土木建筑英文外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯高層建筑設(shè)計(jì)與城空間管理資料

1、高層建筑設(shè)計(jì)與城市空間簡介：隨著高層建筑技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展，高層建筑已經(jīng)成為城市空間中不可缺少 的元素，成為城市的一道亮麗風(fēng)景，然而高層建筑與城市空間的融合依然存在一 些缺陷。關(guān)鍵字：建筑設(shè)計(jì)城市規(guī)劃廣場架空高層建筑形式在古代就已有了，早在公元前五百多年的古巴比倫曾經(jīng)建造了 現(xiàn)在號稱世界七大奇跡之一的“空中花園”，根據(jù)記載，其形式非常之華麗壯觀, 放置在任何空間之中都可以說是一道絕美的風(fēng)景。 近代隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，尤其是鋼鐵、電梯的出現(xiàn)以及后來 鋼筋混凝土的應(yīng)用，為高層建筑 發(fā)展創(chuàng)造了前所未有的機(jī)遇，高 層建筑也成為城市空間中一道 獨(dú)特的風(fēng)景，其中以美國的高層 建筑發(fā)展最為活躍，如1885年的芝

2、加哥家庭保險(xiǎn)大樓被公認(rèn)為第一幢摩天建筑， 而紐約的曼哈頓區(qū)更是高樓云 集；近年來我國的高層建筑也發(fā)展迅速， 如上海的金茂大廈88層，。隨著結(jié)構(gòu)理 論和技術(shù)的發(fā)展，高層建筑結(jié)構(gòu)形式趨于多樣化，高層建筑的表現(xiàn)形式也多種多 樣，但隨之所帶來的弊端也越來越多的表現(xiàn)出來，在成為城市風(fēng)景的同時(shí)如何恰 當(dāng)?shù)娜谌氤鞘锌臻g成為高層建筑設(shè)計(jì)的一個(gè)重要任務(wù)，也是使高層建筑設(shè)計(jì)趨于 完善所追求的一種理念。城市空間是人類生活和生產(chǎn)所需要的重要因素，它為居民提供各種活動(dòng)的可 能。這個(gè)可以說是城市空間比較科學(xué)性的定義，而本文提到的城市空間則更具體 更形象，主要指城市內(nèi)的建筑物、道路、綠地、廣場、公共服務(wù)設(shè)施等實(shí)體以及 由這

3、些實(shí)體所構(gòu)成的立體空間，也是人處在其中能真實(shí)、直觀感受到的空間。高 層建筑是否與所處的城市空間融洽，其評價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)相當(dāng)一部分取決于公眾的感受,簡單的說就是人處在所創(chuàng)造空間中的感受； 所以一位建筑設(shè)計(jì)者在進(jìn)行高層建筑設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)要充分考慮所創(chuàng)造出來的空間（無論 是內(nèi)部還是外部）給予使用者的感受。這些 是理論上要求一位建筑設(shè)計(jì)師要考慮的因 素也是作為一名建筑師應(yīng)該承擔(dān)的責(zé)任， 而 且還可以據(jù)此評價(jià)一位建筑師的設(shè)計(jì)能力 和水平及其職業(yè)道德。事實(shí)上在進(jìn)行一項(xiàng)高層建筑設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)，開發(fā)商受利益的驅(qū)使往往不會(huì)考慮建筑與環(huán)境的關(guān)系，此時(shí)，規(guī)劃部門所出臺的各種條文政策及規(guī)范將扮演著重要角色， 它強(qiáng)制性的要求必須顧及城市環(huán)境，

4、營造舒適的城市空間?？梢钥闯?，高層建筑設(shè)計(jì)與城市空間的協(xié)調(diào) 以及城市空間的營造是通過兩方面的共同作用來完成的，即建筑設(shè)計(jì)和規(guī)劃。下面就從建筑設(shè)計(jì)和城市規(guī)劃兩方面談?wù)劯邔咏ㄖO(shè)計(jì)與城市空間的關(guān)系。一建筑設(shè)計(jì)1、充分發(fā)揮廣場的作用高層建筑由于其體量的巨大，往往給街道空間一種突然的壓迫感，使人感覺 好像從一個(gè)大空間突然進(jìn)入一個(gè)小空間，這是由于高層建筑的體量所造成的對比。因此凡是處在街道兩旁體量巨大的高層建筑在設(shè) 計(jì)時(shí)應(yīng)該對其進(jìn)行后退處理，并在其退出的用地上設(shè) 計(jì)一廣場空間，這個(gè)廣場空間將起到空間的緩沖作 用；而且由于高層建筑的建筑面積遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出其用地面 積，容納的人員較多，出入口人流密度相對較大，后

