(完整word版)高中英語語法非謂語動詞講解

1、非謂語動詞概述而是充當(dāng)其他語法功非謂語動詞，主要指在主句中表示一個動作但不能充當(dāng)謂語, 能的詞。非謂語動詞沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，但是有語態(tài)和時態(tài)的變化。非謂語動詞的三種形式非謂語動詞有三種：動詞不定式、動名詞和分詞。名稱形式用法不定式to do表目的、將來動名詞doi ng表主動及現(xiàn)在分詞done表被動及過去這三個基本形式的基礎(chǔ)上會有一些變化:1. 動詞不定式時態(tài)構(gòu)成被動形式一般式 完成式 進(jìn)行式 完成進(jìn)行式to doto have doneto be doingto have bee n doingto be doneto have bee n done2.動名詞動名詞主動被動一般式doi n

2、gbeing done完成式havi ng donehavi ng bee n done3. 分詞動詞不定式的用法1. 動詞不定式的否定式n ot toShe decided not to be late aga in.2. 動詞不定式的完成式完成式表示的動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在位于動詞表示的動作或狀態(tài)之前。I am sorry to have kept you wait ing.注意若謂語為表示"愿望、打算、意圖”的動詞時，如hope, think,want, plan,expect, mea n, in te nd等，其后可以跟不定式的完成式表示"本來想要或打算做某事，而實(shí)際上

3、未能實(shí)現(xiàn)”。如：We meant to have stopped him from doing such a thing.3. 在It is/was + 形容詞+不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中，若形容詞側(cè)重于評價(jià)人物的特性、特征，則構(gòu)成不定式符合結(jié)構(gòu)的介詞應(yīng)為of前面常用的形容詞有：ki nd, n ice, foolish, silly, stupid, rude, cruel,wise, clever, brace, selfish, crazy, good, careful, careless, impolite,right, wrong 等。It is very kind of you to he

4、lp me.區(qū)別 It is important for us to learn English well.4. 在某些動詞后， 可用 it 做形式賓語， 然后加賓語補(bǔ)足語， 最后加不定式作真正的 并于。常見的動詞有 find, think consider, feel, make等。They find it difficult to repay the money.5. 動詞 +不定式作賓補(bǔ)ask, want, invite, get, force, expect, allow, persuade, order, warn, remind order, cause, permit, forb

5、id, advise, teach等。6. 只能用動詞 +不定式作賓語口訣 決心學(xué)會想希望，拒絕設(shè)法愿假裝；主動答應(yīng)選計(jì)劃，同意請求幫一幫。decide/ determine, learn, want, expert/hope/withrefuse, manage, care, pretendorder, promise, choose, plan, agree, ask/beg, help7.to ，表示做某事to （五在使役動詞 make, have, let 和感官動詞 see, watch, notice, observe, feel, hear, listen to, look at

6、等詞后接不定式作賓補(bǔ)，不定式不帶的全過程。當(dāng)他們轉(zhuǎn)換成被動語態(tài)時，作為主語補(bǔ)足語的不定式必須帶 看三使兩聽一感覺一發(fā)現(xiàn)） Nobody saw him come in.have，但兩者也She was seen to enter the room last night. 注意 get 也能當(dāng)使役動詞，表示“使、讓、叫”之意，相當(dāng)于 有所不同。have sb. do sth.get sb to do sth. 使/ 讓 / 叫某人去做某事 have sth. done = get sth. done使/ 讓某事由別人去做have sb./sth. doing 使/讓某人/ 物持續(xù)地做某 事 ge

7、t sb./ sth.dong 使某人 / 物開始行動起來 You'dbetter have/get your hair cut.He managed to get the horse running.8. 在動詞 help 后，做賓補(bǔ)和賓語的不定式符號 to 帶不帶都可以。如 He helped her walk across the street.He often helps do some housework at home.9. think, consider, believe, suppose, feel, find, imagine, prove等動詞的英語后可與帶 to

