研究生英語(yǔ)精讀教程課文原文翻譯短文unit4剖析

1、Einstein'sPainfulRomanceWalterSullivanThestoryofananguishedloveaffairbetweenAlbertEinsteinandthewomanwhowouldlaterbecomehisfirstwifehasemergedinnewlydisclosedcorrespondencebetweenthem.新近披露的艾伯特愛因斯坦與意中人（此人后來(lái)成為他的元配）之間的來(lái)往信件，向人們展示了這對(duì)情侶飽含辛酸的愛情經(jīng)歷。Manyofthelettersdescribethelovebetweentheyoungscientista

2、ndhisfuturewife,MilevaMaric;thepainassociatedwithhismother'svehementdisapprovaloftherelationship;andtheirexcitementovertheimpendingbirthofachild.有許多信件都敘述了這位年輕科學(xué)家和他未婚妻米萊娃瑪麗克之間的愛情，敘述了因?yàn)閻垡蛩固沟哪赣H拼命反對(duì)這門親事而引起他倆的痛苦心情，還敘述了他倆為孩子的即將由世油然而生的興奮心情。Thefateofthechild,agirl,however,remainsamystery.Shewasbornbefor

3、ethecouplemarriedin1903andthereapparentlyisnorecordofwhatbecameofher.然而，這個(gè)女孩后來(lái)的命運(yùn)如何依然是個(gè)謎。她是在這對(duì)夫婦于1903年結(jié)婚前生下的，而且對(duì)她后來(lái)的情況顯然沒有記載。IntertwinedwiththedisclosuresofadifficultromancearefragmentsofEinstein'sthoughtashestruggledtowardconfidenceinhisconceptofrelativity.所所披露的艱難的羅曼史交織在一起的是愛因斯坦?jié)M懷信心地為自己的相對(duì)論概念而努

4、力奮斗的思想片斷。EinsteinandMaric,aSerbborninaregionofHungarythatisnowpartofYugoslavia,becamefriendsin1896whilestudyingtogetherattheFederalTechnicalInstituteinZurich.InsubsequentyearstheywrotefrequentlyasEinstein'seffortstofindworkandMaric'svisitshomecausedmanyseparations.愛因斯坦與瑪麗克（她生生在當(dāng)時(shí)匈牙利的塞爾維亞地區(qū)，現(xiàn)

5、為南斯拉夫的一部分。）是在1896年交上朋友的。當(dāng)時(shí)他倆正一起在蘇黎世的聯(lián)邦理工學(xué)院學(xué)習(xí)，在后來(lái)的許多歲月中，因愛因斯坦為找工作奔波，瑪麗克為回家探親而造成多次分離，所以他們通信頻繁。Inhisletters,Einsteinconfidedinherhiseffortstoparticipateintherevolutiontakingplaceinmanyfieldsofphysics,includingthenatureoflight,relativemovementandmolecularphenomenon.愛因斯坦在信中向瑪麗克吐露，自己在投身于許多物理學(xué)領(lǐng)域（其中包括光的特性、相

6、對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)和分子現(xiàn)象）內(nèi)發(fā)生的革命AccordingtoDr.JohnStachel,aprofessorofphysicsatBostonUniversitywhoiseditoroftheEinsteinpapers,Maricappearstohavebeenmoreof"asoundingboard"thanacontributortoEinstein'sideas.據(jù)波士頓大學(xué)物理學(xué)教授、愛因斯坦論文集的編輯約翰施塔赫爾博士說(shuō)，看起來(lái)，與其說(shuō)瑪麗克是愛因斯坦思想的貢獻(xiàn)者，不如說(shuō)是愛因斯坦思想的“共鳴者InalettertoMaricin1899,whenhew

7、as20yearsold,Einsteinanticipatedhisfirsttheoryofrelativity,publishedsixyearslater.Itcameinaperiodwhenmanyphysicistsstillbelievedthatspacewasfilledwithaninvisiblemediumthroughwhichlightwavescouldbepropagated.Theycalledthemediuma"luminiferousether”.1899年愛因斯坦20歲。在給瑪麗克的一封信中，他提前談?wù)摿俗约?年后發(fā)表的早期相對(duì)論思想。當(dāng)時(shí)

8、許多物理學(xué)家仍然認(rèn)為空間充滿著一種能使光波傳播的不可見的介質(zhì)。他們將這種介質(zhì)稱之為“傳光的以太”。Einstein'slettersalsorevealhisfamily'sdisdainforMaric.InJuly1900hehadbeenwarnedbyhissisterthathisparentswerebitterlyopposedtohimmarryingMaric.Whenhetoldhismotherofhisintention,"Mamathrewherselfonthebed,buriedherheadinthepillows,andcriedli

