虛擬語(yǔ)態(tài)的各種用法及練習(xí)

1、虛擬語(yǔ)氣是一種特殊的動(dòng)詞形式，用來(lái)表示說(shuō)話(huà)人所說(shuō)的話(huà)并不是事實(shí)，而是一種假設(shè)、愿望、懷疑或推測(cè)。主要有三大類(lèi)：用以表示虛擬條件的虛擬語(yǔ)氣，用在賓語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣，還有其他類(lèi)。用以表示虛擬條件的虛擬語(yǔ)氣: （） 用if條件從句表示的虛擬條件，是虛擬條件最普通的方式。 虛擬現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)，其if 從句的謂語(yǔ)形式用動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式(be 一般用were)，主句用would/ should/ could/ might +動(dòng)詞原形，例如：If I were in your position I would marry her. 虛擬過(guò)去時(shí)是表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)，if 從句的謂語(yǔ)形式用過(guò)

2、去完成時(shí)即had過(guò)去分詞，主句用would / should / could / might + have +過(guò)去分詞，例如：If it had not rained so hard yesterday we could have played tennis. 大多數(shù)的虛擬條件句屬于上面三種情況的一種，但并不排除存在條件和后果中，一個(gè)和現(xiàn)在情況相反，另一個(gè)和過(guò)去情況相反，例如：If you had followed what the doctor said, you would not be so painful now.這個(gè)句子在高中出現(xiàn)頻率頗高。 但是，如果后果用了虛擬語(yǔ)氣，而條件卻用陳述

3、語(yǔ)氣，這種用法是錯(cuò)的。 （） 除了表示虛假條件外，if從句還可以表示對(duì)將來(lái)的推測(cè)，由于是將來(lái)還沒(méi)有發(fā)生的，所以談不上是真實(shí)的還是虛假的，只能說(shuō)這個(gè)事情發(fā)生的可能性有多大。一般情況下，可以用陳述語(yǔ)氣的if從句來(lái)表示對(duì)一個(gè)未來(lái)事實(shí)的推測(cè)，這個(gè)事實(shí)是完全可能發(fā)生的。If從句的謂語(yǔ)形式用一般過(guò)去式或用were to / should +動(dòng)詞原形，主句用would / should /could/ might +動(dòng)詞原形，例如：Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she were to get a job

4、 she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often.（1996年1月四級(jí)第44題） （ ）有時(shí)可以把含有助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、be或have的虛擬條件句中的連詞if 省去，而將had , should, were 等詞提到主語(yǔ)之前，即用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu),這時(shí)候，如果出現(xiàn)not等否定詞，否定詞需放在主語(yǔ)后面。這種結(jié)構(gòu)在口語(yǔ)中很少使用，但頻頻在各類(lèi)考試中出現(xiàn)，例如：If it had not rained so hard yesterday we could have played tennis.Had it not rained

5、so hard yesterday, we could have played tennis. （ ）大多數(shù)的虛擬條件通過(guò)上面所講的兩種方法表達(dá)，但在個(gè)別句子中也可以通過(guò)介詞without和介詞短語(yǔ)but for表達(dá)，副詞otherwise等表達(dá)出來(lái)。例如：We didn't know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.（1995年6月四級(jí)第46題）值得注意的是，包含but for的句子，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必定要用虛擬形式，但包含without等短語(yǔ)的句子，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞未必一定要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。 （ ）有時(shí)虛擬條件不

6、是明確地表達(dá)出來(lái)，而在蘊(yùn)含在用but引導(dǎo)的從句里，于是便出現(xiàn)了有謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是虛擬語(yǔ)氣的主句加上謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是陳述語(yǔ)氣的but從句構(gòu)成的并列復(fù)合句，例如I would have hung you but the telephone was out of order.在這樣的句子里，如果主句沒(méi)有用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，或者從句用了虛擬語(yǔ)氣，都是錯(cuò)的。 用在賓語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣 ： （） 在表示愿望的動(dòng)詞wish后的賓語(yǔ)從句中，需用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。（wish后的that 常省略），根據(jù)主句時(shí)態(tài)，從句謂語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)相應(yīng)退后一位，例如：How she wished his family could go with him. （） 在

