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1、附 錄中英文翻譯1 介紹國家經(jīng)濟發(fā)展最重要的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)之一就是交通運輸,但是中國修建鐵路、公路多為多山的地形,為克服各種自然或人工障礙必須要修建隧道。隨著科學技術(shù)的發(fā)展,隧道建筑的技術(shù)正在日趨完善。特別地,深埋的,特長的, 大跨度的隧道在很復(fù)雜的地質(zhì)情況下施工開挖會遇到許多麻煩。因此,要找到解決這些麻煩的方法。 目前,預(yù)先進行地質(zhì)學調(diào)查,選擇正確的施工方案和技術(shù), 提高早期建筑用材質(zhì)量,加強數(shù)據(jù)回應(yīng)的監(jiān)控, 并進行科學的管理,在施工中可以減少或避免意外事件的發(fā)生。此外,作為上面提到的方法之一,PGP在所有的隧道建筑和幾乎所有的地下工程中扮演了一個重要的角色。PGP技術(shù)的目的要通過探測距離工作

2、面以前幾十米到上百米的地質(zhì)情況,預(yù)先做出及時應(yīng)對。預(yù)報內(nèi)容包括工程地質(zhì)的情況和水文地質(zhì)的情況,如基本的地質(zhì)情況,巖石的質(zhì)量,圍巖等級。預(yù)報地質(zhì)破碎的地域和水文地質(zhì)的情況。為做出正確預(yù)報有三個主要的階段: 第一,挖掘前的地質(zhì)調(diào)查;第二, 挖掘期間的地質(zhì)調(diào)查;第三,分析有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)來預(yù)知前面的地質(zhì)情況。2 地質(zhì)的調(diào)查方法2.1 隧道建筑前的地質(zhì)調(diào)查挖掘前地質(zhì)調(diào)查的目的要從工程地質(zhì)學的角度檢驗挑選的隧道方案, 和為選擇方案提供工程地質(zhì)的材料。地質(zhì)調(diào)查基本的內(nèi)容要調(diào)查隧道開挖經(jīng)過區(qū)域的工程地質(zhì)的情況和水文情況。也就是說,了解整個區(qū)域的可以看到的地質(zhì)特征。2.2 隧道建筑期間的地質(zhì)調(diào)查它的目的要探究在隧道施

3、工期間隧道內(nèi)外的地質(zhì)情況。內(nèi)容包括地質(zhì)的大致情況,結(jié)構(gòu)的數(shù)值統(tǒng)計,水文觀察,地質(zhì)變動的調(diào)查等等。2.2.1 在隧道內(nèi)的地質(zhì)調(diào)查1) 地質(zhì)情況的草圖在工作面位置上的地質(zhì)草圖會很快作完。它包括很多主要內(nèi)容,像是圍巖性質(zhì),壓碎區(qū)域,接縫,破裂帶,地下水等。地質(zhì)草圖不僅在野外是必須的而且在系統(tǒng)前也是必須的。地質(zhì)的草圖在隧道的開鑿和建筑用材選取的情況下起很重要的作用。因此,為了要探究工作面的地質(zhì)情況, 使用數(shù)字儀器掃描工作面和邊墻尤為重要。2) 結(jié)構(gòu)的數(shù)值統(tǒng)計巖石結(jié)構(gòu)的數(shù)值統(tǒng)計是在發(fā)現(xiàn)周圍的巖石結(jié)構(gòu)的特性的基礎(chǔ)上分析穩(wěn)定性和預(yù)知向前的地質(zhì)情況。一般情況下,在一邊墻上選擇一個范圍從2m×2m到5

