美國(guó)超驗(yàn)主義分析

1、英本英本132班班小組成員：李偉小組成員：李偉 田源田源 蘇爾男蘇爾男 邢劍邢劍 孟珂瑤孟珂瑤 張麗張麗TranscendentalismTranscendentalism is literature, philosophical and literary movement that flourished in New England from about 1836 to 1860. It originated among a small group of intellectuals who were reacting against the orthodoxy of Calvinism an

2、d the rationalism of the Unitarian Church, developing instead their own faith centering on the divinity of humanity and the natural world.超驗(yàn)主義是從超驗(yàn)主義是從1836到到1860于新英格蘭發(fā)起的一場(chǎng)文學(xué)、哲學(xué)以于新英格蘭發(fā)起的一場(chǎng)文學(xué)、哲學(xué)以及藝術(shù)運(yùn)動(dòng)。由于一小群知識(shí)分子反對(duì)加爾文教派和唯一神論教及藝術(shù)運(yùn)動(dòng)。由于一小群知識(shí)分子反對(duì)加爾文教派和唯一神論教派理性的形式主義，他們從而提出人與自然的神圣這一信念。派理性的形式主義，他們從而提出人與自然的神圣這一信

3、念。The belief that God is immanent in each person and in nature and that individual intuition is the highest source of knowledge led to an optimistic emphasis on individualism, self-reliance, and rejection of traditional authority. 超驗(yàn)主義者認(rèn)為人人都有內(nèi)在的神性，只有通過(guò)接觸自然才能使神性與人的天性相互融合，從而超驗(yàn)主義十分強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)人主義、自立、拒絕傳統(tǒng)權(quán)威思想。Th

4、e ideas of transcendentalism were most eloquently expressed by Ralph Waldo Emerson in such essays as NATURE(1836),and Self-Reliance and by Henry David Thoreau in his book Walden. 超驗(yàn)主義思想在愛(ài)默生的論自然(1836)和論自立以及梭羅的瓦爾登湖（1854）等書(shū)中表現(xiàn)的淋漓盡致。02LOREM IPSUM English authors such as Carlyle, Coleridge, and Wordswort

5、h.01LOREM IPSUM romantic German philosophy03LOREM IPSUM Indian and Chinese religious teachings.超驗(yàn)主義的來(lái)源The Transcendentalism placed emphasis on spirit,or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe.超驗(yàn)主義認(rèn)為精神或“超靈”是宇宙中最重要之物。The Transcendentalism stress the importance of the individual.超驗(yàn)主義

6、者注重個(gè)人。The Transcendentalism offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God.超驗(yàn)主義認(rèn)為自然是超靈或者上帝的象征。愛(ài)默生與論自然愛(ài)默生與論自然As the leading New England Transcendentalist,Emerson effected a most articulate synthesis of the trsanscendentalist views.One major element of his philosophy is his firm

7、 belief in the transcendence of the “Oversoul”. 作為超驗(yàn)主義的先驅(qū)，愛(ài)默生將超驗(yàn)主義的觀點(diǎn)做了一個(gè)系統(tǒng)的綜合，其中最主要的元素就是”O(jiān)versoul”(超靈)Nature-超驗(yàn)主義的圣經(jīng)超驗(yàn)主義的圣經(jīng)Standing on the bare ground, my head bathed by the blithe air and uplifted into infinite space, all mean egotism vanishes. I become a tansparement eyeball: I am nothing: I see

8、all: the currents of the Universal Being circulate through me: I am part or particle of God. 站在空曠站在空曠的土地上，我的頭腦沐浴在清爽的空氣中，的土地上，我的頭腦沐浴在清爽的空氣中，所有卑下的自私都消失了。所有卑下的自私都消失了?！拔易兂闪艘晃易兂闪艘粋€(gè)透明的眼球。我是一個(gè)個(gè)透明的眼球。我是一個(gè)無(wú)無(wú)，我看見(jiàn)，我看見(jiàn)了一切。普遍的存在進(jìn)入到我的血脈，在了一切。普遍的存在進(jìn)入到我的血脈，在我周身流動(dòng)。我成了上帝的部分和分子。我周身流動(dòng)。我成了上帝的部分和分子。Each mind lives in the

9、 Grand mind. 每顆心靈都存在于一顆共同的心靈中LOREMLOREMThere is one mind common to all individual men.所有人共享一顆心靈LOREMLOREMMan is conscious of a universial soul within or behind his individual life.每個(gè)人在個(gè)人生活之外能感受到一個(gè)共同的靈魂LOREMLOREMThoreau recounts his daily life in the woods and celebrates nature and the individuals ab

10、ility to live independently of society.Walden is neither a novel nor a true autobiography, but a social critique of the Western World, with each chapter heralding some aspect of humanity that needed to be either renounced or praised.梭羅在書(shū)中敘述了在森林里的日常生活，歌頌了自然，強(qiáng)調(diào)了個(gè)人獨(dú)立于社會(huì)之外的能力。瓦爾登湖既不是小說(shuō)也不能算是自傳，而是一部西方社會(huì)批評(píng)

11、史，書(shū)中的每個(gè)章節(jié)都對(duì)人類(lèi)社會(huì)的某個(gè)方面進(jìn)行批判或是頌揚(yáng)。Thoreaus masterpiece,Walden, is great Transcendentalist work that came out of the period under discussion. As a young man Thoreau took a more than usual interest in the natural world.Like Emerson, but more than him, he saw nature as a genuine restorative, healthy influen

12、ce on mans spiritual well-being, and regarded it as a symbol of the spirt. He tried to seek a way to unlock the secrets of the spirit.梭羅的巨著瓦爾登湖是當(dāng)時(shí)的一部偉大的超驗(yàn)主義著作。作為一個(gè)年輕人，梭羅對(duì)大自然有著非同一般的興趣。他比愛(ài)默生更執(zhí)著的認(rèn)為自然對(duì)人類(lèi)的精神起著恢復(fù)的作用和健康的影響，并認(rèn)為自然是精神的象征。他嘗試尋找靈魂的秘密Walden can be many things and can be read on more than one lev

13、el.But it is, first and foremost, a book on self-culture and human perfectibiliy. It is a book ,as J.L. Basile sums it up,about man, what he is and what he should ben and must be. Thoreau has faith in the inner virtue and inward, spiritual grace of man.He hold the most important thing for men to do with their lives is