精品語(yǔ)法——非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

1、實(shí)用文案非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不定式非謂語(yǔ)：動(dòng)名詞Ving形式分詞：現(xiàn)在分詞過(guò)去分詞注：【動(dòng)詞的非謂語(yǔ)形式?jīng)]有人稱和數(shù)的變化,但有時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化.動(dòng)詞有謂語(yǔ)形式和非謂語(yǔ)形式,謂語(yǔ)形式作謂語(yǔ)；非謂語(yǔ)形式作除謂語(yǔ)以為的其他成分.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所作成分：主賓表定狀補(bǔ)不定式VVVVVV動(dòng)名詞VVVV分詞VVVV一i動(dòng)詞不定式一形式/時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)主動(dòng)被動(dòng)一M式todotobedone進(jìn)行式tobedoing完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone完成進(jìn)行式tohavebeendoing1一般式：表示不定式的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之后Imnicetomeetyou.Weplantop

2、ayavisit.Hewantstobeanartist.Thepatientaskedtobeoperatedonatonce.Theteacherorderedtheworktobedone.2進(jìn)行式：表示不定式的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,強(qiáng)調(diào)正在發(fā)生.Theboypretendedtobeworkinghard.Heseemstobereadinginhisroom3完成式：表示不定式的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前Heispleasedtohavemethisfriend.Imsorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.Impleasedtohavebeengiventhisop

3、portunity.4完成進(jìn)行式：表示不定式的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前,并一直在進(jìn)行.Heissaidtohavebeenworkinginthatfactoryfor20years.二不定式的句法功能1作主語(yǔ)Tosavetimeistolengthenlife.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)實(shí)用文案注：不定式作主語(yǔ)通常用形式主語(yǔ)itItmeansfailuretoloseyourheart.Itisveryhardtofinishtheworkintenminutes.2作賓語(yǔ)A:只跟不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞口訣：決心學(xué)會(huì)想希望decide/determine,learn,want,expect/hope/wish拒絕設(shè)

4、法愿彳K裝refuse,manage,care,pretend主動(dòng)容許選計(jì)戈Uoffer,promise,choose,plan同意請(qǐng)求幫一幫agree,ask/beg,help注：如果作賓語(yǔ)的不定式后面有賓補(bǔ),用it作形式賓語(yǔ),不定式后置.IfinditinterestingtoworkwithhimIthinkitnecessarytolearnEnglishwell.B:不定式偶爾可作介詞的賓語(yǔ),但僅限于but,假設(shè)but前有實(shí)意動(dòng)詞do的任意形式,那么后接不帶to的不定式,即無(wú)do有to,有do無(wú)to.Ihavenochoicebuttoacceptthefact.Idontknoww

5、hattodobutwait.注：在cannot(choose)but,cannothelpbut(兩者都表示只好)后接不帶to的不定式.IcannotbutagreetohistermsHecannotchoosebutstayon.3作表語(yǔ)Herambitionistobeanactress.Herjobistocleanthehall.注：假設(shè)主語(yǔ)局部含有實(shí)意動(dòng)詞do的任意形式,作表語(yǔ)的不定式可省略to.Allyouneedtodois(to)pressthebutton.AllIwanttodonowis(to)fillmystomach.4作定語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)須后置.通常表示將來(lái).

6、A:主謂關(guān)系HeisthefirsttogethereHeisthebestmantodothejob.B:動(dòng)賓關(guān)系Ihavealotofworktodo.由此看來(lái),不定式作定語(yǔ)和被修飾詞之間構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂或動(dòng)賓關(guān)系(聯(lián)想：在句子概述專題,賓語(yǔ)和賓補(bǔ)之間只有主謂關(guān)系).當(dāng)構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,不定式動(dòng)詞又為不及物動(dòng)詞,或所修飾的名詞是地點(diǎn)、工具等,應(yīng)在該詞后加一定的介詞.Thechildhasnothingtoworryabout.HefoundagoodhousetoliveinWhatdidyouopenitwith?Hehasanicepentowritewith.Givemeapieceof

7、papertowriteon.注：不定式修飾place,time,way三個(gè)詞時(shí),不定式后的介詞常省略.HehasnoplacetoliveThisisthebestwaytoworkoutthisproblem標(biāo)準(zhǔn)實(shí)用文案注：不定式作定語(yǔ),與被修飾詞之間為動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,不定式可用主動(dòng)或被動(dòng),但意義上有差異.Haveyougotanythingtosend?你要送什么東西嗎？動(dòng)作的主語(yǔ)為你Haveyougotanythingtobesent?你有什么東西需要送嗎？動(dòng)作的主語(yǔ)為我或別人C:說(shuō)明被修飾詞的內(nèi)容Weallhaveachancetogotocollege.Wehavemadeaplanto