4、m×2m的抽樣窗口。在抽樣窗口,每一結(jié)構(gòu)的各種參數(shù)包括位置,形態(tài),輪廓長度,粗糙程度,空穴,填充特征,地下水特性等等都要測量。同時,結(jié)構(gòu)形態(tài)經(jīng)由數(shù)字相片和構(gòu)造應(yīng)力聯(lián)合數(shù)值統(tǒng)計分析,每一主要部分都要分析研究,破碎區(qū)域可以用蒙地卡羅方法來進行模擬。3) 聲波探測聲波探測的原理聲波在不同的巖石塊中傳播速度不同。因此巖石層的巖石和質(zhì)量的變化就可能通過傳播速度來確定。 一般的說,聲波傳播的速度越快,說明巖石的整體性和巖石的性質(zhì)越好。在挖掘期間,常在工作面上開鑿小導(dǎo)洞來進行聲波探測。在探測區(qū)域內(nèi)依照聲波的傳播速度和地質(zhì)情況草圖,周圍巖石的情況就可以預(yù)先了解分析。4) 水流觀察當水涌入隧道內(nèi)時,要

5、及時的觀察和測量流動速度。此外,涌水大小的變化要及時分析。至于大量涌水,涌水速度要重點測量,進行抽樣分析評估外表水對隧道建筑的影響,尤其在突然涌水的情況之下。藉著水流率的變化和水的性質(zhì)的實驗,水在隧道施工或者氣候變化時的涌入就可以確定。2.2.2 隧道外的地質(zhì)調(diào)查1) 工程地質(zhì)的調(diào)查依靠野外探察和先進的探測儀器,就可以發(fā)現(xiàn)地質(zhì)的結(jié)構(gòu)和它的紋理特性之間的關(guān)系, 而且可以推測出隱藏著的或不完全暴露的地質(zhì)情況。 為了要推測出對隧道的影響程度要找出沉陷區(qū)域和河谷形成的原因。 同時, 要發(fā)現(xiàn)壓碎地帶來確定缺點和隧道之間的關(guān)系。除此之外, 為了推測出不良地質(zhì)對隧道的影響,不良地質(zhì)的類型和范圍也要分析研究。

6、2) 水文地質(zhì)調(diào)查依據(jù)地下水露出情況的調(diào)查,含水層,有浸透性的含水層和不能滲透的隔水層就可以確定,而且它們對隧道的影響也可以被確定。地下水和它的供應(yīng),地下水的變動,流率,流動方向等等也需要調(diào)查。3 PGP的應(yīng)用PGP 的內(nèi)容主要地包括基本的地質(zhì)情況的預(yù)報,巖石性質(zhì),壓碎區(qū)域, 水涌入隧道,塌方等等。 隧道開挖災(zāi)害研究必然以地質(zhì)因素為其主要研究對象。本文以硬巖隧道開挖工程區(qū)域巖體(石)的各向異性研究為起點,從不同類型斷層為主要構(gòu)造形跡的應(yīng)力分布特征出發(fā),并結(jié)合隧道地下涌水災(zāi)害,系統(tǒng)研究隧道開挖的地質(zhì)災(zāi)害類型,以宏觀表象、主控因素、災(zāi)害機制及防治對策為主要研究內(nèi)容,全面深入研究旨在為隧道開挖期間防

7、災(zāi)、減災(zāi)提供理論基礎(chǔ)與技術(shù)路線。論文以原生型各向異性物質(zhì)特征為基礎(chǔ),以巖體橫觀各向同性為假設(shè)條件,利用前人的理論研究結(jié)果,對于隧道開挖在此類各向異性巖體中的破壞特征進行了分析和總結(jié),提出了不等強支護的策略技術(shù)。 本文針對不同性質(zhì)的斷層作用于隧道圍巖的不同災(zāi)害類型及力學機制,根據(jù)研究需要,將斷層分為正斷層、平移斷層與逆斷層三大類;從正斷層區(qū)域的應(yīng)力狀態(tài)出發(fā),定義了正斷層區(qū)域節(jié)理巖體中隧道開挖的災(zāi)害類型為結(jié)構(gòu)型破壞并對其進行分類;利用塊體理論的思想方法研究隧道破壞過程,將巖塊向臨空面滑移分為三種形式:塌落、沿單面滑移和沿兩面滑移,并系統(tǒng)研究三種滑移的力學機制;隧道支護以工程巖體分類為基礎(chǔ),提出隧道