9、keachild,"hewrotetoMaric.愛因斯坦的信還透露了他家里的人對(duì)瑪麗克的鄙視態(tài)度。1900年7月，他事先得到姐姐的警告說(shuō)，父母竭力反對(duì)他與瑪麗克結(jié)婚。當(dāng)他把自己的打算告訴母親后，“媽媽一下子撲倒在床上，把頭埋在枕頭下，哭得像孩子似的”，他在給瑪麗克的信中寫道。"Aftershehadrecoveredfromtheinitialshock,sheimmediatelyswitchedtoadesperateoffensive,"Einsteincontinued.Hequotedhismotherassaying,"Youareruin

10、ingyourfutureandblockingyourpaththroughlife."愛因斯坦繼續(xù)寫道，“當(dāng)她從開頭的打擊中恢復(fù)過(guò)來(lái)后，便立即轉(zhuǎn)換方式，發(fā)起猛烈攻勢(shì)?！彼€援引母親的話說(shuō)，“你是在毀掉自己的前途，你是在阻塞自己的人生道路?！盇lthoughEinstein'sfamilylookeddownonMaric'sbackground,anotherproblemwasthecouple'smeagerincome.AsEinsteinwrotetoafriend,"Neitherofustwohasgottenajobandwesup

11、portourselvesbyprivatelessons-whenwecanpickupsome,whichisstillveryquestionable."雖然愛因斯坦的家人瞧不起瑪麗克的生身，另外一個(gè)原因也是因?yàn)檫@對(duì)未婚夫婦的微薄收入。就像愛因斯坦在給一個(gè)朋友的信中所寫的那樣，“我們倆都還未找到工作。我們只靠給私人上課為生（如果我們能找到一些這樣機(jī)會(huì)的話），但這還是很成問(wèn)題的。”InterspersedamongEinstein'srepeatedexpressionsoflovewerediscussionsofscientificquestionswithwhich

12、bothwereconcerned.在愛因斯坦的那些情意繾綣的信中也摻帶著對(duì)他們雙方都關(guān)心的科學(xué)問(wèn)題的討論。WhilevisitingtheSwisstownofAarau"agoodideaoccurredtome,"hewrote,"aboutawayofinvestigatinghowabody'srelativemotionwithrespecttotheluminiferousetheraffectsthevelocityofpropagationoflightintransparentbodies.Alsoatheoryonthismatter

13、occurredtome,whichseemstobehighlyprobable."在游覽瑞士的阿勞城時(shí)，“我心中產(chǎn)生了一個(gè)好主意，”他寫道，“即關(guān)于研究一個(gè)物體與傳光以太的相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)如何影響光在透明物體中的傳播速度的方法。在這個(gè)問(wèn)題上我頭腦里還產(chǎn)生了一種似乎十分有可能成立的理論?！盚ealsowaspondering"thedefinitionofabsoluterest",aparadoxthatledhimtohisinitialtheoryonrelativity.Thetheoryruledoutthepossibilityofabsoluterest,

14、sinceallobjectsareconsideredtobeinmotionrelativetootherobjects.Healsowascontemplatingtheelectrodynamicsofmovingbodieswhich,hesaid,"promisestobeacapitalpaper."他還在思考著“絕對(duì)靜止的定義”，一種導(dǎo)致他產(chǎn)生最初相對(duì)論的悖論。這種理論排除了絕對(duì)靜止的可能性。因?yàn)橐磺形矬w對(duì)于其他有關(guān)物體來(lái)說(shuō)都被看作是處在運(yùn)動(dòng)之中的。他還對(duì)移動(dòng)物體的電動(dòng)力學(xué)冥思苦想，他說(shuō)，“這有希望成為一篇優(yōu)秀論文?！?quot;Iwrotetoyoutha

15、tIdoubtedthecorrectnessoftheideasaboutrelativemotion,"hewrote."Butmydoubtswerebasedsolelyonasimplemathematicalerror.NowIbelieveinitmorethanever."“我曾寫信給你，談到過(guò)我對(duì)相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)想法的正確性有懷疑，”他寫道。“但我的懷疑只是基于簡(jiǎn)單的數(shù)學(xué)上的錯(cuò)誤?，F(xiàn)在我比以前更深信無(wú)疑了?！盡r.Stachel,writingintheMayissueofPhysicsToday,saysthispassage"suggest

