2015年專升本英語(yǔ)講義-閱讀理解

1、 庫(kù)課 有趣！有料！有種！2015年專升本英語(yǔ)講義-閱讀理解一、專升本閱讀理解能力要求3二、專升本閱讀理解測(cè)試要點(diǎn)3三、影響閱讀理解解題的四大惡習(xí)3四、專升本的題材4五、閱讀理解的體裁4六、專升本閱讀理解篇章結(jié)構(gòu)類型4七、做題三步走5八、五路標(biāo)5九、英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)難句的分析專項(xiàng)練習(xí)6十、四考點(diǎn)8十一、十二法寶12十二、 一要素13十三、 三原則13參考答案：502015年專升本英語(yǔ)講義-閱讀理解一、專升本閱讀理解能力要求專升本英語(yǔ)考試閱讀理解部分要求考生順利閱讀中等語(yǔ)言難度的一般性題材的文章，掌握中心大意以及說(shuō)明中心大意的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)，并能進(jìn)行一定的分析、推理和判斷，領(lǐng)會(huì)作者的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度，閱讀速度達(dá)到每

2、分鐘7080詞。在閱讀篇幅較長(zhǎng)、難度略低、生詞不超過(guò)總詞數(shù)3%的材料時(shí)，能掌握中心大意，抓住主要事實(shí)和有關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)，閱讀速度達(dá)到每分鐘100詞。二、專升本閱讀理解測(cè)試要點(diǎn)1.基本要求：測(cè)試考生通過(guò)閱讀文章獲取信息的能力。文章選材的原則是：題材廣泛，包括人物傳記、社會(huì)、文化、日常知識(shí)、科普常識(shí)等，所涉及的背景知識(shí)應(yīng)能為學(xué)生所理解。 2.閱讀四篇短文，總閱讀量在10001200詞之間。每篇短文后5個(gè)題，總計(jì)20題，每題2分，共40分，要求根據(jù)文章從四個(gè)選擇項(xiàng)中選一個(gè)最佳答案。 三、影響閱讀理解解題的四大惡習(xí)在做閱讀理解試題的過(guò)程中，幾乎所有的考生或多或少都會(huì)受課文學(xué)習(xí)閱讀習(xí)慣的影響，不知不覺(jué)地養(yǎng)成了不

3、好的閱讀習(xí)慣。只有戒除這些壞習(xí)慣才能順利完成閱讀理解試題，取得更好的成績(jī)。這些壞習(xí)慣包括： “指讀”（pointing reading）：即為了“集中注意力”，用手指或筆尖指著文章逐詞閱讀。一遇到生詞，便停頓下來(lái)。無(wú)法在通篇理解的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行快速流暢的閱讀?！按阶x”（lip reading）：即有的學(xué)生在閱讀中喜歡讀出聲來(lái)，即使不出聲，嘴唇也在動(dòng)，或腦子里也在想著讀音。影響了大腦的思維速度。 “回讀”（repeated reading）：即在閱讀中遇到生詞或不熟悉的短語(yǔ)時(shí)，返回句首甚至段首重讀；還有相當(dāng)多的學(xué)生對(duì)閱讀已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生心理定式，認(rèn)為自己第一遍肯定讀不懂，因此反復(fù)多遍閱讀。閱讀做題效率低，浪

4、費(fèi)時(shí)間。 “譯讀”（translation reading）：即在閱讀過(guò)程中，不斷地進(jìn)行逐詞逐句的翻譯，通過(guò)譯成母語(yǔ)來(lái)輔助理解。由于沒(méi)有掌握正確的閱讀方法，習(xí)慣于在不加限定的時(shí)間內(nèi)，對(duì)一小段文章精雕細(xì)琢，導(dǎo)致了養(yǎng)成逐詞閱讀接受信息的習(xí)慣。無(wú)法整體把握文章，理解支離破碎。 四、專升本的題材1.題材=信息（文章內(nèi)容）閱讀理解是考查考生以語(yǔ)言知識(shí)和能力為工具獲取有用信息的過(guò)程。所謂信息就是指文章所涉及的內(nèi)容，即題材。2.專升本文章題材專升本英語(yǔ)閱讀理解文章題材較為廣泛，幾乎包括了我們?nèi)粘W(xué)習(xí)的各個(gè)科目，如：社會(huì)生活、人物傳記、社會(huì)文化、日常知識(shí)、經(jīng)濟(jì)、科普常識(shí)等。根據(jù)命題要求，所涉及的背景知識(shí)應(yīng)能為