5、退出的廣場空間也起到緩解交通壓力的作用； 從另外 一方面講，廣場空間往往在街道空間以及城市空間中 起到非常重要作用，能夠給公眾留下較深的印象，也 往往能成為城市的節(jié)點(diǎn)，這就是共享空間的好處。有 的建筑大師甚至直接設(shè)計(jì)成下沉式的廣場， 如日本建筑大師嘰崎新設(shè)計(jì)的日本筑 波中心的下沉式廣場，獨(dú)特的廣場空間造型，以人和環(huán)境為設(shè)計(jì)重點(diǎn)，不僅為公 眾提供了一個(gè)舒適的安靜的休閑場所， 而且使建筑塔樓的形象特征更加突出。 這 種下沉式的廣場往往更容易給人留下印象，就空間形式而言它是一種非常富有情趣的空間。因此在進(jìn)行高層建筑設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)廣場和建筑應(yīng)該作為一體來考慮。2、高層建筑主體設(shè)計(jì)對于一個(gè)城市而言，高層建筑往往

6、具有一定的代表性和象征性， 可以反映一 個(gè)城市經(jīng)濟(jì)水平和發(fā)展程度，選擇合理的造型就顯的尤為重要。高層建筑由于其 結(jié)構(gòu)形式的限制以及使用功能的要求， 在造型上往往追隨于建筑的結(jié)構(gòu)形式， 而 不能有太多的變化，有的高層建筑甚至直接將結(jié)構(gòu)形式 外露不加修飾。高層建筑的主體部分是它的塔樓，塔樓 的表現(xiàn)形式對高層建筑的造型起著決定性的作用，現(xiàn)今 國外和國內(nèi)的許多高層建筑都有著獨(dú)特的外形和明顯 的識別性，對一個(gè)城市具有一定的代表性，這可以說是 高層建筑存在的一個(gè)原因。隨著近年來資源短缺問題的 出現(xiàn)，全球提出了可持續(xù)發(fā)展，而高層建筑就環(huán)保節(jié)能 方面來說是很浪費(fèi)的，隨之就出現(xiàn)了 “生態(tài)型”建筑的 概念，如生態(tài)

7、建筑師一一諾曼福斯特設(shè)計(jì)的法蘭克福商業(yè)銀行總部大廈在強(qiáng)調(diào)象征意義和功能的同時(shí)， 就引入生態(tài)的概念，是世界上 第一座“生態(tài)型”超高層建筑。具建筑平面呈三角形，宛如三葉花瓣夾著一支花 莖：花瓣部分是辦公空間，花莖部分為中空大廳。中空大廳起自然通風(fēng)作用，同 時(shí)還為建筑內(nèi)部創(chuàng)造了豐富的景觀。而氣候設(shè)計(jì)大師一一楊經(jīng)文設(shè)計(jì)的馬來西亞 吉隆坡梅納拉大廈則體現(xiàn)了利用空中開放空間連通建筑內(nèi)外，貫徹“生物氣候大樓”思想，引入了大量的植物，立面上螺旋上升的垂直綠化和底部斜坡的綠化都 有助于調(diào)節(jié)氣候，盡可能地拉近了人與自然的距離，較好地完成了室內(nèi)外空間的 過渡與銜接。同時(shí)對形成良好的城市空間環(huán)境也是一種深化。 可以看