8、finishthework.5作狀語(yǔ)A:目的狀語(yǔ)Shesoldherhairtobuythewatchchain.Heworkeddayandnighttogetthemoney.注：不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)位于句首時(shí),邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子主語(yǔ)一致TolearnEnglishwell,adictionaryisneeded.XTolearnEnglishwell,heneedsadictionaryVB:結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)表示出乎意料的結(jié)果,在不定式前加onlyHerushedtotheschoolonlytofindnobodythere.C:原因狀語(yǔ)放于表示喜怒哀樂(lè)等的形容詞后Theywereverysadtoh

9、earthenews.Iamgladtoseeyou.D:程度狀語(yǔ)了解內(nèi)容Itstoodarkforustoseeanything.Thequestionissimpleforhimtoanswer.E:評(píng)論性狀語(yǔ)獨(dú)立不定式totellyouthetruthtobehonesttobefranktosumuptobeginwith等6做賓補(bǔ)A:有些動(dòng)詞后習(xí)慣接不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),如want,wish,ask,tell,order,beg,permit,help,advise,persuade,allow,prepare,cause,force,callon,waitfor,invite.等.M

10、yfatherwontallowmetosmoke.Withalotofworktodo,hedidntgotothecinema.B:感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞后接不帶to的不定式做賓補(bǔ),但在變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)須復(fù)原不定式符號(hào)to.吾看三室兩廳,一感覺(jué).五看：see,watch,observe,lookat,notice兩聽：hear,listento三使：make,let,have一感覺(jué)：feel口訣：感使感使真奇怪,to來(lái)to去記心懷主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)to離去,被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)to回來(lái)Isawhimcrosstheroad.Hewasseentocrosstheroad.Hemademetothinkofthisqu

11、estion.1wasmadetothinkofthisquestion.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)實(shí)用文案注：不能跟不定式作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞：hope,demand,agree,suggest,insist.三不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)一般情況下,不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)為主句的主語(yǔ),但有時(shí)不定式需要有自己的主語(yǔ),這時(shí)就需要用到不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu),通常由for或of引出不定式的主語(yǔ),即forsb/sthtodo或ofsb/sthtodo.Ifoundithardforustofinishtheworkinanhour.Itskindofyoutohelpme.由此看出,當(dāng)形容詞修飾不定式時(shí),用for引出主語(yǔ)；而修飾邏輯主語(yǔ)時(shí)用of.四不定

12、式的主動(dòng)代替被動(dòng)1不定式作定語(yǔ)和被修飾詞之間為動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,又和主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系時(shí),不定式可用主動(dòng)代替被動(dòng)也可用被動(dòng),但意義上有差異Haveyougotanythingtosent?不定式的主語(yǔ)是你Haveyougotanythingtobesent?不定式的主語(yǔ)是我或別人另外,在therebe句型中,用主動(dòng)表示必須有人完成某事；用被動(dòng)表示某事本身必須完成.Thereisalotofworktodo.Thereisalotofworktobedone2be+性質(zhì)形容詞+todo結(jié)構(gòu)中Thebookisdifficulttounderstand.3不定式與疑問(wèn)詞連用Idontknowwhattodo

13、.4betoblame表示被責(zé)備.五不定式符號(hào)to的省略問(wèn)題1不定式作感官動(dòng)詞的賓補(bǔ)2不定式彳介詞but的賓語(yǔ),假設(shè)主語(yǔ)局部含有實(shí)意動(dòng)詞do的任意形式,那么后接不帶to的不定式.3主語(yǔ)局部含有do的任意形式,作表語(yǔ)的不定式可省略to六只用不定式符號(hào)to的情況防止重復(fù)IhaventbeentoHongKong,butIwishto.注：假設(shè)省略不定式結(jié)構(gòu)中含有be,have或havebeen.那么必須保存到be,have或havebeen.Areyouonholiday?No,butIdliketobeIdidnttellhimthenews.Oh,yououghttohave.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)實(shí)用文案二動(dòng)

14、名詞一形式/時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)主動(dòng)被動(dòng)一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone1一般式：正在發(fā)生的一般性動(dòng)作Seeingisbelieving.Hecametothepartywithoutbeinginvited2完成式：發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前Werememberedhavingseenthefilm.HeforgothavingbeentakentoGuangzhouwhenhewasfiveyearsold.二動(dòng)名詞的句法功能1作主語(yǔ)可用it作形式主語(yǔ)Readingaloudisveryhelpful.Itsnousequarrelling注：動(dòng)名詞的