5、學(xué)生所理解。 五、閱讀理解的體裁1.議論文：是對(duì)某個(gè)問(wèn)題、現(xiàn)象或某件事進(jìn)行分析、評(píng)論，表明自己的觀點(diǎn)、立場(chǎng)、態(tài)度、看法和主張的一種文體。 議論文三要素包括：論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證方法。論點(diǎn)是觀點(diǎn)，論據(jù)是事實(shí)依據(jù)或公認(rèn)的真理，論證是得出結(jié)論的方法，如歸納法、 推理法 、 對(duì)照法 、駁論法等。2.記敘文：以記敘為主要表達(dá)方式，綜合其他表達(dá)方式；以寫人、敘事、寫景、狀物為主要內(nèi)容；通過(guò)描述人物、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、事件或狀物、寫景來(lái)表達(dá)一定的中心。記敘文包括六個(gè)基本要素：時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物、起因、經(jīng)過(guò)、結(jié)果。 3.說(shuō)明文：是以說(shuō)明為主要表達(dá)方式來(lái)解說(shuō)事物、闡明事理而給人知識(shí)的文章體裁。它通過(guò)揭示概念來(lái)說(shuō)明事物特征、

6、本質(zhì)及其規(guī)律性。說(shuō)明文一般介紹事物的形狀、構(gòu)造、類別、關(guān)系、功能，解釋事物的原理、含義、特點(diǎn)、演變等。說(shuō)明結(jié)構(gòu)包括：總分；分總；總分總。六、專升本閱讀理解篇章結(jié)構(gòu)類型1.問(wèn)題型：提出問(wèn)題分析問(wèn)題解決問(wèn)題。這類文章的基本模式是：通常以某種現(xiàn)象或話題開(kāi)篇，該現(xiàn)象或者話題可能涉及社會(huì)生活、文化教育等各個(gè)領(lǐng)域。接著，針對(duì)此現(xiàn)象或話題展開(kāi)討論分析，找出其產(chǎn)生或存在的根源從而得到解決問(wèn)題的辦法。解答這一類型的試題，關(guān)鍵是抓住發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題分析問(wèn)題解決問(wèn)題這條主線。2.議論型：提出論點(diǎn)列舉論據(jù)得出結(jié)論。這一類型的文章與立論型議論文有很多共同之處，與問(wèn)題型文章也較相似?；灸Ｊ绞牵涸谖恼麻_(kāi)始，作者提出自己的觀點(diǎn)，接

7、下來(lái)用所掌握的論據(jù)對(duì)此觀點(diǎn)加以論證，最后得出結(jié)論。閱讀這類文章，只要細(xì)心掌握哪些是論點(diǎn)，哪些是論據(jù)，結(jié)論又是什么即可。3立論/駁論型：提出觀點(diǎn)表示贊同論證觀點(diǎn)；提出觀點(diǎn)發(fā)表異議駁斥觀點(diǎn)建立觀點(diǎn)論證觀點(diǎn)。這類結(jié)構(gòu)是考試中出現(xiàn)頻率較高的。文章的基本模式為：開(kāi)始先提出一種比較流行的觀點(diǎn)或者現(xiàn)象，接著闡述自己對(duì)此觀點(diǎn)或者現(xiàn)象的看法（也可能會(huì)涉及大眾的輿論）。在闡述自己看法的同時(shí)，作者會(huì)表明自己的態(tài)度，或贊成或反對(duì)。如果作者持贊成態(tài)度，就直接對(duì)它加以論證；如果持反對(duì)態(tài)度，則還要提出自己的觀點(diǎn)，并給出充分論據(jù)證明?？忌滓娜蝿?wù)就是通讀全文，弄清楚哪個(gè)是作者的觀點(diǎn)，哪個(gè)是作者要駁斥的觀點(diǎn)，每個(gè)觀點(diǎn)都有哪些