8、出目前高層 建筑設(shè)計(jì)的一個(gè)新要求就是要實(shí)現(xiàn)“生態(tài)節(jié)能型”。高層建筑主體的下部分一一裙房雖然對整個(gè)城市影響較小，但它對于街道的尺度 和人情化空間的創(chuàng)造等方面卻有著重要的影響。建筑的裙樓立面設(shè)計(jì)一般不同于 上部立面，需要進(jìn)行細(xì)致的設(shè)計(jì)，從而使下部空間豐富多彩而不至于感到蒼白； 并要體現(xiàn)人的尺度，因?yàn)槿狗坎糠指娨曈X接觸較密切， 對街道空間感影響也 較大。而高層建筑的最上部分一一屋頂對整個(gè)建筑形象起到強(qiáng)化個(gè)性的作用，雖 然它較少影響到生態(tài)環(huán)境，但對塑造建筑的標(biāo)志性、豐富城市天際線具有重要的作用，因此應(yīng)根據(jù)建筑的基座、樓身等因素加以塑造3、巧妙的運(yùn)用一些處理手法高層建筑的塔樓部分雖然變化的余地不大，

9、 但是底層部分卻可以進(jìn)行一些巧 妙的處理來豐富空間形式。一般可以采用底層架空和入口縮進(jìn)的手法。底層架空 的處理手法是現(xiàn)代建筑的特征之一，它可以在高密度的環(huán)境中爭取到寶貴的用 地，把城市的道路、廣場和建筑有機(jī)地結(jié)合在一起，形成通透的、公共的開放空 問，給市民以小憩之地；同時(shí)還可以改善人流、視覺擁擠的狀況，連通幾個(gè)主要 的公共場所，以增加城市空間的層次。高層建筑臨近城市道路布置時(shí)，入口空間 凹入建筑下部可以避免主體的被迫后退（用地非常緊張的情況下），爭取基地面積 的有效使用，緩解入口處各種矛盾沖突；并有可能在建筑的形體設(shè)計(jì)、空間組織 等方面形成新穎的構(gòu)思，這種入口后退架開的處理不僅空間層次豐富而且

10、給人的 印象也深刻。二規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)1、避免高層建筑密集高層建筑的密集雖然對于城市辦公等條件方便有利，卻給城市空間帶來很多 壓力，造成城市空間和城市交通的擁擠， 甚至是一些史料不及的污染和危害， 比 如一些高層建筑玻璃幕墻的大面積使用造成以前未出現(xiàn)過的光污染；還有就是形成高壓風(fēng)帶和風(fēng)口，這些會(huì)造成意想不到的后果。因此在規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)中要對區(qū)域內(nèi) 的高層建筑密度進(jìn)行限制，避免高層建筑的集中分布。2、高層建筑與城市街道高層建筑一般分布在城市中商業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)的地段，這些地段的街道本身交通荷載 就較大，高層建筑將大大增加這些街道的交通壓力， 分布在這些街道兩側(cè)的高層 建筑要盡量控制其層數(shù)和高度，同時(shí)在規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)要對這些

11、街道進(jìn)行擴(kuò)展， 加大 其通行能力。3、控制超高層建筑數(shù)量超高層建筑往往以其象征性和代表性而存在， 實(shí)際上這類建筑既不經(jīng)濟(jì)又不 合理，一些已建成的超高層建筑投入使用后表明收益并不樂觀， 可以說僅僅是體 現(xiàn)城市形象，提高城市知名度。結(jié)束語高層建筑已走過百年歷史，從其出現(xiàn)之日起就成為城市的焦點(diǎn)， 其形式和風(fēng) 格也不斷的發(fā)展變化著，我國的高層建筑雖然相對發(fā)達(dá)國家起步較晚， 但已經(jīng)取 得了很大的成就，像北京、上海、深圳等城市的高層建筑可以說代表了中國高層 建筑的發(fā)展史，高層建筑設(shè)計(jì)與城市空間的融合也正不斷的完善發(fā)展。參考文獻(xiàn)：1R 里爾 城市空間 同濟(jì)大學(xué)出版社，19912劉順校 周湘津 高層建筑設(shè)計(jì)

12、天津科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社，19973夏祖華 黃偉康 城市空間設(shè)計(jì) 東南大學(xué)出版社，1992High building design and city spaceBrief introduction:Construct along with the key figures technicaland quick development, key figures building have already become the city space in indispensability of chemical element, become a bright sceneryof the city, ho

