定語從句 (2)

1、 定語從句定語從句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定語，修飾一個名詞或代詞，被修飾的名詞,詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語從句通常出現在先行詞之后，由關系詞（關系代詞或關系副詞）引出。 關系代詞有:who, whom, whose, that, which等。 關系副詞有:when, where, why等。1。 關系代詞引導的定語從句 關系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞，并在句中充當主語、賓語、定語等成分。關系代詞在定語從句中作主語時，從句謂語動詞的人稱和數要和先行詞保持一致。1）who, whom, that 這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞，在從句中所起作用如下: I

2、s he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是你想見的人嗎？（who/that在從句中作主語） He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天見的那個人。（whom/that在從句中作賓語）2) Whose 用來指人或物，(只用作定語, 若指物，它還能夠同of which互換）, 例如: They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人車壞了，大家都跑過去幫忙。 Please pass me the book whose (of wh

3、ich) cover is green. 請遞給我那本綠皮的書。3）which, that 它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語、賓語等，例如: A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 農村出現了前所未有的繁榮。（which / that在句中作賓語） The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作賓語）2 關

4、系副詞引導的定語從句 關系副詞可代替的先行詞是時間、地點或理由的名詞，在從句中作狀語。1）when, where, why 關系副詞when, where, why的含義相當于"介詞+ which"結構，所以常常和"介詞+ which"結構交替使用，例如: There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的時候。 Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。 Is this the reason why (

5、for which) he refused our offer? 這就是他拒絕我們協(xié)助他的理由嗎？2）that代替關系副詞 that能夠用于表示時間、地點、方式、理由的名詞后取代when, where, why和"介詞+ which"引導的定語從句，在口語中that常被省略，例如: His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父親在他出生那年逝世了。 He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived for

6、ty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住過的地方。.3 判斷關系代詞與關系副詞 方法一: 用關系代詞，還是關系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動詞。及物動詞后面無賓語，就必須要求用關系代詞；而不及物動詞則要求用關系副詞。例如: This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you. 判斷改錯（注:先顯示題，再顯示答案，橫線；用不同的顏色表示 出。） （錯） This is the mountain vil

7、lage where I visited last year. （錯） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. （對） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year. （對） I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.習慣上總把表地點或時間的名詞與關系副詞 where, when聯(lián)系在一起。此兩題錯在關系詞的誤用上。 方法二： 準確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的

8、成分(主、謂、賓、定、狀)，也能正確選擇出關系代詞/關系副詞。例1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days age? A. whereB. that C. on which D. the one例2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held. A. whereB. that C. on whichD. the one答案：例1 D，例2 A例1變?yōu)榭隙ň洌?This museum is _ you visited a few days ago.例2變?yōu)榭隙ň洌?This is the museum _

9、the exhibition was held. 在句1中，所缺部分為賓語，而where, that, on which都不能起到賓語的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表語，又可做從句的賓語，可以省略關系代詞，所以應選D。 而句2中, 主、謂、賓俱全，從句部分為句子的狀語表地點，既可用副詞where，又因 in the museum詞組，可用介詞in + which 引導地點狀語。而此題中，介詞on 用的不對，所以選A。關系詞的選擇依據在從句中所做的成分，先行詞在從句中做主、定、賓語時，選擇關系代詞 (who, whom, that, which, whose)； 先行詞在從句中做狀語時，

10、應選擇關系副詞 ( where 地點狀語，when 時間狀語，why 原因狀語) 。4 限制性和非限制性定語從句1) 定語從句有限制性和非限制性兩種。限制性定語從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明確；非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明，去掉了也不會影響主句的意思，它與主句之間通常用逗號分開，例如：This is the house which we bought last month.這是我們上個月買的那幢房子。（限制性）The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.這幢房子很漂亮，是我們上個月買的。（非限制性）2) 當先

11、行詞是專有名詞或物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時，其后的定語從句通常是非限制性的，例如：Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理•史密斯去年退休了，他曾經是我的老師。My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.我去年買的的那幢房子帶著個漂亮的花園。This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 這本小說很動人，我已經讀了三遍。3) 非限制性定語從句