8、論據(jù)作為支撐。由于文章表述中大多有明顯的轉(zhuǎn)折意思，考生可以去找一些提示語(yǔ)，比如：However/But/Nevertheless/As a matter of fact。這些詞語(yǔ)常常可以作為作者觀點(diǎn)和其他觀點(diǎn)的分水嶺。4.因果型：結(jié)果/現(xiàn)象原因/成因。這類文章接近于說(shuō)明文。文章大多以一種現(xiàn)象或者一種結(jié)果開(kāi)篇，然后進(jìn)一步探討導(dǎo)致這種現(xiàn)象或結(jié)果的原因或成因。文章大多圍繞社會(huì)生活、文化教育等領(lǐng)域展開(kāi)。七、做題三步走1.閱讀文章做路標(biāo) (針對(duì)文章)2.明確題干找考點(diǎn) （針對(duì)題干）3.重疊原文定答案 （針對(duì)選項(xiàng)）八、五路標(biāo)1.主題句（theme）小結(jié)：2.轉(zhuǎn)折句 顯性轉(zhuǎn)折詞but，however，alt

9、hough，though，despite，in spite of，on the contrary，otherwise，while 隱性轉(zhuǎn)折詞：strongly，in fact，actually小結(jié)：3.強(qiáng)烈表達(dá)句 含有絕對(duì)意義的詞：all，no，never, must，everything，nothing，anything，anybody，nobody，everybody 表示唯一等特定的詞匯： Only，merely，unique，just 重要的：important，essential，vital，crucial，significant，unavoidable，fundamental 最高

10、級(jí)（強(qiáng)烈表達(dá)引人注意）:top，first，No.1，extreme，favorite,limitless seldom，not，few，little，hardly，rarely等否定副詞位于句首時(shí)引導(dǎo)的倒裝句4.因果條件句（題型：給果求因，給主句求條件句）因果句標(biāo)志性詞匯： as，since，because，for reason，cause result in，result from，so，thus，therefore條件句文章標(biāo)志性詞匯：If, unless小結(jié)：5.例證句九、英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)難句的分析專項(xiàng)練習(xí)根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)，長(zhǎng)難句分為四種類型：環(huán)環(huán)相扣式；并列式；插入語(yǔ)式；改變語(yǔ)序式。1. 環(huán)環(huán)相扣

11、式這類句子往往有多重句子修飾成分，這些修飾成分往往由非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞或從句充當(dāng)。在閱讀過(guò)程中，對(duì)于這類句式應(yīng)當(dāng)先找到句子的主干，然后再看修飾成分。例1： A mere hundred species (物種) are the basis of our food supply，of which but twenty carry the load. Wilson suggests changing this situation by looking into ten thousand species that could be made use of，which will be a way to red

12、uce the clearing of the natural homes of plants and animals to enlarge farming areas. 解析：第二句是多層結(jié)構(gòu)。第一層：Wilson suggests changing by looking ；that could be made use of 做定語(yǔ)修飾species。第二層：which引導(dǎo)的非限定性從句修飾changing use of。第三層：不定式 to reduce 做定語(yǔ)修飾 a way。 第四層：不定式 to enlarge 做目的狀語(yǔ)，修飾clearing。例2： This process is

13、 also found among scholars and authors： a statement of opinion by one writer may be restated by another，who may in turn be quoted by yet another；and this process may continue，unless it occurs to someone to question the facts on which the original writer based his opinion or to challenge the interpre

14、tation he placed upon those facts.解析：冒號(hào)前是句子主干，冒號(hào)后進(jìn)一步解釋。解釋中，分號(hào)分開(kāi)兩個(gè)句子。第一句中含有一個(gè)who引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。第二句中含有一個(gè)unless引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句；狀語(yǔ)從句用it做形式主語(yǔ)，to question or to challenge是真正主語(yǔ)；兩個(gè)不定式賓語(yǔ)the facts和the interpretation各有定語(yǔ)從句on which 和he placed 修飾。2.并列式這種類型的句子包含多個(gè)并列成分，如并列主語(yǔ)、并列謂語(yǔ)、并列賓語(yǔ)等，這些并列結(jié)構(gòu)常由連詞連接。在解讀這類句式時(shí)，要注意利用連詞和標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)來(lái)判斷