16、sthatEinsteinhadalreadyadoptedsomeversionoftherelativityprinciple",althoughnotinitsfinalform.斯塔赫爾先生在5月號(hào)的今日物理上撰文說(shuō)，這篇文章“意味著愛因斯坦已經(jīng)采用了奧種形式的相對(duì)論原理工盡管還不是最終形式。AlthoughMarichasbeendepictedbyhistoriansasadullwoman,thelettersshowherinterestinthenatureofinfinity.雖然瑪麗克被歷史學(xué)家描寫成一位缺乏想象力的女子，這些信卻表明，她對(duì)無(wú)限性很感興趣。&qu

17、ot;Idonotbelievethestructureofthehumanbrainistobeblamedforthefactthatmancannotgraspinfinity,"shewrotetohimin1897,whenhewas18yearsold.“我認(rèn)為，人們不能了解無(wú)限性，不應(yīng)歸咎于人腦的結(jié)構(gòu)，”1897年她給當(dāng)時(shí)18歲的愛因斯坦的信中寫道。Shecontinued:"Hecertainlycoulddothatifinhisyoungdays,whenhewaslearningtoperceive,thelittlefellowhadnotbeens

18、ocruellyconfinedtotheearth,oreventoanest,betweenfourwalls,butinsteadwasallowedtowalkoutalittleintotheuniverse."她接下去寫道：“倘若一個(gè)人在年輕時(shí)期，在學(xué)習(xí)掌握新概念時(shí)，不被無(wú)情地局限于地球，或者甚至局限于四面圍墻的斗室之中，而是被允許走由去涉足一下宇宙的話，他當(dāng)然是能夠做到這一點(diǎn)的?！盨ciencehistorians,suchasGeraldHoltonofHarvardUniversity,regardEinstein'sabilityto"walko

19、utintotheuniverse"andthinkinpureabstractionsasessentialtohisrevolutionarydiscoveries.Particularlyremarkable,Mr.Holtonsaidinaninterview,istheextenttowhichtheirinterestinphysicsdominatesthecorrespondencedespitetheirpersonaldifficulties.科學(xué)史家們，諸如哈佛大學(xué)的熱拉爾霍爾頓認(rèn)為，愛因斯坦“涉足宇宙”的能力和用純抽象方式思維的能力對(duì)他的各項(xiàng)具有革命性的發(fā)現(xiàn)是

20、必不可少的。特別引人注目的是，霍爾頓先生在一次會(huì)見中說(shuō)，盡管他們各自都有困難，但他們?cè)谕ㄐ胖袑?duì)物理學(xué)的興趣竟然占著最重要的位置。"Mostimportantforhistoriansofscience",headded,istheevidencethatsoearlyinhislifeEinstein"wasalreadydeeplythinkingaboutthenatureoflight,relativityandmolecularmotion."This"allfellintoplaceinaspectacularsetofpapers&

21、quot;publishedin1905andthereafter,hesaid.他又說(shuō)：“對(duì)科學(xué)史學(xué)工作者來(lái)說(shuō)，最重要的是"，在愛因斯坦的一生中這樣早的時(shí)候就有跡象表明，他“就已經(jīng)在深刻地思考著光的特性、相對(duì)論和分子運(yùn)動(dòng)的問(wèn)題了他說(shuō)，“這一思想”都體現(xiàn)在一系列引人注目的論文之中”，并從1905年起陸續(xù)發(fā)表。Despitelongperiodsofseparation,MaricandEinsteinoccasionallymanagedtomeetandhiketheSwissmountains.Aboutthetimeofoneoftheirexcursions,inMay190

22、1,shelearnedofherpregnancy.盡管瑪麗克與愛因斯坦多次長(zhǎng)期分離，但他倆有時(shí)也設(shè)法團(tuán)聚，去瑞士的崇山峻嶺觀光，作徒步旅行。1901年5月在一次短途旅行時(shí)，瑪麗克得知自己懷孕了。ThefirstletterinwhichEinsteinmentionedthissubject,however,beganwithdiscussionofapaperontheproductionofcathoderaysbyultravioletlight.Itthencontinued:"Justbeofgoodcheer,love,anddon'tfret.Afteral