12、還能將整個主句作為先行詞, 對其進行修飾, 這時從句謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數，例如：He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎沒抓住我的意思，這使我心煩。Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液態(tài)水變?yōu)檎羝?，這就叫做蒸發(fā)。說明：關系代詞that和關系副詞why不能引導非限制性定語從句。5 介詞+關系詞 P> 1）介詞后面的關系詞不能省略。2）that前不能有介詞。3） 某些在從句中充當時間，地點或原因狀語的&

13、quot;介詞+關系詞"結構可以同關系副詞when 和where 互換。 This is the house in which I lived two years ago. This is the house where I lived two years ago. Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? Do you remember the day when you joined our club?6 as, which 非限定性定語從句由as, which 引導的非限定性定語從句，as和which可代整個主句，

14、相當于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.典型例題1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, _came as a surprise.A. it B. that C. whichD. he 答案C. 此為非限定性從句，不能用 that修飾，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成為句子，兩個獨立的句子

15、不能單以逗號連接。況且選he句意不通。2）The weather turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect. A. whatB. whichC. thatD. it 答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定語從句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定語從句，it不為連詞，使由逗號連接的兩個句子并在一起在英語語法上行不通。3）It rained hard yesterday, _ prevented me from going to the park.A. thatB. whichC. as D. it答案

16、B. as 和which在引導非限制性定語從句時，這兩個關系代詞都指主句所表達的整個意思，且在定語從句中都可以作主語和賓語。但不同之處主要有兩點：(1） as 引導的定語從句可置于句首，而which不可。(2） as 代表前面的整個主句并在從句中作主語時，從句中的謂語必須是系動詞；若為行為動詞，則從句中的關系代詞只能用which.。 在本題中，prevent由于是行為動詞，所以正確選項應為B。As 的用法例1. the same as；suchas 中的as 是一種固定結構, 和一樣。 I have got into the same trouble as he (has).例2. as可引導

17、非限制性從句，常帶有'正如'。As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health.As是關系代詞。例1中的as作know的賓語；例2中，它充當從句的主語，謂語動詞know要用被動式。7 先行詞和關系詞二合一1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here. (Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)2)The parents will use what they have

18、 to send their son to technical school. (what 可以用all that代替)8 what/whatever;that/what; who/whoever 1）what = the thing which；whatever = anythingWhat you want has been sent here.Whatever you want makes no difference to me. 2) who= the person that whoever= anyone who （錯）Who breaks the law will be punis

19、hed. （錯）Whoever robbed the bank is not clear. （對）Whoever breaks the law will be punished. （對）Who robbed the bank is not clear.3) that 和 what 當that引導定語從句時 ，通常用作關系代詞，而引導名詞性從句時，是個不充當任何成分的連接詞。賓語從句和表語從句中的that?？墒÷?。What只能引導名詞性從句， 用作連接代詞，作從句的具體成分，且不能省略。I think (that) you will like the stamps.What we need is

20、 more practice.9 關系代詞that 的用法1）不用that的情況a) 在引導非限定性定語從句時。 (錯)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.b) 介詞后不能用。 We depend on the land from which we get our food. We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.2) 只能用that作為定語從句的關系代詞的情況a)在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。b)在不定代詞，

21、如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行詞時，只用that，不用which。c)先行詞有the only, the very修飾時，只用that。 d)先行詞為序數詞、數詞、形容詞最高級時，只用that。.e)先行詞既有人，又有物時。舉例： All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油問題。 Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 那賊最終把偷的全部東西交給了警察。

22、定語從句一覽圖關系詞先行詞從句成分例句備注關系代詞who人主語Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?whom, which和that在從句中做賓語時，常可以省略，但介詞提前時后面關系代詞不能省略，也不可以用thatwhom人賓語Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am workingThe boy (whom) she loved died in the war.whose人，物定語I like those books whose topics are about history.The bo

23、y whose father works abroad is my deskmate. that人，物主語，賓語A plane is a machine that can fly.She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.which物主語，賓語The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.The picture which was about the accident was terrible.as人，物主語，賓語He is such a person as is respected by all