15、并列部分。例1： The thing I like best about them is that your money is going to be a good cause and not into the pockets of profitdriven companies，and you are not damaging the planet，but finding a new home for unwanted goods.解析：該句表語(yǔ)從句部分用了兩個(gè)并列的句子：第一個(gè)是that your money is going ，第二個(gè)句子是you are not but finding ,

16、并且兩個(gè)句子用and連接。例2： The real attractions of the Hollowell farm to me were its position, being about two miles from the village, half a mile from the nearest neighbor, bounded (相鄰) on one side by the river, and separated from the highway by a wide field.解析：該句主干是“主語(yǔ) + 系表結(jié)構(gòu)”，從being到句末都是position的同位語(yǔ)。3.插入語(yǔ)式

17、有些句子其中一部分會(huì)用逗號(hào)或破折號(hào)與其他部分分開(kāi)，而處于逗號(hào)或破折號(hào)之間的內(nèi)容通常被稱為插入語(yǔ)。閱讀時(shí)，要先將插入語(yǔ)部分跳過(guò)，先讀主句，然后再讀插入語(yǔ)部分。 例1： The lack of right male role models in many of their lives at home and particularly in the school environment means that their peers are the only people they have to judge themselves against.解析：該句中破折號(hào)中間部分可以先略過(guò)不看，首先要找到句

18、子的主干，即：The lack means that 。that 從句中又包含一個(gè)省略了關(guān)系代詞whom或that的定語(yǔ)從句，即they have to judge themselves against，修飾先行詞the only people。而破折號(hào)之間的部分為插入語(yǔ)，通常情況下略去插入語(yǔ)不影響對(duì)句子大意的理解。例2： Her workthought to be the first of its kind to test the pressure theoryresulted from the observation that juvenile blacktip sharks off Fl

19、orida moved into deeper water ahead of a violent storm in 2001.解析：破折號(hào)之間部分可以先略過(guò)不看，首先要找到句子的主干，即：Her work resulted from the observation 。然后再理解細(xì)節(jié)部分：插入語(yǔ)thought theory是補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明的成分，做非限定性定語(yǔ)，修飾主語(yǔ)her work。 that 從句用來(lái)說(shuō)明observation的具體內(nèi)容，是同位語(yǔ)從句。4.改變語(yǔ)序式有時(shí)候，有些句子會(huì)使用改變語(yǔ)序的手段，主要以強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)和倒裝來(lái)使句子復(fù)雜化。正確掌握強(qiáng)調(diào)句型和倒裝語(yǔ)法是理解這類句型的關(guān)鍵。例：It

20、was then that I realized that I had not really come to help, but to learn about and experience another culture that helped improve my own understanding of life and the world.解析：該句主干用了強(qiáng)調(diào)句型It was then that I realized ,強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間then。原句順序應(yīng)該是I realized then。在該句第二層結(jié)構(gòu)中，即that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句中，又用了一個(gè)not but連接的句式。該句的第三層結(jié)構(gòu)是c

21、ulture后面that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾culture。十、四考點(diǎn)專升本英語(yǔ)閱讀部分要求考生理解所讀文章的大意，掌握主要事實(shí)和有關(guān)具體細(xì)節(jié)，通過(guò)上下文猜測(cè)某些詞語(yǔ)的意思，辨別作者的基本態(tài)度和觀點(diǎn)，根據(jù)有關(guān)信息進(jìn)行一定的推理、判斷或引申。這些要求表現(xiàn)在閱讀理解的題型上分為四種類型：主旨大意題，詞語(yǔ)理解題，事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題和推理判斷題。1.主旨大意題(1)基本概念：考查文章的靈魂與中心。測(cè)試考生把握主題與中心思想的能力，旨在考查考生歸納總結(jié)能力以及對(duì)文章整體上的理解把握能力，特別是加工與濃縮信息的能力。 常就文章主要內(nèi)容、主題或標(biāo)題設(shè)問(wèn)。這類題目的正確選擇項(xiàng)絕不會(huì)是原文主題句的簡(jiǎn)單重復(fù)，而是其意思的