8、支護系統(tǒng)的建立:應(yīng)以主動支護與被動支護相結(jié)合為主導(dǎo)思想;在研究正斷層區(qū)域應(yīng)力分布以自重應(yīng)力為主應(yīng)力的基礎(chǔ)上,提出確定隧洞斷面形狀的“諧硐”原則,嘗試性地提出隧道工程開挖災(zāi)害防治的工程應(yīng)用程式。在分析平移斷層的原巖應(yīng)力狀態(tài)特征的基礎(chǔ)上,討論斷層充填物中泥化夾層的形成機制與過程,系統(tǒng)研究泥化夾層的分布規(guī)律,及不同的巖性組合、夾層厚度、兩壁硬巖層起伏差與構(gòu)造運動對泥化夾層分布的影響;從理論上深入研究泥化夾層中水膜面的成因及特殊的力學機制,水膜面的不連續(xù)系數(shù)Ka對水膜面力學性質(zhì)的影響;水膜面的形成使泥化夾層的強度降低了一個數(shù)量級之多,當水膜面消失后,泥化夾層抗剪強度又回復(fù)到其初始值:定義了隧道的災(zāi)害類

9、型為應(yīng)變型破壞;給出了引起隧道變形災(zāi)害的凈荷載F公式。以地質(zhì)構(gòu)造應(yīng)力場的研究現(xiàn)狀為前提,綜合研究大量的地質(zhì)資料,得出逆斷層區(qū)域地應(yīng)力場的變化規(guī)律:借助構(gòu)造應(yīng)力的概化手段,提出隧道工程區(qū)域構(gòu)造應(yīng)力概化的思路模型;對某地下工程區(qū)域進行地應(yīng)力現(xiàn)場量測,編寫了三維應(yīng)力量測應(yīng)用程序。逆斷層區(qū)域集中有較高的構(gòu)造應(yīng)力,從而使巖爆為其典型的災(zāi)害之一。本文根據(jù)人類地下工程的不同特點將巖爆分為6大類,逆斷層區(qū)域隧道巖爆列屬其中;建立斷層兩盤不同的巖性組合,即互層狀、互列狀與平行裂隙巖體的巖爆研究力學模型,規(guī)律性的研究為隧道巖爆的預(yù)測與防治提供了指導(dǎo);文中結(jié)合巖爆預(yù)測核心內(nèi)容,做出易于操作的逆斷層區(qū)域隧道巖爆綜合預(yù)

10、測的程式和方法。本文以唯象學為基礎(chǔ)建立雙孔變形滲流禍合模型,借助孔隙裂隙彈性理論,深入研究裂隙與孔隙之間的流體壓力與固體變形之間的藕合關(guān)系,研究裂隙與孔隙之間的流體流動與雙孔壓差的關(guān)系;并結(jié)合Darcy定律研究雙孔的瞬時位移量和流體壓力隨時間的變化規(guī)律:滲透性控制著雙孔效應(yīng)。研究表明,孔隙基質(zhì)與裂隙之間因剛性差產(chǎn)生了一定的壓差,雙孔之間的流體轉(zhuǎn)換及其應(yīng)變效應(yīng)使這種壓差消失而達到一種新的平衡結(jié)構(gòu),隧道開挖破壞了這種平衡從而使雙孔中的流體在滲透與流動過程中而涌入隧洞;據(jù)此本文研究了預(yù)測隧道涌水的理論與經(jīng)驗解析法,并提出隧道涌水預(yù)測研究的工作程式。Applications of Pre-Geolog

11、ical Predictionin Tunnel Construction1 IntroductionDeveloping transportation is one of the most important infrastructural industries flourishing national economy. But China has a mountainous landform, where railway, highway, and so on are constructed. Tunnels have to be built in order to overcome se

