高一英語(yǔ)Book 2 語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)人教實(shí)驗(yàn)版知識(shí)精講

1、高一英語(yǔ)Book 2 語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)人教實(shí)驗(yàn)版【本講教育信息】一. 教學(xué)內(nèi)容：Book 2 語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容一、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)小結(jié)：（一）何時(shí)使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 1. 不知道誰(shuí)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者或沒(méi)有必要 如：Paper is made from wood. The house is quite old. It was built in 1950. He was wounded in the fight. 2. 需要強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí) 如：Calculator can't be used in the maths exam. Books and newspapers in the reading room

2、mustn't be taken away. He was awarded first prize in that contest. 3. 為了使語(yǔ)氣婉轉(zhuǎn)，避免提及自己或?qū)Ψ蕉褂帽粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，或由于修飾的需要，使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，以使句子得到更好的安排。 如：The construction of the new lab must be completed by the end of next month. Electricity is used to run machines. （二）被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成 1. be + done 可以是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，也可以是系表結(jié)構(gòu)形式。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中，done可以帶b

3、y短語(yǔ)，而系表結(jié)構(gòu)中done相當(dāng)于adj. 不帶 by短語(yǔ)。 如：The question is settled. (系表結(jié)構(gòu)) Such questions are settled by us. (被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)) The composition is well written. (系表結(jié)構(gòu)) The composition is written with great care . (被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)) The job was well done. (系表結(jié)構(gòu)) The job was well done by a skilled worker. (被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)) 2. 許多verbs(broken, int

4、erested, shut, worried), 既可以用做adj.也可以在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)中做過(guò)去分詞。句中如果有by，通常是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 如：I was worried about you all night. (表狀態(tài)) I was worried by mosquitoes all night. (表動(dòng)作) The glass was broken by Jack. (表動(dòng)作) The glass is broken. (表狀態(tài)) I was frightened by his ghost story. She was frightened at the sight of a snake.

5、（三）不同形式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 1. 含有直賓和間賓的主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)時(shí)，可將其中一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)，另一個(gè)不動(dòng)。一般是主語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的間接賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)的主語(yǔ)。 如：He showed me his pictures. I was shown his pictures by him. His pictures were shown to me by him. Aunt made me a new dress. I was made a new dress by aunt. A new dress was made for me by aunt. He sent me a birthday present.

6、 I was sent a birthday present by him. A birthday present was sent to me by him. 2. 含有復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)句，賓補(bǔ)不變。 （1）將賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)，賓補(bǔ)不變。 如：They call her Xiaoli.She is called Xiaoli. He left the door open.The door was left open by him. （2）make, let, have, hear, watch, see, feel, notice. Help等動(dòng)詞后作賓補(bǔ)的不定式一般不加to，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)，必須加to

7、. 如：My brother often made me do this and that when I was young. I was often made to do this and that by my brother when I young. I heard her move about in her room upstairs last night. She was heard to move about in her room upstairs last night. Did you see Jack take away the magazine? Was Jack seen

8、 to take away the magazine? 3. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)是由情態(tài)v.+ be+ p.p.構(gòu)成 如：They can not find him. He can not be found. You must pay me for this. I must be paid for this. He can repair your watch. Your watch can be repaired. 4. 短語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 一般來(lái)講，只有及物才有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，因?yàn)橹挥衯t.才能有動(dòng)作的承受者; 但有許多由不及物動(dòng)詞+介詞及其他詞類(lèi)構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞，可以有賓語(yǔ)。因而可以有

9、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，但應(yīng)注意短語(yǔ)是一個(gè)不可分割的整體。變被動(dòng)時(shí)，不可丟掉構(gòu)成短語(yǔ)的prep.或adv.這樣的短語(yǔ)有：look after, listen to, look at, pay attention to, take care of, look forward to, make use of, etc. 如：They had put out the fire before the fire-brigade arrived. The fire had been put out before the fire-brigade arrived. They will set up a new publi

10、c school here. A new public school will be set up here. 5. 有些動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)含義。 如：The goods sells well. The door can't open. 6. 有些詞如want, need, require和 be worth后面，v-ing形式為主動(dòng)，意義為被動(dòng)。 如：The room needs/wants/requires cleaning. The book is worth reading. 7. 主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的賓語(yǔ)是從句，變成被動(dòng)時(shí)使用形式替代詞it. 如：We know that Brit