23、l,IamnotleavingyouandI'llbringeverythingtoahappyconclusion."然而，愛因斯坦提到此事的第一封信是以談?wù)撘黄P(guān)于用紫外線產(chǎn)生陰級(jí)射線的論文開頭的。該信接著才寫道：“你要高興喜歡才是，可別憂愁煩惱。畢竟我不會(huì)離開你，而且我一定會(huì)把一切圓滿了結(jié)?！盇sinseveralsubsequentlettershereferredtothechildasthoughthebabywasalreadyborn,saying,"Howistheyoungchap?"當(dāng)他在后來(lái)的幾封信中再談到這個(gè)孩子的情況時(shí)，仿佛孩子

24、已經(jīng)生下了。他問(wèn)道，“小家伙好嗎？”Maricwashopingforagirlandtheycalledtheunbornchild"Lieserl",adiminutiveofLiese."Iamdizzywithjoy",Einsteinwroteher,afterreceivingwordofajobinBern."TheonlythingthatmustbesolvedishowtohaveourLieserlwithus.Idonotwantforustohavetopartwithher."瑪麗克希望生個(gè)女孩，所以他們?cè)?/p>

25、孩子未生生時(shí)便叫她“莉塞爾”（莉絲的昵稱）。當(dāng)愛因斯坦得知在伯爾尼找到工作的消息后，他寫信給瑪麗克說(shuō)，“我高興死了。唯一得解決的事情就是怎樣使莉塞爾和我們?cè)谝黄?。我不想使我們不得不離開她?！盌espitehismother'sopposition,EinsteinandMaricweremarriedinJanuary1903inBern.Accordingtoaletter,toappearinthenextvolumeofhispapers,theEinsteinslaterlearnedthattheirdaughterhadrecoveredfromscarletfever.B

26、utapparentlyshewasstillinhermother'snativeregion.Thementionofscarletfeveristhelastreferencetothegirlinthecorrespondence.盡管遭到母親的反對(duì)，愛因斯坦還是于1903年元月在伯爾尼與瑪麗克結(jié)為伉儷。根據(jù)愛因斯坦文集下一卷上發(fā)表的一封信，愛因斯坦夫婦后來(lái)得知，女兒的猩紅熱已經(jīng)痊愈?？磥?lái)這孩子還是住在她母親的故鄉(xiāng)了。在通信中有關(guān)這女孩的最后情況只是提到了猩紅熱。SupplementaryReadingAsfarastheprofessionalstaffoftheETH(th

27、eSwissFederalPolytechnicSchool)wasconcerned,AlbertEinsteinwasoneoftheawkwardscholarswhomightormightnotgraduate,butwhoineithercasewasagreatdealoftrouble.Andinaccordancewiththeiropinions,whenEinsteindidgraduateafterfouryears,ETHdidnotofferhimapositionaswasthecustomofthetime.Forthedifficultfellow,noope

28、ningontheacademicladdercouldbefound.Yetitcannothavebeenentirelyunexpectedanditwascertainlynotunnatural.Intheautumnof1900AlbertEinsteinwasagraduatewhodeniedratherthandefiedauthority;ayoungmanwhowaswrittenoffasvirtuallyunemployablebymanyself-respectingcitizens.ItwastobetwoyearslaterbeforeEinsteinwasab

29、letoobtainhisfirstregularalbeitnonacademicposition.EvensoEinstein'spositionwiththeSwissPatentOfficewasobtainedthroughtheinterventionoffriendsonhisbehalf.TheworkofthePatentOfficeattheturnofthecenturywasstrikinglydifferentfromwhatitlaterbecame.Thedifferenceis川ustratedbyonefact:until1908patentswere

30、grantedonlyforinventionswhichcouldberepresentedbyamodel.Themodelmayhavebeenasimportantasthespecificationwhichdescribed,inwordswhichideallyshouldallowofnodispute,thedutieswhichthedevicewasintendedtoperform.Theseinventions,ideas,andproposalswhichweredirectedtotheofficeconsistedlargelyofsuggestionsforp

31、ractical,utilitarian,basicallysimple,andoftenhomelyapplicationsoftechnologytothemundaneaffairsofeverydaylife.Atfirstglance,allthisappearstobesingularlyunrelatedtoEinstein'sspecialgenius.Yetdespitetheapparentlyesotericqualityofthetheoriesonwhichhisfamewasfounded,thesetheoriessprang,ashewasnevertiredofstressing,fromobservationoffactsandfromdeductionswhichwouldaccountforthesefacts.Thisdemandedanintuitivediscernmentofessentials,anditwasjustthiswhichwassharpenedduringhisdaysatthePatentOffice.Fortheworkfrequentlyinvolvedrewritinginventors'vagueap