12、veral kinds of natural and artificial obstacles. With the development of science and technology, techniques of tunnel construction are becoming perfect, while difficulties encountered arise quickly. In particular, deep-buried, long, large-scale tunnels under highly complex conditions encounter lots

13、of troubles during the excavation. Therefore, it is necessary to develop methods to deal with these troubles. At present, by adopting pre-geology survey and prediction, selecting a correct scheme and technique, enhancing earlier timbering means, strengthening feedback of monitoring information, and

14、processing scientific management, events are decreased and avoided in excavation. Furthermore, as one of methods and techniques mentioned above, PGP is playing an important role in the construction of all tunnels and almost all underground works.The purpose of the technique of PGP is to predict forw

15、ard geologic condition timely, by means of detecting forward geologic condition from a varying distance between dozens of meters to several hundreds of meters to working face. Prediction contents consist of engineering geologic condition and hydro geological condition such as basic geologic conditio

16、n, quality of rock mass, sorts of surrounding rock, prediction of faults and crushed zones, prediction of water inflow, and prediction of collapse. Three main phases are needed in order to accomplish the prediction: firstly, geologic survey before excavation. secondly, geologic survey during excavat

17、ion, and thirdly, analyzing correlative data and predicting forward geologic condition.2 Methods of Geologic Survey2.1 Geologic survey before tunnel constructionThe purposes of geologic survey before excavation are to demonstrate selected tunnel scheme in the field of engineering geology, and to pro

18、vide engineering geologic material for determining tunneling scheme. The basic contents of the geologic survey are to find engineering geologic condition and hydro geological condition within tunnel region by means of exploration. That is to say, macroscopic characteristics of regional geology are r

19、ealized by the geologic survey.2.2 Geologic survey during tunnel constructionIts purpose is to explore geologic condition inside or outside the tunnel during tunneling. The contents include geologic sketch, structural plane statistic, water inflow observation, surficial geologic survey, and so no.2.

20、2.1 Geologic survey inside the tunnel1) Geologic sketchOn working face exposure, geologic sketch is done quickly. It mainly masters the contents such as lithologic character, faults and crushed zones, joints, fractures, groundwater, etc.It is required that geologic sketch is made not only in the fie

21、ld, but also before shotcrete system. This shows that geologic sketch is done under the condition of excavating and timbering of tunnels. Therefore, in order to explore geologic condition of working face, it is important to use a digital-camera to shoot the scene of the working face and the sidewall

22、.2) Structural plane statisticStructural plane statistic of rock mass is to analyze the stability and to predict forward geologic condition on the basis of finding structural characteristics of surrounding rock.In general, a side wall is chosen as a sampling window, whose range is commonly from 2 m&

23、#215;2 m to 5 m×2 m. Within the sampling window, parameters including location, attitude, trace length, roughness, opening, filling character, groundwater property, and so on, of every structural plane is measured. Meanwhile, structural attitude are analyzed by means of both digital photos and

24、joint statistic in tectonic stress field, perfect attitude of every main structural plane is obtained, and fractured network system is simulated by Monte Carlo Method.3) Sound wave detectionThe principle of sound wave detection is on basis of the fact that different rock mass has a different velocit

25、y of sonic propagation. Therefore, in the light of propagation velocity, quality index of rock mass and changes of rock layer can be determined. In general, the higher the velocity of sonic propagation is, the better the integrality is, and the better the quality of rock mass will be.In the course o

26、f excavation, shot holes of working face are used for sound wave detection. According to the velocity of the sound wave within detection length, linking with the results of geologic sketch, the condition of the surrounding rock can be evaluated and predicted.4) Water inflow observationAs for water i

27、nflow into tunnels, the flow rate is measured timely besides general observation. Furthermore, variation of the flow rate needs to be analyzed timely. As for water inflow with greater volume, the flow rate is measured with emphases, and its sampling is analyzed in order to evaluate the influence of