11、ain is an island country. Its known that Britain is an island country. The teacher said that this book has been translated into several languages Its said that this book has been translated into several languages 8. 賓語(yǔ)為反身代詞，相互代詞及虛詞it時(shí)，不用被動(dòng)，只用主動(dòng)。 如：I will do it myself. The man introduced himself as M

12、r. Wang. 9. 謂語(yǔ)以下是動(dòng)詞時(shí)，無(wú)被動(dòng)。 happen, belong to, suit, fit(適合), have, let, join, fall, last（延長(zhǎng)）,cost（花費(fèi)） break out（爆發(fā)）appear, burst out(迸發(fā))，hold(容納)，lack（缺乏），agree with（同意）. 10. 據(jù)說(shuō)類(lèi)動(dòng)詞：say, consider, think, report, know, believe, suggest, understand, hope, etc. 如：It is said that There is said to be sth./

13、 sb. is said to 11. 主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng) 感官動(dòng)詞：sound, taste, smell, feel, look, seem等主語(yǔ)是物時(shí)； 一些vi.主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)含義: open, close, shut, read, write, translate, wash, clean, lock, sell, wear, cut, cook, eat, weigh, drink, pay, draw, etc. 不定式to blame, to let（出租）作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)含義 表需要的need ,want, require等后的動(dòng)名詞用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)含義 be worth

14、后的動(dòng)名詞主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)含義考一考1. Months ago we sailed ten thousands across this open sea, which _ the Pacific, and we met no storms.(05遼寧)A. was called B. is called C. had been called D. has been called 解析：答案是B。用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示客觀存在。2. In the last few years a few more bridges _ in our city.A. put upB. were put up C.

15、 have been put upD. have put up解析：答案是C AD兩項(xiàng)都是主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，不合要求，先排除。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)in /during the last/past few/thirty years常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。故選C。二、定語(yǔ)從句（一）定語(yǔ)從句的概念 在復(fù)合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語(yǔ)從句。被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞，定語(yǔ)從句一般放在先行詞的后面。（二）定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞，常見(jiàn)的關(guān)系代詞包括that， which， who（賓格whom，所有格whose）等，關(guān)系副詞包括where， when， why等。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞放在先行詞

16、及定語(yǔ)從句之間起連接作用，同時(shí)又作定語(yǔ)從句的重要成分。（三）定語(yǔ)從句的分類(lèi)根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞的關(guān)系，定語(yǔ)從句可分為限制性定語(yǔ)從句及非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。限制性定語(yǔ)從句緊跟先行詞，主句與從句不用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)，從句不可省去，非限制性定語(yǔ)從句主句與從句之間有逗號(hào)分開(kāi)，起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。（四）關(guān)系代詞的用法1. that 既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，作主語(yǔ)時(shí)不可省略，作賓語(yǔ)可省略。例如：Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.瑪麗喜歡輕柔的音樂(lè)。（that作主語(yǔ)）The coat （that） I put on the

17、desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是藍(lán)色的。（that作賓語(yǔ)）2. which用于指物，在句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，作主語(yǔ)不可省略，作賓語(yǔ)可省略。例如：The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火車(chē)站附近的那座大樓是一家超市。（作主語(yǔ)）The film （which） we saw last night was wonderful. 我們昨天晚上看的那部電影很好看。（作賓語(yǔ)）3. who， whom用于指人，who 用作主語(yǔ)，whom用作賓語(yǔ)。在口語(yǔ)中，有時(shí)可用who代替whom， 也可省略。例

18、如：The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.經(jīng)常在英語(yǔ)方面幫助我的那個(gè)女孩是英國(guó)人。（作主語(yǔ)）Who is the teacher （whom） Li Ming is talking to？ 正在與李明談話的老師是誰(shuí)？（作賓語(yǔ)）注意：（1）當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句中含有介詞，介詞放在句末時(shí)，who， that， which可省略，但介詞在關(guān)系代詞前時(shí)，只能用“介詞+which/whom”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：This is the house in which we lived last year.這是我們?nèi)ツ昃幼〉姆孔印lease t

19、ell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.請(qǐng)告訴我你從誰(shuí)那兒借的這本英文小說(shuō)。（2）含有介詞的固定動(dòng)詞詞組中，介詞不可前置，只能放在原來(lái)的位置上。例如：This is the person whom you are looking for. 這就是你要找的那個(gè)人。（3）that 作介詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，介詞不能放它的前面，只能放在從句中動(dòng)詞的后面。例如：The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常遠(yuǎn)。（4）關(guān)系詞只能用that的情況：a. 先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)所修飾，或本身是序數(shù)詞