7、具有愿望、請(qǐng)求、建議、命令等主觀意愿的動(dòng)詞(desire, demand, advise, insist, require, suggest, propose, order, recommend, decide ) 后的賓語(yǔ)從句中需用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用(should) +動(dòng)詞原形。值得注意的是，如果賓語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞是否定的，否定詞not的位置應(yīng)在動(dòng)詞之前，而不是動(dòng)詞之后。例如：The head nurse insisted that the patient not be moved.另外，如suggest表達(dá)“暗示”，insist表示“堅(jiān)持某種說(shuō)法”時(shí)，后面的從句不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，例如：Her p

8、ale face suggests that she is ill.或He insisted that he did not kill the boy. 除此之外，上述動(dòng)詞也要求用虛擬式： 在It is+上述動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞，其后所跟的主語(yǔ)從句中，如It is suggested that pupils wear school uniforms. 在上述動(dòng)詞相應(yīng)的名詞形式作主語(yǔ)+連系動(dòng)詞，其后的表語(yǔ)從句中，例如His suggestion was that classed be re-scheduled. 在對(duì)上述動(dòng)詞相應(yīng)的名詞進(jìn)行解釋的同位語(yǔ)從句中，如：The workers raised t

9、he demand that their pay be increased to cope with the inflation. would （had）rather , would sooner也用來(lái)表達(dá)主觀愿望，它們之后的賓語(yǔ)從句中需用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)，用過(guò)去完成式表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反，例如：I would rather he went right now. 其他形式的虛擬語(yǔ)氣 ： （） it is +necessary等形容詞后，that主語(yǔ)從句中虛擬形式使用，這類(lèi)形容詞包括necessary, important, essential, imperative, u

10、rgent, preferable, vital, advisable等，例如It is necessary that you listen to the teacher carefully.或者It is essential that you be able to pronounce every single word correctly. （） 在It's (high/about) time 之后的定語(yǔ)從句中需用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式，例如It is high time that you went to school （） 虛擬語(yǔ)氣在as if / as though 引導(dǎo)的方

11、式狀語(yǔ)從句中的應(yīng)用（謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式與wish后的賓語(yǔ)從句基本相同）表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在情況有懷疑，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式。例如：He felt as if he alone were responsible for what had happened. 表示過(guò)去想象中的動(dòng)作或情況，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去完成式。 （） 在lest 引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，(should )+ 動(dòng)詞原形。例如： The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.（1998年1月四級(jí)第38題） （） 在if only 引起的感

12、嘆句中需用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式或過(guò)去完成式。例如： Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I had followed your advice. 一、虛擬語(yǔ)態(tài)的幾種固定句式 ： 1.I wish.(一定用虛擬) 1）I wish i were you 2)I wish that she were here with me 2、as if./as though 好像 (不一定用虛擬，要看說(shuō)話(huà)的語(yǔ)境) 1）He speaks as if he were an American.(如果他真的是美國(guó)人就不用虛擬了) 2）He looks

13、as if nothing had happened. 3、if I did/were.I would. 1) If I were you, I wouldn't do that 2) If it were to snow tomorrow, they would not go out . (用were to 和were的區(qū)別是were to 是對(duì)將來(lái)的虛擬， 用were是對(duì)現(xiàn)在的虛擬詳見(jiàn)二、虛擬語(yǔ)態(tài)的幾種形式) 4、在suggest that ,advice that, require that等固定搭配后要用虛擬語(yǔ)態(tài)！ 二、虛擬語(yǔ)態(tài)的幾種形式 ： 1、對(duì)現(xiàn)在的虛擬：（直接用動(dòng)詞的過(guò)

14、去時(shí).） if I did /were. I would. 2、對(duì)將來(lái)的虛擬：If.were to.I would.= if.did.I would. (此項(xiàng)與對(duì)現(xiàn)在的虛擬相同，但對(duì)現(xiàn)在的虛擬不用were to. 要區(qū)別對(duì)將來(lái)的虛擬和對(duì)現(xiàn)在的虛擬一般句子里面都有時(shí)間標(biāo)志) (If it were to rain tomorrow, we would not go out. =If it rained tomorrow, we would not go out.) 3、對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬 If I had done.I would have done. (If I had known the answ

15、er, I would have told you.) (至于If .had been done .would have done 前面的been只是因?yàn)槭潜粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)所以要看句子的具體意思) 固定句型的補(bǔ)充。 要用虛擬語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子: i would rather i could.(I would rather she could not come here) If only.(但愿.) A:I will go to Korean next month. B:If only I could go with you 虛擬語(yǔ)態(tài)表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)不是客觀存在的事實(shí)，而是說(shuō)話(huà)人的主觀愿望，假設(shè)，推測(cè)，命令，建議