28、surface water on tunnel construction, especially under the condition of precipitation seepage .By water quality testing and variation of flow rate, water inflow into tunnels due to tunneling or climatic change can be determined.2.2.2 Geologic survey outside tunnels1) Engineering geologic surveyBy fi

29、eld exploration and by means of advanced detecting instrument, relationship between geologic structure and its lithologic character can be found out, and hidden or incompletely exposed geologic condition can be deduced. Cause of formation within pit regions and river-valley is found out in order to

30、deduce influencing degree on tunnels. At the same time, fault and crushed zones are discovered to determine relationship between faults and tunnels. In addition, ill geologic types and ranges need to be found out for the sake of deducing its effects on tunnels.2) Hydro geological surveyBy investigat

31、ing diaclase and groundwater outcrop, regions of aquifer, permeable aquifer, and impermeable layer can be determined, and their influences on tunnels can also be ascertained. Groundwater and its supplying, fluctuation of groundwater,flow rate, direction of flowing water, and so on need to be found o

32、ut.3 Applications of PGPThe contents of PGP mainly include prediction of basic geologic condition, rock mass quality, faults and crush zones, water inflow into tunnels, collapse, and so on.Geological condition is the important factors in study on tunnel excavating disaster inevitably. From the aeolo

33、tropy of hard rock of tunnel engineering region, the stress distribution of several kinds of fault to the water gushing of tunnel, the type of geology disaster involved in macrocharacter, main control factors, disaster mechanism and control strategy in tunnel excavating are studied systematically in

34、 this thesis. The purpose is to establish a theory and technology method for forecast and decrease disaster in tunnel excavating.Based on the primacy aeolotropy rock, transversely isotropic rocks is hypothesized. With the theory of the stress distribution of the rockmass, disaster character of tunne

35、l excavating in the type of transversely isotropic rocks is analyzed, and some strategy and technology of uniso-intensity support are raisedAccording to different types of disaster and mechanism of around rock mass under different faults, for study necessary, faults may be classified as three types,

36、 down fault, shift fault and reverse fault. From the stress status of down fault region, the type of disaster of tunnel excavating in jointed rock mass is defined as structural disaster. By means of the Block Theory, the tunnel destroy process can be studied, in which the block slip to spacing of tu

37、nnel can be described as three types: collapse, slip along single plane and slip along two planes, additionally the mechanics theory of these types of slip is studied systematically. On the basis of engineering rock mass classifications, the support system is advanced that the active support and pas

38、sive one may be combined. In the light of the law that gravity stress is the main stress in the down fault region, the Homo-tunnel principle is designed for section of tunnel. Furthermore, engineering application program is pose for control tunnel hazards.With the stress distribution of shift fault,

39、 the intercalated clay layer in the fault forming process and mechanism are discussed. Meanwhile, the intercalated clay layer distribution regular and some affecting factors, such as different rock combination, thickness of intercalated clay layer, the difference of rise-fall in hard rock of two sti

40、ffs, structural movement and so on, are studied systematically. The cause of forming water film and special mechanism is researched in depth on theory. It is obvious that the un-continuous coefficient Ka affected mechanics properties greatly, and the water film make the strength of intercalated clay

41、 layer decrease more than one magnitude order. However, when the film disappear, the shear strength resumed to the initial value. The type of tunnel disaster is defined as strain lazards. Additionally, the net load F is gotten for forecasting the deform disaster of tunnel.For the purpose of getting

42、the ground stress law in reverse fault region, it is very useful and important to use the study status of structure stress field as premise, moreover, a great quantity geology material can be synthesized to research the law. By means of the generalization of structure stress, the study model for str

43、ucture stress generalization in tunnel engineering region is advanced. Additionally, author measured structure stress in a underground rock mass engineering region, and write 3D stress measure application program. The conclusion may be get that in the reverse fault region, the structure stress is high, as for hard rocks, rockburst is a typical geology disaster. Then rockburst is classified as six types according to the different character of underground engineering, besides the tunnel rockburst in reverse fault

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