15、形式主語(yǔ)形式僅限于少數(shù)的幾個(gè)句型Itisnouse/ongood/notanygood/notanyuse/uselessdoingsth.2作賓語(yǔ)A:只跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞口訣：考慮建議盼原諒consider,suggest/advise,lookforwardto,excuse/pardon成認(rèn)推遲沒(méi)得想admit,delay/putoff,fancy防止錯(cuò)過(guò)繼續(xù)練avoid,miss,keepon,practice否認(rèn)完成就欣賞deny,finish,enjoy/appreciate禁止想象才冒險(xiǎn)forbid,imagine,risk不禁介意準(zhǔn)逃亡canthelp,mind,allow/

16、permit,escapeB:介詞賓語(yǔ)：beusedto,leadto,devoteto,objectto,getdownto,payattentionto,giveup,feellike,insiston,apologizefor,bebusyin,havedifficultyin等.3作表語(yǔ)Yourtaskiscleaningthewindow.4作定語(yǔ)動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)表示被修飾詞的用途和使用目的.aswimmingpool=apoolforswimmingawalkingstickawashingmachineareadingroom5同位語(yǔ)Hishabit,listeningtothene

17、wsontheradioremainsunchanged三動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)實(shí)用文案當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)不一致時(shí),需在動(dòng)名詞前加上物主代詞或名詞的所有格形式,即“形容詞性無(wú)主代詞/名詞所有格+動(dòng)名詞.但在口語(yǔ)中,假設(shè)動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語(yǔ),可用人稱代詞的賓格代替形容詞性物主代詞,用名詞的普通格代替名詞所有格.Hissmokingmadehisfamilyangry句首不能用himMarysbeingillmadehermotherupset.句首不能用MaryDoyoumindmymeopeningthewindow.Thefatherinsistedonhissonshisson

18、goingtocollege.四動(dòng)詞明和不定式作賓語(yǔ)的區(qū)別1接不定式和動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)含意上幾乎相同的動(dòng)詞有：begin,start,continue,cannotbear,hate,like,love,prefer,propose,attempt,intend,plan.注意：a在like,hate,prefer等表示情感的動(dòng)詞后面,如果表示一般傾向,多用動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ),如果指具體某次行動(dòng),用不定式更多.Ilikeswimming,butIdontliketoswimtoday.b在attempt,intend,plan等動(dòng)詞后面用不定式較普遍.c當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用進(jìn)行時(shí)時(shí),用不定式作賓語(yǔ).Iamsta

19、rtingtoworkonmyessaynextweek.2接不定式和動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ),含義有差異的詞有:(6) canthelptodosth.不能幫助做某事canthelpdoingsth.禁不住做某事(7) goontodosth.goondoingsth.(8) stoptodo停下來(lái)去做另一件事stopdoing停下正在做的事3.need/require/wantdoingtobedone三個(gè)詞表示需要時(shí),可接動(dòng)名詞主動(dòng)形式,也可接不定式的被動(dòng)形式.Theflowersneed/require/wantwatering/tobewatered.4worth,worthy和worthwhi

20、lebeworthn.(錢)doingbeworthyof+n/beingdonetobedoneitisworthwhiletodo/doing標(biāo)準(zhǔn)實(shí)用文案(1) remembertodosth.rememberdoingsth.(2) forgettodosth.forgetdoingsth.(3) regrettodosth.regretdoingsth.(4) trytodosth.trydoingsth.(5) meantodosth.meandoingsth.記住要做某事記得做過(guò)某事忘記要做某事忘記曾做過(guò)某事懊悔遺憾地去做某事懊悔遺憾曾做過(guò)某事設(shè)法做某事嘗試做某事打算做某事意味著做

21、某事做完某事后接著做另一事繼續(xù)做一直在做的事5跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ),跟不定式作賓補(bǔ)的詞allow/permit/forbid/advisesbtododoing五不定式和動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)的區(qū)別動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)指抽象的,習(xí)慣性的屢次性的行為；而不定式作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)表示具體的一次性的行為.Teachingismyjob.Toteachstudentshowtostudyisveryimportant三分詞分詞分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞.現(xiàn)在分詞有時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化,過(guò)去分詞沒(méi)有變化.現(xiàn)在分詞一般表示主動(dòng)和正在進(jìn)行,過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)及物動(dòng)詞或完成不及物一形式現(xiàn)在分詞：主動(dòng)被動(dòng)|一般式doingbeingdone完成

22、式havingdonehavingbeendone1一般式：表示分詞的動(dòng)作和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生.Theywenttothepark,singingandtalking.Theproblembeingdiscussedisveryimportant.2完成式：表示分詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前,常作狀語(yǔ)Havingdonehishomework,heplayedbasketball.Havingbeentoldmanytimes,thenaughtyboymadethesamemistake.二分詞的句法功能1作表語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ)表示主語(yǔ)的特征,令人.的.過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)表示主語(yǔ)的狀態(tài),感到.的.