22、重新表述。(2)題型細(xì)分為三類：主題型主旨大意題，標(biāo)題型主旨大意題和目的型主旨大意題。(3)主題型主旨大意題的設(shè)問(wèn)方式The main idea /central idea /major point of the passage is.The passage is mainly about/ mainly discusses .The passage is concerned primarily about .Which of the following statements best expressed the main idea of the passage?What is the pas

23、sage mainly about? What is the main topic /main subject of this passage？Which of the following best states the theme of the passage?(4)標(biāo)題型主旨大意題的設(shè)問(wèn)方式The best title for the passage might /would be .Which of the following titles best summarize the main idea of the passage? The title best expresses the

24、idea of the passage is .The passage can be entitled .(5)目的型主旨大意題的設(shè)問(wèn)方式The authors purpose in writing the passage is to .The passage is meant to .The authors purpose is to show .The purpose of the article is to .What is the authors main purpose in the passage?例1：People have different tastes in food. S

25、ome feel that they havent eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal. Others prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti, eggplant, and fresh fruit. Still others could live on what were

26、called fast foods: a hamburger or hot dog, French fries and a soft drink.Which of the following is the main idea of the paragraph?A. Some people like steak and others red meat.B. Vegetables are very healthy for you.C. How food is prepared has a lot to do with how well a person may like it.D. Differe

27、nt people have different tastes in food.解析：主題句在段首，根據(jù)文段大意可知正確答案為D。例2：Americans might be embarrassed because their Japanese friends are so formal with them. Japanese might feel insulted because American acquaintances greet them casually. Still, the forms of greeting in both countries only show respect

28、 for others. It just happens that Americans and Japanese have a different way of looking at human relationships and thus have a different way of showing respect.This passage mainly tells us .A. how Americans show respect to othersB. how Japanese show respect to their American acquaintancesC. America

29、ns and Japanese have different ways of showing respectD. Japanese are not satisfied with American casual behavior解析：主題句在最后，根據(jù)文段大意可知正確答案為C。2.細(xì)節(jié)題（60%）(1)基本概念：考查對(duì)閱讀材料中的某一特定細(xì)節(jié)或文章的主要事實(shí)的理解能力,問(wèn)題主要包括詢問(wèn)人(who)、物(what)、時(shí)間(when)、地點(diǎn)(where)、原因(cause)、結(jié)果(effect)、文中的數(shù)據(jù)(data)等。要選擇出正確答案一定要在短文中找到相關(guān)的詞、詞組、句子，甚至是段落。(2)題型

30、特點(diǎn)：閱讀理解題中細(xì)節(jié)題所占比重很大（接近60%），難度低，容易得分。一般是根據(jù)短文提供的細(xì)節(jié)信息和事實(shí)提問(wèn)。所提問(wèn)題可以在文章中直接或間接找到答案。正確選項(xiàng)一般不會(huì)與閱讀材料的原句一模一樣，而是用不同的詞語(yǔ)或句型表達(dá)相同的意思。選擇的依據(jù)必須是短文本身提供的信息，考生絕不可根據(jù)自己的主觀假設(shè)或推測(cè)或是自己的觀點(diǎn)來(lái)決定取舍。 (3)提問(wèn)方式The study shows that .The real cause of is that .According to the passage, who/what/where/which/when/why/how ?Which of the follow

31、ing is incorrect/not mentioned/not included?The author mentions all of the items listed below except .The writer wants to prove with example of that .The example of is used to.What dose the example of show /illustrate? Which of the following is true/false except? Which of the following is mentioned

32、except?Which of the following (statements) is Not mentioned in the passage?According to the passage，which of the following statements is true?According to the passage, all of the following are true except .(4)答案選項(xiàng)類型直接辨認(rèn)類：不要求對(duì)客觀事實(shí)解釋判斷，只要求從材料中直接獲取信息。要求記住必要細(xì)節(jié)，并準(zhǔn)確迅速地回憶出來(lái)。這種類型的答案幾乎可以直接從短文中獲得，正確答案和原文中含相關(guān)信

33、息的句子和用詞也幾乎相似。直接辨認(rèn)類細(xì)節(jié)題舉例： Students in Junior One had a great time on the school trip on Childrens Day. They went to Blue Water Aquarium by bus. The teachers were very happy because the students cleaned the buses after the trip.Junior One students on Childrens Day.A. visited Beijing B. watched a match