24、 of us.This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. as做賓語一般不省略關系副詞when時間時間狀語I will never forget the day when we met there.可用on whichwhere地點地點狀語This is the house where I was born.可用in whichwhy原因原因狀語I cant imagine the reason why he turned down my offer.可用for whichII. that與which, who, whom的用法區(qū)別：情況用法說明例句只用

25、that的情況1        先行詞為all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代詞時。2        先行詞被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修飾時3        先行詞有形容詞最高級和序數詞修飾時4    &

26、#160;   先行詞既指人又指物時5        先行詞被the only, the very修飾時6        句中已經有who或which時，為了避免重復時1.He told me everything that he knows.2.All the books that you offered has been given out.3.This is the best film that I have ever read.

27、4.We talked about the persons and things that we remembered.5.He is the only man that I want to see.6.Who is the man that is making a speech?只用which, who, whom的情況1        在非限制性定語從句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人2        在由“介詞+關系代詞”引導的定語

28、從句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。3        先行詞本身是that時，關系詞用which, 先行詞為those, one, he時多用who。He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study.I like the person to whom the teacher is talking.Those who respect others are usually respected by others. 1-Do you hav

29、e anything to say for yourself? -Yes, there is one point （我們必須堅持）.(insist) 2. There were about 50 foreign students studying in china,_            

30、0;               （大多數人是德國人）.   (most) 3. I often think of many cases                  

31、0;         （學生對英語單詞很熟悉）,but cant speak English well.  (familiar) 4. A new subway will have been completed by the end of 2008,_      

32、60;                          （那時我們去觀光將會很便利）.   (convenient) 5. The chinese government has decided to develop the

33、60;west of china,_                         （這會使窮人受益）. (benefit) 6.               

34、0;        （正如所宣布的一樣）, Well have to take the college entrance examination.    (announce) 7 The room,               &

35、#160;     （窗戶朝南）, is accessible to cars. (face) 8 Everything depends on the way                        （我

36、們看待他們的方式）.  (treat) 9. The boy will never forget the day                         （他一個人留在家里）.   (leave  al

37、one) 10. There are two buildings,                                （較大的那棟將近一百英尺高）.   (stand) 11.  

38、;                         （正如上文所述）, few people are total winners or losers.    (mention) 12. He stood at&

39、#160;the window,                               （從那兒他能看見正發(fā)生的事）.  (happen) 13. The reason     

40、60;               （我兄弟為何戒煙）is that it is bad for his health.   (why) 14. He is late for class again,       

41、60;          （這是常有的事）.(case) 15. You must do the thing                         （自己認為做不到的事情）. &#

42、160; (think） 16.                      （正如大家所看到的），great changes have taken place in china.    (as） 17. This book is 

43、not such                   （正如我所希望的）.(as) 18. He told me of his experience such              &#

44、160;          （我從來沒有的）.   (as） 19. This is the same kind of pen                       

45、;    （和我昨天丟失的一樣） 20. My hometown is not the same as                  .（以前的樣子）. (as） 21. There are two thousand students 

46、in our school,                     （其中2/3是女孩）. (whom) 22. On the third floor there are two rooms,       &

47、#160;             （其中較大的一個當作會議室用）.    (which) 23. Who is the boy                      

48、;    （在那邊樹下讀書）. (read) 24. This is the very book                    （這幾天我一直在找的）. (look) 25. Mike is short and fat, 

49、                           （這使得他在班上很顯眼）.    (stand out） 26. He has got himself into a dangerous situ

50、ation               of the plane.（他很有可能失控）. (likely） 27. He is reading a book,                  

51、;    （我不知道名字的）. (which） 28. He talked happily about the men and the books,_                       （令他非常感興趣）at 

52、school.     (interest) 29. Titanic is the only one of the most wonderful movies                    in Holly rood_（是

53、好菜塢所生產的）.    (produce) 30. I want to find the very pen                               （用它寫過

54、信的）. (with) 31. This is the first American movie                           （我曾經看過的）.  (see) 32. English is

55、0;the most difficult subject                          （你這些年要學的）.   (learn) 33. The boy       &#

56、160;                （昨晚見過的）is the group leader who studies very hard.   (meet) 34. Anyone                               （沒有通