puzzling. 這個(gè)問題很令困惑。3.常用來作表語的現(xiàn)在分詞有astonishing, amusing, confusing, disappointing, boring, encouraging, inspiring, moving, tiring, interesting, surprising等。全析提示：動(dòng)詞-ing形式作表語時(shí)，其邏輯主語往往是句子中的主語，但用

42、作表語的-ing形式也可帶有自己的邏輯主語。What worries me most is her staying too late every night. (staying too late every night的邏輯主語是her)二、 動(dòng)詞-ing形式作定語1 單個(gè)的動(dòng)詞-ing形式可以作前置定語，一般具有兩種含義。 說明被修飾名詞的用途和性能。a reading room = a room which is used for reading 閱覽室running shoes =shoes for running 跑鞋a working method =a method for wor

43、king 工作方法 表示所修飾的人或物的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，在意思上接近一個(gè)定語從句，可以表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，也可表示經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作或當(dāng)時(shí)的狀態(tài)。developing countries = countries that are developing發(fā)展中國(guó)家an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary 看起來很普通的房子a puzzling problem = a problem that puzzles somebody 困擾人的問題2 作定語的動(dòng)詞-ing形式如是一個(gè)短語，則應(yīng)放在被修飾詞的后面,做后置定語，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句。The

44、y lived in a house facing south.(=which is facing south) 他們住在一所朝南的房子里。Do you know the boy playing basket?（=Who is playing basket)你認(rèn)識(shí)在打籃球的那個(gè)男孩嗎？The man visiting Japan (=the man who is visiting Japan ) is my uncle正在訪問日本的那個(gè)男人是我的叔叔。三、動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓補(bǔ)1、動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語補(bǔ)足語常放在賓語后面，表示一個(gè)正在進(jìn)行的主動(dòng)性的動(dòng)作，強(qiáng)調(diào)一個(gè)過程或一種狀態(tài)。 When w

45、e returned, we found a stranger standing in front of the house.2、當(dāng)主句轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí), 原來作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動(dòng)詞-ing形式便轉(zhuǎn)換為主語補(bǔ)足語。 They found the film very exciting. = The film is found very exciting.3、能用-ing形式作賓語補(bǔ)足語的幾類動(dòng)詞:1) 表示感覺和心理狀態(tài)的感官動(dòng)詞，（常見的有see, hear, feel, smell, find, notice, observe, look at, listen to等）+ sb + doing

46、sth（作賓補(bǔ)）I felt somebody standing behind me.2) 表示指使意義的動(dòng)詞使役動(dòng)詞，（常見的有have, set, keep, get, catch, leave等）+sb/ sth + doing sth (作賓補(bǔ)）We kept the fire burning all night long.我們讓火整夜燃燒著。I wont have you running about in the room. 我不允許你在房間里跑來跑去。4、see, hear, feel, watch等動(dòng)詞之后用-ing形式和動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語的區(qū)別： We heard the

47、telephone ring. We heard the telephone ringing.前者表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，后者表示（或強(qiáng)調(diào)）動(dòng)作的全過程。Unit4 Body language重要詞匯拓展 1. statement; n. 陳述；說明 state-vt. 陳述；敘述；聲明2.greet-v問候，迎接，打招呼greeting n敬禮，致意 greetings 問候語，致詞3.represent-v.代表，象征representative -n. 代表4. association; n. 社團(tuán)；聯(lián)系；聯(lián)想associate;vt. 使發(fā)生聯(lián)系, 使聯(lián)合adj. associated聯(lián)合的

48、, 關(guān)聯(lián)的5. curious adj. 好奇的curiously adv. 好奇地6.dormitory n 宿舍7. approach; vi.&vt.接近；靠近 n.接近；方法；途徑. approachable -adj. 可到達(dá)的；可親近的8. defend -vt. 保護(hù)；保衛(wèi) defense- n. 防衛(wèi)；防衛(wèi)設(shè)備；防御9. major-adj. 主要的minor -adj. 較小的；次要的10dash-v 猛沖，突進(jìn). 11.misunderstand -vt. 誤解；誤會(huì)misunderstanding -n. 誤解；誤會(huì)understanding -n. 諒解, 理解

49、12.adult-n成人，成年人 adj 成人的，成熟的13. spoken- adj. 口語的 unspoken-adj. 非口語的；未說出口的14. function-n 作用，動(dòng)能，只能 v-起作用，運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)15.likely- adj. 可能的 16.falseadj 錯(cuò)誤的，假的 true 真的，正確的17.ease-n. 安逸；舒適vt.減輕（痛苦；憂慮）easeful-adj.舒適的, 安逸的18. truly- adv. 真實(shí)地；真誠(chéng)地；真正地true-adj. 真實(shí)的, 真正的19. anger- n. 怒氣；怒火 angry- adj. 生氣的重點(diǎn)短語梳理1. defend a

50、gainst保衛(wèi)以免受2.intruduce sb to sb 向某人介紹某人3.kiss sb on some part親吻某人的某個(gè)部位4.in defence 防御，保障5.together with 與某人一起6.be likely to 很可能；有希望7.reach ones hand out to sth 把手伸出來取某物8.on the contrary 相反9.nod at sb 向某人點(diǎn)頭10.greet sb with/by 通過向某人問候11.express ones feelings表達(dá)某人的感情12. in general 總的來說；通常13.at a job fai

51、r 在求職會(huì)上14.be nervous about 對(duì) 感到緊張15. at ease 舒適；快活；自由自在16. lose face丟臉17.turn ones back to 背對(duì)；背棄18.turn ones head away 把頭轉(zhuǎn)過去19.be willing to 渴望. , 愿意.20. look upset about sth 對(duì). 感到沮喪 重點(diǎn)句型再現(xiàn) 1. I saw several young people enter the waiting area looking around curiously. 我看見幾個(gè)年輕人走進(jìn)了等候區(qū)，好奇地向四周張望。2. The

52、first person to arrive was Tony Garcia from Colombia, closely followed by Julia Smith from Britain.第一個(gè)到達(dá)的是從哥倫比亞來的托尼加西亞，隨后緊跟著的是英國(guó)的茱莉亞史密斯。3. She stepped back appearing surprised and put up her hands, as if in defense. 她后退了幾步，看上去有些吃驚，并舉起了手，好像是在自衛(wèi)。4. Not all cultures greet each other the same way, Nor are they comfortable in the same way with touching or distance between people.各種文化背景下的人互致問候的方式不盡相同，身體接觸和相互間距的程度也不盡相同。5. We can often be wrong about each other, so it is an amazing thing that we understand