34、 C. took a trip D. gave a talent show解析：由文段首句“had a great time on the school trip”可以直接判斷答案為C。間接辨認(rèn)類：要求對(duì)客觀事實(shí)解釋判斷，答案是從閱讀材料中獲取的信息用同義或近義的形式復(fù)述出來(lái)。有時(shí)在原文中找不到同正確選項(xiàng)相近的詞，正確答案可能是原文某一事實(shí)的結(jié)果、原因、前提等。間接辨認(rèn)類細(xì)節(jié)題舉例：Some East Africans spit four times as a kind of blessing. They do it to show that they want a sick person t

35、o get well, or to bless a newborn baby. In most other places, spitting means something completely different. It usually shows an unhealthy habit. In many countries, it may mean that you hate someone.In many places, spitting may mean .A. you give a newborn baby the blessingB. you want a sick person t

36、o get wellC. you quite dislike someoneD. you show your love to your relatives or friends解析：根據(jù)文段最后一句“In many countries, it may mean that you hate someone.”可知答案應(yīng)選C，其中quite dislike與原文中hate同義。細(xì)節(jié)題的錯(cuò)誤類型特點(diǎn)：a) 無(wú)中生有b) 正話反說(shuō)c) 混淆（張冠李戴,類而不同）d) 超越范圍（比如限定詞的范圍，文章里說(shuō)all，選項(xiàng)換成了most）3.推理題(1)基本概念：主要測(cè)試考生在理解字面意義的基礎(chǔ)上，根據(jù)材料進(jìn)

37、行判斷和推論，進(jìn)而理解文章的隱含意義和深層意義。 這類題綜合性強(qiáng)，難度較大，需要綜合運(yùn)用各種閱讀技巧，合理地根據(jù)內(nèi)容、邏輯關(guān)系、關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)以及相關(guān)背景知識(shí)進(jìn)行推斷。在準(zhǔn)確把握全篇主旨或段落主題的基礎(chǔ)上，分析句與句之間的關(guān)系，捕捉語(yǔ)言線索，揣測(cè)作者的意圖,不可死摳字面意思。 (2)(3)推理題特征詞匯：infer，be suggested(implied) but not stated，indicate，possible，probably， 4.詞語(yǔ)理解題(特殊變體是指代題)這類題主要考查對(duì)文中某個(gè)單詞、短語(yǔ)或者句子的理解，通常根據(jù)特定語(yǔ)境選擇正確答案。對(duì)于不認(rèn)識(shí)的生詞，考生可結(jié)合上下文進(jìn)行大膽猜

38、測(cè)。(1)提問(wèn)方式The word “” in the passage means. The word “” (line) could best be replaced by. According to the passage, the word “” is known as.From the passage, we can infer that the word “” means. As used in the passage, the phrase “” suggests. The expression “” is closest to. The passage used the word

39、 “”to refer to .By “” the author means .The phrase “” in the passage most properly means .The sentence “” in Para.× can be best replaced by .The word “” in Para.× is closest in meaning to .(2)詞語(yǔ)理解考查的三種命題思路：例：Can we pay too much attention to details? Absolutely. Perfectionists struggle over

40、 little things at the cost of something larger than they work toward.The word “perfectionists” refers to those who .A. pay too much attention to details only to lose their major objectiveB. know how to adjust their goals according to the circumstancesC. are capable of achieving perfect results in wh

41、atever they doD. demand others to get everything absolutely right解析：文段第三句即perfectionists所在句對(duì)其進(jìn)行了解釋，即 “struggle over little things at the cost of something larger than they work toward”，其意思是：以犧牲要做的大事為代價(jià)而注意一些雞毛蒜皮的小事?？梢?jiàn)，perfectionists是一種事無(wú)巨細(xì)一概追求盡善盡美，但往往又失去主要目標(biāo)的人。故選A。(3) 指代題提問(wèn)方式如：What does“this” refers