8、be 結(jié)構(gòu)，也可與省略。如果不定式的動作發(fā)生在位于動詞以前， 常用不定式的完成式。 另外， 這些動 詞也常用作被動語態(tài)后接不定式作主補(bǔ)。He found the answer (to be) satisfactory. We considered him to have acted excellently.以及 only 等詞修飾時，其后可用不定式作定語。10. 當(dāng)名詞被 first, last, second 且充當(dāng)定語的不定式不含有將來意義或情態(tài)意義，卻經(jīng)常含有過去時意義。 She was the first to come.11. 在下列固定詞組或短語之后要跟不帶 to 的不定式had

9、better had best would rather (than ) would sooner than cannot help but cannot but cannot choose but.may/might as well do no more than 12. wh- 連接代詞、副詞后跟不定式構(gòu)成的短語，可在句子中做主語、賓語、表語，還 可以做定語。 (why 和 if 后不能直接跟動詞不定式) 它的作用相當(dāng)于一個名詞性從句，通常在某些動詞 ( 如 tell, know, imagine, learn, decided, forget, remember, consider, u

10、nderstand等 ) 后面做賓語，有時也用作主語、表語、同位語等。如： He didn 't know how to answer her.When to start has not been decided.I don 't know who to ask advice from. Would you please advise me which to buy?Please explain (to me) where to begin and how to do it. They exchanged views on the question of whom to ele

11、ct.注意：按英語習(xí)慣，疑問詞why后面通常不接不定式。但在以why或why not開頭的省略型疑問句中，其后可跟不帶 to 的不定式。如：Why get upset just because you got a bad mark?You are looking tired. Why not take a holiday? When to start has not been decided.13. like (would like ) , love (would love ), hope, hate, need, try, want, wish, plan, mean 等動詞后used to

12、, be going to 結(jié)構(gòu)后+ to，代替整個不定式內(nèi)容。be glad, be willing, be happy等詞語后- Would you like to go to the cinema?-I ' d love to.14. 在介詞 but, except, besides, than, save 等表示“除了”之意的詞前， 若有實(shí)義動詞do時，常用無to的不定式作其介詞的賓語，若無實(shí)義動詞do,則用帶to的動詞不定式。He was not able to do anything but/except wait.He had no choice but to give

13、in.15. 評論性動詞不定式有些不定式常用來表示說話人對所談的內(nèi)容的態(tài)度和看法,即對句內(nèi)容的評論，故稱為評論性動詞不定式，也稱獨(dú)立不定式。 綜合： so to speak可以說，可謂to be exact精確地說to be sure 無可否認(rèn)，誠然 to make things(matters) worseThe dog is, so to speak, a member of the family.He'sin his mid-fifties; well, fifty-six to be exact. 表真誠： to be fairto be (perfectly) frankto

14、 be honestto do sb justice to tell (you) the truth 表總結(jié)： to be briefto concludeto cut/make a long story shortto sum up表讓步 : not to mentionto say nothing of to put it mildly to put it another way to say the least 不夸張的說 表順序： to begin withto start with16. 不定式的主動形式表示被動意義1) 不定式作定語與被修飾名詞構(gòu)成動賓關(guān)系， 并且不定式的邏輯主語就

15、是句子的 主語。I have two letters to answer.2) 有些結(jié)構(gòu)中， 不定式表達(dá)被動意義， 卻用主動形式， 因?yàn)榭梢栽诰渥又姓业讲?定式這個動作的發(fā)出者。Give her some books to read.Would you bring me a bench to sit on?The morning air is so good to breathe.注意： 用做定語的不定式為“動詞+介詞”時，介詞不能省略。如：a piece of paper to write on a nice place to live in3) 某些動詞的不定式與be連用時，常見的有to

16、blame , to rent 等。如：The house is to rent.He is to blame for not driving carefully.17.動名詞的用法1. 動名詞的否定式 not+ 動名詞2. 動名詞的完成式 完成式表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前。He was praised for havi ng done a good deed.look forward to succeed in get dow n to set aboutgive up3. 動詞+介詞構(gòu)成的短語，其后跟動名詞做賓語be/get used tofeel likein sist on