23、常用的有：interesting,interested.exciting,excited.frightening,frightened.surprising,surprised.tiring,tired.encouraging,encouraged.puzzling,puzzled.astonishing,astonished.worrying,worried.delighting,delighted.pleasing,pleased.touching,touched.satisfying,satisfied.disappointing,disappointed.boring,bored.te

24、rrifying,terrified.shocking,shocked.moving,moved.了解內(nèi)容：其實(shí),英語(yǔ)中的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),be+doing即是現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ)的用法.2作定語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)表示主動(dòng)和正在進(jìn)行；過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)表示被動(dòng)或完成及物動(dòng)詞表示被動(dòng)和完成,不及物動(dòng)詞表不完成的狀態(tài).單個(gè)分詞作定語(yǔ)通常放在被修飾詞前,分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)通常后置有時(shí)單個(gè)的過(guò)去分詞也習(xí)慣后置標(biāo)準(zhǔn)實(shí)用文案Inthefollowingyearsheworkedevenharder.ThemanstandingoverthereismyEnglishteacher.Ourclasswentonanorganize

25、dtriplastMonday及物動(dòng)詞aretiredteacher.不及物動(dòng)詞ThestorywrittenbyamiddleschoolstudentisverypopularThingslostwillnevercomeback.比擬：boilingwater沸騰的水fallingleaves正在下落的葉子developingcountry發(fā)展中國(guó)家boiledwater白開水fallenleaves落葉developedcountry興旺國(guó)家注：分詞作后置定語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句如上面的例子2和5可改寫成：ThemanwhoisstandingoverthereismyEnglishte

26、acher.Thestorywhichwaswrittenbyamiddleschoolstudentisverypopular3作狀語(yǔ)A:作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)WhileWorkinginthefactory,hewasanadvancedworker.Whernaskedherfutureplans,thegirlsaidthatshewantedtobeateacher.B:作原因狀語(yǔ)BeingaLeaguemember,heisalwayshelpingothersBorninapoorfamily,Nadiahadonlytwoyearsofschooling.C:作條件狀語(yǔ)Workinghar

27、d,youwillsucceed.Givenmoretime,Illbeabletodoitbetter.D:作讓步狀語(yǔ)Thoughrainingheavily,itclearedupverysoon.Thoughtoldofthedanger,hestillriskedhislifetosavetheboy.E:作方式狀語(yǔ)表伴隨Hestayedathome,cleaningandwashing.Thehunterwalkedslowlyintheforest,followedbyhisdog.F:作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)Theyopenedfire,killingonesoldier.注意：分詞作狀語(yǔ),分

28、詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)必須和主句的主語(yǔ)保持一致.Seenfromthemountain,thecitylooksbeautiful.Seeingfromthemountain,Ifeelthatthecitylooksbeautiful.G:作評(píng)論性狀語(yǔ)獨(dú)立分詞Generallyspeaking一般來(lái)說(shuō)FrankingspeakingJudgingfrom/by根據(jù).來(lái)判斷Considering./oconsideration.考慮至USeeing.鑒于Supposing假設(shè),如果Assuming假使標(biāo)準(zhǔn)實(shí)用文案Given考慮到Providing/providedthat.如果Com

29、paring/comparedwith.和.相比4作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng),過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng).A:當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為感官動(dòng)詞時(shí),可用不帶to的不定式或現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ),前者表示看到或聽到的全過(guò)程,或者表示正在進(jìn)行；用過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng).Doyouhearsomeoneknockingatthedoor?Didyouhearsomeoneknockatthedoor?IheardanEnglishsongsungbyherjustnow.B:當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為使役動(dòng)詞時(shí),賓補(bǔ)可用以下幾種形式(1)have+O+do(不帶to的不定式)讓.做.+O+doing讓.一直彳.+O+done讓別人去做某事Hehadhimdeskmatedohomeworkforhim.Wehadthefireburningallnight.Hehadherhaircut.(2)let+O+do讓.做.+O+bedone讓.被做Dontletyourchildplaywith