20、、基數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)時(shí)，只能用that，而不用which.例如：He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一個(gè)通過(guò)考試的人。b. 被修飾的先行詞為all， any， much， many， everything， anything， none， the one等不定代詞時(shí)，只能用that，而不用which.例如：Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop？ 你在商店里有什么東西要買(mǎi)嗎？c. 先行詞被the only， the very， the same， the last， l

21、ittle， few 等詞修飾時(shí)，只能用that，而不用which.例如：This is the same bike that I lost.這就是我丟的那輛自行車(chē)。d. 先行詞里同時(shí)含有人或物時(shí)，只能用that， 而不用which.例如：I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚記得我在那個(gè)房間所見(jiàn)到的人和一些照片。e. 以who或which引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問(wèn)句，為避免重復(fù)，只能用that.例如：Who is the girl that is crying？ 正在哭泣的那個(gè)女孩是誰(shuí)？f

22、. 主句是there be 結(jié)構(gòu)，修飾主語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)從句用that，而不用which.例如：There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本書(shū)是湯姆的。（5）關(guān)系詞只能用which，而不用that 的情況：a. 先行詞為that， those時(shí)，用which， 而不用that.例如：Whats that which is under the desk？ 在桌子底下的那些東西是什么？b. 關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時(shí)，一般用which，而不用that.例如：This is the room in which he lives. 這是他居住的房間。c.

23、 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，用which，而不用that.例如：Tom came back, which made us happy. 湯姆回來(lái)了，這使我們很高興。（五）關(guān)系副詞的用法（1）when指時(shí)間，其先行詞表示時(shí)間，在句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。例如This was the time when he arrived.這是他到達(dá)的時(shí)間。（2）where指地點(diǎn)，其先行詞表示地點(diǎn)，在句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。例如：This is place where he works.這是他工作的地點(diǎn)。（3）why 指原因，其先行詞是原因，起原因狀語(yǔ)作用。例如：Nobody knows the reason why he is o

24、ften late for school. 沒(méi)人知道他為什么上學(xué)總遲到。（六）定語(yǔ)從句小結(jié)1. 疑問(wèn)句中考查定語(yǔ)從句 Is this the farm _ you visited last week? A. whereB. the oneC. on whichD. /解析：答案是D。 命題人經(jīng)常利用疑問(wèn)句的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)干擾學(xué)生的正確選擇。遇到這類(lèi)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，最好的辦法是先把疑問(wèn)句還原成陳述句，然后判斷誰(shuí)是先行詞，再看關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞郑詈蟠_定正確答案。 2. 倒裝句中考查定語(yǔ)從句 We came to a place, _ stood a big tower. A. whichB.

25、 thatC. /D. where 解析：正確答案是D。為了保持句子平衡，句子用了倒裝語(yǔ)序。倒裝的使用使定語(yǔ)從句的結(jié)構(gòu)變得較為特殊，因此對(duì)于使用倒裝語(yǔ)序的定語(yǔ)從句，應(yīng)先把倒裝語(yǔ)序還原成正常語(yǔ)序，這樣句子結(jié)構(gòu)就比較清晰了。3. 拆分詞組和固定搭配 （1）The second is connected with the use _ the body makes of food. A. of whichB. whereC. to doD. that （2）Why cant you realize the part _ they have played in our life? A. whichB.

26、on whichC. whenD. where 解析：正確答案分別是D和A。一些詞組和搭配被拆開(kāi)后，句子的含義就變得難以理解。首先把拆開(kāi)的詞組復(fù)原是理解此類(lèi)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)鍵。上述句子中包含以下詞組：make use of, play a part (in)。 4. 添加插入語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ) The scientist has made another discovery, _ I believe is of great importance. A. thatB. /C. whichD. why 解析：應(yīng)選擇C。這類(lèi)句子主要利用插入語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)的添加來(lái)增加試題的難度。常見(jiàn)的插入語(yǔ)有：I think (supp

27、ose, expect, believe, imagine), in my opinion, to tell you the truth等。做這類(lèi)題目時(shí)，最佳的辦法是先刪去插入語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)，這樣句子的主干部分就一目了然了。 5. 插入非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 Is this the man _ you want to have _ the radio for me? A. who; repairedB. that; repaired C. whom; repairingD. that; repair 解析：D項(xiàng)正確。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是英語(yǔ)中難度較大的語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目之一，因而在定語(yǔ)從句中加入非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就成了學(xué)生最易失分的題目

