初中英語(yǔ)句子成分及練習(xí)

1、真誠(chéng)為您提供優(yōu)質(zhì)參考資料，若有不當(dāng)之處，請(qǐng)指正。英語(yǔ)中句子成分一 、英語(yǔ)句子的成分及簡(jiǎn)單句的五種基本句式 。英語(yǔ)句子與漢語(yǔ)句子一樣，都是由單詞按照一定的規(guī)則所組成的。不同的詞類(lèi)在句中所起的作用是不同的。因此，只有搞清不同詞類(lèi)在句中可充當(dāng)哪些成分，才能正確分析、理解句子的含義，并能準(zhǔn)確地遣詞造句，逐漸流利地說(shuō)出地道的英語(yǔ)?！締?wèn)】什么是句子成分？英語(yǔ)句子包含哪些成分？【答】組成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子成分。它包括：主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)等?！締?wèn)】各成分在句中的作用如何？分別由哪些詞及短語(yǔ)充當(dāng)？ 1. 主語(yǔ)：是句子要說(shuō)明的人或事物，是句子的主體，一般由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式或

2、動(dòng)名詞等充當(dāng)。如：¡ The car is running fast. / The girl can sing many English songs.(名詞)¡ We are students. / This is my pen . Yours is on the desk.(代詞)¡ One of my classmates is from Shanghai. / Two and three is five.(數(shù)詞)¡ The blind need more help.(名詞化的形容詞)¡ Its bad manners to spit in

3、 public. (不定式)¡ Eating too much is bad for your health.(動(dòng)名詞)【注意】若不定式短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)常用it作形式主語(yǔ)，而把真正的主語(yǔ)(不定式短語(yǔ))放在句后。2. 謂語(yǔ)：說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，也是句子的主體部分，一般由動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)。動(dòng)詞分為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞、連系動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞。實(shí)義動(dòng)詞單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)，連系動(dòng)詞與表語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞與省略to的不定式構(gòu)成合成謂語(yǔ)，助動(dòng)詞與動(dòng)詞原形共同構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)部分。如：¡ 由單一動(dòng)詞作謂語(yǔ)：We are Chinese. / He has an English- Chinese dictionary.

4、¡ 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞加主要?jiǎng)釉~：We can play the piano. / You must see the doctor.¡ 助動(dòng)詞加主要?jiǎng)釉~構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)：She is talking with her sister. / I have seen this man before.【注意】謂語(yǔ)與主語(yǔ)在人稱(chēng)與數(shù)方面要相互照應(yīng)。3. 表語(yǔ)：用于說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份、特征或感受，一般由名詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、分詞等充當(dāng)。常用的連系動(dòng)詞有：be，look，get，sound(聽(tīng)起來(lái))，feel，become， smell，turn，taste(嘗起來(lái))等。如：¡ They are wor

5、kers.(名詞)¡ Two and three is five.(數(shù)詞)¡ The story is very interesting.(形容詞)¡ M y job(工作)is teaching English.(動(dòng)名詞)¡ She is at home.(介詞短語(yǔ))¡ I feel terrible.(形容詞)¡ The dish tastes delicious.(形容詞)¡ He is here (副詞)¡ Its getting dark. / He got very angry. / The hill

6、has turned green. (形容詞)4. 賓語(yǔ)：是及物動(dòng)詞所涉及的對(duì)象，是動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承受者。一般由名詞、代詞、不定式及動(dòng)名詞等充當(dāng)。如：¡ He is doing his homework. / I saw a plane in the sky just now. (名詞) ¡ They did nothing this morning. / I met him on my way home.(代詞)¡ I want three./ Please pass me the first. (數(shù)詞)¡ She wants to go home.(不

7、定式)¡ We enjoy playing football.(動(dòng)名詞)【注意】有的動(dòng)詞可接雙賓語(yǔ)，間接賓語(yǔ)指人，直接賓語(yǔ)指物。這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)的有：give，buy，lend，pass， tell，leave等。如：¡ He bought me a book.¡ Pass me the ball，will you？(間賓直賓)直接賓語(yǔ)一般放在間接賓語(yǔ)之后，但若把直接賓語(yǔ)放在前面，則要在間接賓語(yǔ)前加適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~如to或 for等。如：¡ Han Chen lent some money to Li Hai.(直賓間賓)¡ Xiao Liu bough

8、t a dictionary for Tom.(直賓間賓)【結(jié)構(gòu)】動(dòng)詞+間接賓語(yǔ)（人）+直接賓語(yǔ)（物）He lent me a book. / He bought me a pen. / I have taught myself English for ten years.動(dòng)詞+直接賓語(yǔ)（物）+（to, for）+間接賓語(yǔ)（人）He gave his son some advice. = He gave some advice to his son.Father bought me a computer. = Father bought a computer for me.有的動(dòng)詞常用不定式作

9、賓語(yǔ)，而不能用動(dòng)名詞。這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有：want，wish， hope，promise，decide，agree， choose，care等。如：¡ I hope to see you again.有的動(dòng)詞一般只用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，而不用不定式。這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有：enjoy，finish，mind，practice，miss， suggest，keep(on)等。如：¡ Do you mind my opening the window？有的動(dòng)詞后接不定式與動(dòng)名詞含義不同。a)forget to do表示“未發(fā)生的動(dòng)作”，forget doing表示“已完成的動(dòng)作”。如：¡ Do