13、wever key figures building and city space of fusion existsome blemishs still.Key word: The building design city planning square build on stiltsKey figures the building form at ancient times already have, the ancient Babylon of more than 500 years has ever constructed to allege now as early as . ago&

14、quot; air garden" of one of the seven greatest miracles inthe world, according to jot down, its form was very of gorgeous grand view,place and can be said to be an unique in any space beautiful age along with technical development of science, is the emergence of the steel, elevator particularly

15、 and afterwards the application of the reinforced concrete, developped to create theunprecedented opportunity for the high building,key figures the buildingalso becomesthe city space in a special scenery, amongthem with the high building of the United States develop most for stimulate, such as the f

16、amily insurance mansion of Chicago of 1885 drive generally accepted construct for the first time, but the area of Manhattan of New York is also a high building to swarm about;In recent years the key figures of the our country the building also develops quickly, as above the luxuriant mansion 88 laye

17、rs of the gold of the sea, high with the structure theories and technical developments, key figures the building structure form is tend in diversification, the architectural manifestation of key figures is also varied, but immediately the irregularity bring also more and more performances come out,

18、at the time of becoming the city scenery how melt an important mission that becomesthe high building design into the city space fittingly, is also a kind of principle that make high building design tend pursue in the perfect.The city space is mankind life and produce need of important factor, it for

19、 the possibility that the residents provide various can be treatedas more science definition of the city space, and the city space that this text speak of then more in a specific way and more image, building, roadin a city, greenly, square, the public service facilities etc. entity and stereoscopic

20、space constitute by these entities, also is person therein the ability is true and keeps the impressions to be subjected to of building of the key figures whether with is mutually agreeable the city space of the place, it evaluate standard equal a part be decided by public of feeling, say in brief t

21、o is a person to be placed in the feeling inthe space create;So a building design wants to consider well to give the space( is an inner part or an exterior regardless) that the creation come out while carry on high building design the feeling of the request the factor that a building design teacher

22、consider theoretically also is be should an architect undertake of responsibility, and can also evaluate design ability and levels and its occupation moralses of an architect on these fact while carry on a high building design, developping the company to is order about by benefits usually will not c

23、onsider the relation between building and environment, at this time, the programming section will play to emphasize the important person color various ruling policy and norms of a pedestal, its constrained request must have regard for the city environment, constructing the comfortable city see, the

24、high building design and the coordination of the city spaces and the construction of the city spaces are commorfunctions that passes the both side to complete of, namely building design and discuss the relation between high building design and the city space from the building design and the city pla

25、nning both side.One building design1, full exertive function of the squareThe building of the key figures because what it consider is huge, usually giving the street space a kind of abrupt oppression feeling, make person the felling seems to pop in a small space from a big space, this is because the

26、 key figures consider building result in of every be placedin the street bothground because of the building of architectural key figures area, the personnel who accept issides to consider the huge key figures building while design should as to it's carry on retreating the processing, and withdra

27、w at it of with a space that designs one square, the buffer function that the space of this square will rise the space;And outrun it far and far to accumulate with themore, exit and entrance the person flows the density opposite compare greatly, the space that retreats the square of also rises the f

28、unction of alleviate the transportation speak moreover and on the other hand, the space of the square is usually to rise the count for much function in the street space and the city spaces, can leave deeper impression for public, also usually can becomethe node of the city, this is the advantage tha

29、t shares the of construct the master even designs directly bottom sink type of square, if Japan constructs lately- design Japan of Arata Isozaki of master to build a bottom of center sink type square, the space shape of the special square, take person and environment as to design the point, not only

30、 provided the recreational place of a comfortable calmness for the public, but also make image characteristic of construct the towerbuilding more square of this kind of bottom sink type usually more easy leave impression for person, it is a kind of to be rich with the spaceof the interesting aspect

31、very much in regard to the space the square and building should be the integral whole while carry on high building design to consider.2, key figures building corpus designFor a city but speech, key figures the building usually has the certain representative and symbol, can reflect a level with econo

32、mic city and develop the degree, choice reasonable of that shape show is building because of the request of the restrict and usage function of its structure form, usually be follow in the architectural structure form on the shape, but can't have too manyvarieties, the key figures who have buildi