42、to?出題方式一般為問(wèn)It，this，that，he/she，they，we這些代詞指代部分的內(nèi)容。做這類題時(shí)切忌全文通讀或查讀距離代詞過(guò)遠(yuǎn)的部分。要注意句內(nèi)指代和句間指代。句內(nèi)指代常指所有格附近的名詞，如I love this apple and its color中，its指代的是前邊的apple。句間指代指的通常是前邊的整個(gè)句子。十一、十二法寶（針對(duì)選項(xiàng)，是最后實(shí)在沒(méi)辦法的情況下怎么“蒙”的）十二、 一要素查找細(xì)節(jié)，把握主旨。 讀文章時(shí)宏觀把握很重要，不要陷入句子里，應(yīng)該用全局的眼光來(lái)看整個(gè)文章，要“把握主旨”，再適當(dāng)看點(diǎn)兒細(xì)節(jié)。十三、 三原則閱讀理解專項(xiàng)練習(xí)Passage 1The m

43、anagement of logistical (物流的) operation is about movement and storage of material and finished products. Logistical operations start with the initial shipment of a material or component part from a supplier and are finished when a manufactured or processed product is delivered to a customer.From the

44、 initial purchase of a material or component, the logistical process adds value by moving inventory(移動(dòng)庫(kù)存) when and where needed. If all goes well, a material gains value at each step of its transformation into finished inventory. In other words, an individual part has greater value after it is put i

45、nto a machine. Likewise, the machine has greater value once it is delivered to a buyer.To support manufacturing, workinprocess inventory must be moved to support final assembly. The cost of each component and its movement becomes part of the valueadded process. The final or meaningful value that is

46、added occurs only with final ownership transfer of products to customers when and where specified.For a large manufacturer, logistical operation may consist of thousands of movements, which finally develop into the delivery of products to an industrial user, retailer, wholesaler, dealer, or other cu

47、stomer. For a large retailer, logistical operations may start with gaining products for resale and may finish with consumer pickup or delivery. For a hospital, logistics starts with purchasing and ends with full support of patient surgery and recovery. The significant point is that regardless of the

48、 size and type of enterprise, logistics is essential and requires continuous management attention. For better understanding it is useful to divide logistical operations into three areas: physical distribution, manufacturing support, and procurement (籌措，采購(gòu)）.1. Logistical operations are concerned with

49、 .A. transfer of materials and finished productsB. manufacturing of materials and finished productsC. inventory of materials and finished productsD. both A and C2. The logistical process increases value by .A. manufacturing B. inventory flowC. finished products D. operational management3. In the las

50、t paragraph, the writer gives the examples of logistical operations in order to show that .A. a large retailer purchases products for resaleB. a consumer has to pick up or deliver products himselfC. Logistics is important to an enterprise and needs continuous managementD. a large manufacturer has to

51、 deliver products to its customer4. The paragraph following the last one in the passage will probably discuss .A. inventory B. manufacturing supportC. physical distribution D. procurement .5. The main idea of the passage is about .A. moving inventoryB. logistical operationsC. transformation of mater

52、ials and finished productsD. storage of materials and finished productsPassage 2 Once somebody thought that air pollution affected only the area immediately around large cities with factories and heavy automobile traffic. Today, we know that although these are the areas with the worst air pollution,

53、 the problem is literally worldwide. On several occasions over the past decade, a heavy cloud of air pollution has covered the entire eastern half of the United States and led to health warnings even in rural areas away from any major concentration of manufacturing and automobile traffic. In fact, t

54、he very climate of the entire earth may be affected by air pollution. Some scientists feel that the increasing concentration of carbon dioxide in the air resulting from the burning of fossil fuels ( coal and oil) is creating a greenhouse effectholding in heat reflected from the earth and raising the

55、 worlds average temperature. If this view is correct and the worlds temperature is raised only a few degrees, much of the polar ice cap will melt and cities such as New York, Boston, Miami, and New Orleans will be under water.Another view, less widely held, is that increasing particular matter in th

56、e atmosphere is blocking sunlight and lowering the earths temperaturea result that would be equally disastrous. A drop of just a few degrees could create something close to a new ice age, and would make agriculture difficult or impossible in many of our top farming areas. At present we do not know f

57、or sure that either of these conditions will happen though one recent government report prepared by experts in the field concluded that the greenhouse effect is very likely. Perhaps, if we are very lucky, the two tendencies will offset each other and the worlds temperature will stay about the same as it is now.1. This passage is mainly concerned with .A. the greenhouse effectB. the potential effect