10、n't forget to come here earlier tomorrow.(還沒(méi)來(lái))¡ I forgot returning the book to him.(書(shū)已還給他了)b)stop to do(不定式為狀語(yǔ))表示“停下原來(lái)的事，去做另一件事”，stop doing表示“停止做某事”。如：¡ I stopped to talk with him.(我停下來(lái)與他談話(huà)。)¡ The students stopped talking when the teacher came in.(老師進(jìn)來(lái)時(shí)學(xué)生們停止談話(huà)?！咀⒁狻坑⒄Z(yǔ)中帶有賓語(yǔ)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞叫及物動(dòng)

11、詞，不帶賓語(yǔ)的叫不及物動(dòng)詞。及物動(dòng)詞后必須跟上賓語(yǔ)意義才完整，不及物動(dòng)詞本身意義已完整，后面不跟賓語(yǔ)。¡ You may use my pen. / Do you like fish? ( 及物)¡ Dick swims very well. / The sun rises in the east. (不及物)不及物動(dòng)詞可加介詞再加賓語(yǔ)¡ We are listening to the music.¡ They are talking to each other.既可以作及物動(dòng)詞又可以作不及物動(dòng)詞的詞：¡ We are growing toma

12、toes. / Tomatoes grow well in our garden.¡ They left Shanghai yesterday. / They left yesterday.¡ My mother teaches in this school. / She teaches English.¡ We are studying. / We study English.¡ We began our lesson at nine. / The lecture began at nine. 5. 定語(yǔ)：用于修飾名詞或代詞，一般由形容詞、名詞、數(shù)詞、

13、不定式等充當(dāng)。如：¡ What a beautiful kite it is！/ They have a clever son.(形容詞) ¡ She is a chemistry teacher. / It is a color film.(名詞)¡ There are two students in the classroom.(數(shù)詞)¡ This song is better than that one. (代詞)¡ Do you know the young man over there? (副詞)¡ We have some

14、thing to do tomorrow.(不定式)¡ The man in blue is my brother.(介詞短語(yǔ))【注意】定語(yǔ)一般位于被修飾詞之前，但若修飾不定代詞或不定式等短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)，則放在后面。6. 狀語(yǔ)：用于修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或全句，一般由副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、不定式短語(yǔ)或從句充當(dāng)。單個(gè)副詞作狀語(yǔ)一般放在被修飾詞之前，短語(yǔ)或從句放在句首或句末。如：¡ Thank you very much.(副詞表示程度)¡ The old man is walking slowly. (副詞表示方式)¡ He usually gets up at s

15、ix.(副詞表示時(shí)間)¡ We all work here. (副詞表示地點(diǎn))¡ I get up at five in the morning.(介詞短語(yǔ)表示時(shí)間)¡ He is studying hard so as to catch up with others.(不定式短語(yǔ))¡ We were having breakfast when the telephone rang.(從句)【注意】enough作狀語(yǔ)只能放在被修飾詞之后。如：¡ He is old enough to go to school.7. 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：用于補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)

16、的動(dòng)作，一般位于賓語(yǔ)之后，賓語(yǔ)與賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。需接復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：tell，let，help，teach， ask，see，have，order，make等?！百e補(bǔ)”一般由不定式短語(yǔ)、分詞、名詞、形容詞等充當(dāng)。如：¡ We elected him monitor. / (名詞)¡ I found it difficult to learn English well. / The sun keeps us warm./ We find the story very interesting. (形容詞)¡ I found her in the room

17、.(介詞短語(yǔ))¡ Please let him in. / I saw him out with Xiao Li. (副詞)¡ The doctor told me to do more exercise.(不定式短語(yǔ))¡ He is going to have his hair cut.(過(guò)去分詞)¡ They saw a bird flying in the sky.(現(xiàn)在分詞)二、 句子結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單句的五個(gè)基本句型：1、主語(yǔ) 不及物動(dòng)詞       She came/ My head ache

18、s.   2、主語(yǔ) 及物動(dòng)詞 賓語(yǔ)      She likes English.3、主語(yǔ) 系動(dòng)詞   表語(yǔ)      She is happy4、主語(yǔ) 雙賓動(dòng)詞 間接賓語(yǔ) 直接賓語(yǔ)   She gave John a bookShe bought a book for me.5、主語(yǔ) 賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)詞    賓語(yǔ)    賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ) She makes her mother angry The teache

19、r asked me to read the passage (There +be     There lies a book on the desk. )句子成分練習(xí)題( 一 ) (一) 指出下列句中主語(yǔ)的中心詞 The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. There is an old man coming here. The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. To do toda

20、y's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.(二) 選出句中謂語(yǔ)的中心詞 I don't like the picture on the wall.A. don't B. like C. picture D. wall The days get longer and longer when summer comes.A. get B. longer C. days D. summer Do you usually go to school by bus?A. Do B. usually C.

21、 go D. bus There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?A. Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast Tom didn't do his homework yesterday.A. Tom B. didn't C. do D. his homework What I want to t

22、ell you is this.A. want B. to tell C. you D. is We had better send for a doctor. A. We B. had C. send D. doctor He is interested in music.A. is B. interested C. in D. music Whom did you give my book to?A. give B. did C. whom D. book(三) 挑出下列句中的賓語(yǔ) My brother hasn't done his homework. People all ov

23、er the world speak English. You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. How many new words did you learn last class? Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill. They made him monitor of the class. Go across the bridge

24、 and you will find the museum on the left. You will find it useful after you leave school They didn't know who "Father Christmas" really is.(四) 挑出下列句中的表語(yǔ) The old man was feeling very tired. Why is he worried about Jim? The leaves have turned yellow. Soon They all became interested in t

25、he subject. She was the first to learn about it.(五) 挑出下列句中的定語(yǔ) They use Mr., Mrs. with the family name. What is your given name? On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!(六) 挑出下列句中的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) She likes the children to read newspapers and books in