17、devote to put off4. 只能用動名詞做賓語的動詞口訣：考慮建議盼原諒，承認(rèn)推遲沒得想； 避免錯過繼續(xù)練，否認(rèn)完成就欣賞； 禁止想象才冒險(xiǎn)，不禁介意準(zhǔn)逃亡。con sider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/pard on; admit, delay/put off, fancy; avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practice; deny, finish, enjoy/appreciate; forbid,imagine, risk; can' t help, mind,allow/permit,

18、 escape5. 可置于名詞前作定語，表示被修飾的名詞的用途和性能a wait ing cara wait ing rooma sleep ing boya sleep ing bag6. 動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)由形容詞性的物主代詞/名詞所有格+動名詞構(gòu)=動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，在句子中可作 主語、賓語、表語等。物主代詞和名詞所有格是動名詞的邏輯主語。Do you mind my/me smok ing here?I insisted on my husband/husband' s paying the bill.1）在口語和非正式英語中，這種結(jié)構(gòu)不用在句首，常用人稱代詞賓格代替物主代詞，用米

19、歌詞普通格代指所有格。如：There are many reas ons for ani mals dying out.2）如果動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句首，就必須用形容詞性的物主代詞或名詞所有格。 如：His smok ing caused the fire in the forest.3）there be 的動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)為there bei ng女口：What's the cha nee of there being a rain tomorrow?7. 動名詞做主語的句型a waste (of)+ -i ng's while+ -i ngIt is/was n o(litt

20、le) good /use hardly any good/use worthwhile /worth oneno wayno sense inThere is/was yo point in no usegood (in) nothing worse tha n8. 動詞+不定式或動名詞后意義差別大的:to do 、try doing remember/ forget/ regret to dodoi ng-mean 料 doI *,doinghcan' t help (to) do can ' t help doing廠 be afraid to do be afraid

21、of doing廠 be sure to do' be sure of doinga9.n eed, want, require做需要講的時候，用動名詞表示被動意義，也可用不定式的被動式The gate n eeds/wa nts/requires mending. = to be men ded.分詞的用法1. 分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般說來，分詞在句中都有其邏輯主語，分詞做狀語時，其邏輯主語通常就是主句的主語或賓語。如果分詞的邏輯主語不在句中，則分詞前可加上其自己的邏輯主語，由名詞或代詞主格充當(dāng)，置于分詞前，這種結(jié)構(gòu)稱為分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。它不是句子，因?yàn)闆]有實(shí)際的主語和謂語。它可以放于

22、句首或句尾，做時間狀語、原 因狀語、條件狀語、方式狀語等。The meeti ng being over, they went home.There being no bus the n, he had to walk home.1）表示伴隨情況、原因等的分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)前有時可以加上without或with構(gòu)成"with/without+ 名詞（或代詞）+分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，如：With prices going up so fast, we can' t afford luxuries.He kept the money without anyone knowing where

23、it was.2）獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)也可以由“名詞（或代詞）+不定式/形容詞/副詞/介詞短語”構(gòu)成。Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next mon th.He came into the classroom, book in hand.2. 分詞做狀語過去分詞常用作狀語，修飾謂語，大多說明動作發(fā)生的背景或情況，表示時間、條件、原因、伴隨情況等。一般說來，這一結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語是主句的主語。Asked why he was late, he went red.Given more time, we could have

24、done it better.3. 分詞做狀語與獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)(懸垂結(jié)構(gòu))做狀語的區(qū)別分詞與獨(dú)立主格均可作狀語。 但分詞做狀語時， 它的邏輯主語就是句子的主語； 而獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)做狀語時，前面的名 (代) 詞就是這個結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯上的主語， 它和 句子的主語不保持一致性。如：Seen from the sky, the mountain is very small.Everything considered, I prefer the first plan.4. 英語中有一部分分詞短語， 它獨(dú)立存在， 沒有自己的邏輯主語。 這些分詞短語已成 為固定的習(xí)慣用語，常被看做句子的插入語，常見的有： generally speaking strictly(honestly/frankly/roughly/broadly) speakingcon sideri ng judg ing from/bytalking all/everything into cons