28、。對(duì)付這類(lèi)題目最有效的辦法就是將句子還原。如：我們可以把幾個(gè)句子中的定語(yǔ)從句進(jìn)行還原，還原后的句子應(yīng)是：You want to have the man repair the radio for me. 【模擬試題】一、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)強(qiáng)化練習(xí)1. Its politely requested by the hotel management that radios _ after 10 oclock at night. A. were not played B. not to play C. not be played D. did not play2. Heating _ into the stud

29、ents dormitories now. A. is puttingB. is being putC. is been putD. has been putting 3. The worlds supplies of petroleum _. A. have been gradually being exhaustedB. have gradually exhausted C. are gradually exhaustedD. are being gradually exhausted4. The scientific study of the motion of heavenly bod

30、ies and the action of forces that change or cause motion _ astronomy.A. callB. is calledC. is callingD. called5. This kind of glasses manufactured by experienced craftsmen _ comfortably.A. is wornB. wearsC. wearingD. are worn6. The exhibition of poor sportsmanship _a sense of disgust in all who witn

31、essed it.A. roseB. aroseC. arousedD. raised7. Your hair wants _. Youd better have it done tomorrow. A. cutB. to cutC. cuttingD. being cut8. They are all for your proposal that the seminar _. A. be put offB. was put offC. should put offD. is to put off9. No sooner _than the ship set sail. A. the good

32、s was loadedB. had the goods been loaded C. loaded the goodsD. the goods was being loaded.10. While crossing the mountain areas, all the men had guns for protection lest they _by the local bandits. A. be attackedB. were attackedC. must be attackedD. would be attacked 二、定語(yǔ)從句專(zhuān)項(xiàng)練習(xí)1. The place _interest

33、ed me most was the Children's Palace.A. whichB. whereC. whatD. in which2. Do you know the man _?A. whom I spokeB. to who spokeC. I spoke toD. that I spoke3. This is the hotel _last month.A. which they stayedB. at that they stayedC. where they stayed atD. where they stayed4. Do you know the year

34、_the Chinese Communist Party was founded?A. whichB. thatC. whenD. on which5. That is the day _I'll never forget.A. whichB. on whichC. in whichD. when6. The factory _we'll visit next week is not far from here.A. whereB. to whichC. whichD. in which7. Great changes have taken place since then i

35、n the factory _we are working.A. whereB. thatC. whichD. there8. This is one of the best films _.A. that have been shown this yearB. that have shownC. that has been shown this yearD. that you talked9. Can you lend me the book _the other day?A. about which you talkedB. which you talkedC. about that yo

36、u talkedD. that you talked10. The pen _he is writing is mine.A. with whichB. in whichC. on whichD. by which11. They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of _sat a small boy.A. whomB. whoC. whichD. that12. The engineer _my father works is about 50 years old.A. to whomB. on whomC. with whichD. with whom13

37、. It there anyone in your class _family is in the country?A. whoB. whosC. whichD. whose14. Im interested in _you have said.A. all thatB. all whatC. thatD. which15. I want to use the same dictionary _was used yesterday.A. whichB. whoC. whatD. as【試題答案】一、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)練習(xí)詳解1. C。 一些動(dòng)詞要求與虛擬語(yǔ)氣的從句相配合。這些動(dòng)詞主要有：ask, adv

38、ise, demand, desire, determine, decide, insist，maintain, propose, order, recommend, require, request, suggest 等。它們后面的從句的動(dòng)詞為should do, should可以省略。在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中也是這樣使用。 2. B。 此題考查被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的進(jìn)行式:be+ being +PP.(過(guò)去分詞)。3. D。 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示一種現(xiàn)在暫時(shí)性的動(dòng)作 (即指現(xiàn)階段的供應(yīng)情況，以后供應(yīng)情況怎樣則不得而知 )。一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)則表示過(guò)去、現(xiàn)在、將來(lái)經(jīng)常性的短缺。另外“exhaust”一詞是及物動(dòng)詞。4. B。根據(jù)題干意義判斷。5. B。英語(yǔ)中有些動(dòng)詞不使用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，本身就表示被動(dòng)意義。這些動(dòng)詞主要有：wear, feel, wash,