16、，要求等。 三種基本結(jié)構(gòu)： （1）. 與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)：一般過(guò)去時(shí)（be用were)，主句結(jié)構(gòu) should(would)等+動(dòng)詞原型 例如：If they were here ,they would help you.如果他們?cè)谶@，會(huì)幫助你的。 （2）. 與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)：過(guò)去完成時(shí) 主句結(jié)構(gòu)：should(would)等+have+過(guò)去分詞 例如：If he had come yesterday, should(would)have told him about it.如果他昨天來(lái)的話(huà)，我會(huì)把這件事告訴他的。 （3）. 表示對(duì)將來(lái)不大發(fā)生的是的假想。一般過(guò)去時(shí)，were+不定式，s

17、hould+動(dòng)詞原形；主句結(jié)構(gòu)：should(would)+動(dòng)詞原形。 例如：If you succeeded ,everything would be all right.如果你將來(lái)成功了一切都會(huì)好的?？疾炷阏莆樟藳](méi)啊？ 虎孩子：1. I forget where I read the article, or I _ it to you now.A. will show B. would show C. am going to show D. am showing2. “It looks as if he were drunk.” “So it does. _.” A. Hed better

18、 give up drinking B. He shouldnt have drunk so much C. Health is more important than drink D. I wonder why he is always doing so3. “Mary looks hot and dry” “So _ you if you had so high a fever.”A. do B. are C. will D. would4. “He will come tomorrow.” “But Id rather he _ the day after tomorrow. A. wi

19、ll come B. is coming C. came D. had come5. All the doctors in the hospital insisted that he _ badly wounded and that he _ at once. A. should be; be operated on B. were; must be operated onC. was; should be operated D. was; be operated on6. _ smoking, he would not have got cancer in the lung. A. Was

20、he given up B. Had he given upC. Did he give D. If he gave up對(duì)對(duì)答案，你都掌握了么？第一題答案與分析【陷阱】幾個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)均有可能誤選?！痉治觥空_答案選B。根據(jù)上文的語(yǔ)境可知句中的 or 隱含有一個(gè)虛擬的條件，即 or=if I didnt forget where I read the article（要是我沒(méi)忘記我在哪兒讀過(guò)這篇文章的話(huà)但事實(shí)上忘了）。第二題答案與分析【陷阱】幾個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)均有可能誤選，主要是受句中 drunk 一詞的影響?！痉治觥孔罴汛鸢笧镈。關(guān)鍵信息是It looks as if he were drunk 中的虛

21、擬語(yǔ)氣，句子既然用了虛擬語(yǔ)氣，也就是說(shuō)，“他喝醉了”不是事實(shí)，只是他的言行好像是醉了，所以此題的最佳答案是D。 第三題答案與分析【陷阱】容易誤選A或C。選A者，認(rèn)為前后兩句的動(dòng)詞性質(zhì)應(yīng)一致；選C者，認(rèn)為其后帶有if 條件狀語(yǔ)從句，從語(yǔ)氣上看，主句應(yīng)用將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)?！痉治觥看祟}最佳答案為D。分析如下：(1) “so + 助動(dòng)詞 + 主語(yǔ)”是一個(gè)很有用的結(jié)構(gòu)，它表示“也一樣”時(shí)。如：He likes to watch TV, and so do I. 他喜歡看電視，我也一樣。When animals and plants disappear, so will man. 當(dāng)動(dòng)植物消失的時(shí)候，人類(lèi)也會(huì)隨之

22、消失。(2) 由于空格后的 if 條件狀語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)用的是虛擬語(yǔ)氣（這是很重要的信息），所以主句要用 would 而不用 will，即答案應(yīng)選D。 第四題答案與分析【陷阱】容易誤選A或B。根He will come tomorrow 以及下文的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) the day after tomorrow 似乎都表明空白處應(yīng)填一個(gè)一般將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)。【分析】但此題的最佳答案是 C。按照英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣，would rather 后接that 從句時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)通常要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，即用過(guò)去式表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去。又如：That Id rather you left right now. 我寧愿你現(xiàn)在就離開(kāi)。I would m