33、ng even directly add the structure outside the form not figures the corpus part of the building is its tower building, the manifestation of the towerbuilding rises to the architectural shape of key figures decisive function, present foreign and local many key figures the buildings all have the speci

34、al shape and identify sex obviously, having the certain representative to a city, this can be treated as key figures to construct existent short the emergence of problem in recent years along with the resources, the world puts forward and can keep on development, but key figures building in regard t

35、o the environmental protection economyenergy aspect is very wasted of, appeared an architectural concept immediately, such asFrankfurt who the ecosystem architect Norman RobertFoster ,especially designs the commercial bank headquarters mansion at the time of emphasizing to symbolize the meaning and

36、function, lead into the concept of the ecosystem, is the first extremely high layer building in the constructs the flat surface to present the triangle, just like three leaf the flower petal clips a stem:Flower petal the part is to transactthe space, the stem part is hollow hollow hall arise from ho

37、wever well ventilated function, return at the same time for constructed the inner part to create abundant the weather design the master thetheMalaysia Kuala Lumpur design by text pulls the mansion then body now make use of the air to open the space to connect the building inside outside, carry throu

38、gh the thought of" the living creature weather mansion", lead to go into a great deal of plant, sign to face up spiral rising of perpendicular green turn and the bottom slope of green turn to all contribute to regulating the weather, drew near the person and the distance of the nature poss

39、ibly, compare to complete the transition of the indoor outside space and link up towards becoming the good city space environment and also ising a kind of deeply at the same see a new request of the high building design of currently is to want the realization" the ecosystem economy energy type&

40、quot;.The key figures construct although the lower part cent skirtbuilding of the corpus affects to the whole city smaller, it turns the space to the dimensions and human feelingses of the street of create and wait aspect have the important architectural skirt building signs to face the design to di

41、ffer from the upper part to sign the noodles generally, needing to carry on the design of the delicacy, thus making the lower part space abundant colorful but be unlikely to feel pale;Want also body now the person's dimensions, compares with public sense of vision contact because of the skirt bu

42、ilding part closely, a space of across street feeling influence also compares topmost and parts of roof ofs ofthe building of key figures to the function that the whole building image rises to enhance the character, although it affects the ecosystem environment less, have the important function towa

43、rds molding the architectural marking, enrich the city horizon line, so should take in to mold according to the factors, such as architectural base and the building bodyetc.3, skillful some processing skills of usageKey figures the tower building part of the building although the leeway of the varie

44、ty is not big, first floor part but can carry on some skillful of processing come to abundant space adopt the first floor to build on stilts generally and the skill that the entrance 縮 processing skill that first floor build on stilts is one of the characteristic of the modern building, it can fight

45、 for in the environment of the high definition precious with ground, the road, square of the city and construct to combine together organically, become deeply of, open the space publically, give citizenry with the ground that rest a little;Can also improve the person to flow at the sametime, the con

46、dition that sense of vision hustle, connect a few main public places, to increase the layer of the city building When the close by city road arrange, the entrance space is cave to go in to construct the compelled countermarch( with under an all nerve circumstance) that the lower part can avoid the c

47、orpus, fighting for the valid usage of the base area, alleviating entrance various self-contradict conflict;Combine to conceive outline novelly in the aspect formations, such as architectural body design and the space organizationetc. probably, the processing that this kind of entrance retreats the

48、open not only the space layer is abundant and give person of impression is also deep.Two programming design1, avoid the high building intensiveKey figures building of intensive although transact to wait the condition convenience to the city beneficial, bring a lot of pressures for the city space, re

49、sult in the city space and the city transportations hustle, even is the pollution of somehistorical data can not compare withs and endanger, for example some key figures construct the light pollution that the big area of the glass act wall usage result in did not appear before;Still have is to becom

50、e the high pressure breeze to take the moderate breezes, these will result in the unexpected want to construct the density to carry on the restrict to the key figures in the district in program design, avoid the key figures building of concentration distribute.2, key figures building and city streetThe building of the key figures distributes generally in the city the flourishing district of business, the street transportation lotus of these dis