正式語(yǔ)言與非正式語(yǔ)言歸納的很好

1、正式語(yǔ)言與非正式語(yǔ)言、口語(yǔ)與書面語(yǔ)的區(qū)別1. 從詞匯選擇來看語(yǔ)體的區(qū)別A. 名詞(a) 抽象名詞作主語(yǔ) 抽象名詞作主語(yǔ)多見于書面體、正式用語(yǔ) , 如:The success of the book brought him tremendous popularity. (very formal)The book was highly successful and made him a very popular writer. (colloquial 口語(yǔ))(b) 以表示事物的名詞作為通常屬于人的行為、 動(dòng)作的主體時(shí) ,常見于書面體；在口語(yǔ)體中 , 一般采用較樸實(shí)的說法 (如:把書面體中的動(dòng)詞改為

2、意義相近的其他動(dòng)詞 , 或改為以人為主 語(yǔ)) 。如:His knowledge is insufficient to enable him to complete this task. (formal)He is not competent enough to do this job. (colloquial)The manufacture of these goods is acquiring importance as an industry. (formal)The manufacture of these goods is becoming an important industry.

3、 (colloquial)(c) 有重復(fù)主語(yǔ)的句子有重復(fù)主語(yǔ)的句子一般只用于日常用語(yǔ) , 不用于正式場(chǎng)合 , 如: Jim and I took the long road. (formal) Jim and I, we took the long road. (informal)(d) 以 there 為開首的句子 , 主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)在數(shù)上一致的是正式語(yǔ)言 , 不一致的是非正式語(yǔ)、.言。There are a group of children ready to sing songs. (formal)There is a group of children ready to sing song

4、s. (informal)(e) 所有格The hood of the car is insulated (絕緣) . (formal)The car 's hood is insulated. (informal)(f) 縮略語(yǔ)與全稱正式語(yǔ)言常用全稱 , 非正式語(yǔ)言常用縮略語(yǔ)。 雖然在正式語(yǔ)言中用縮略語(yǔ)的情況越來越 多，但在非正式語(yǔ)言中縮略語(yǔ)用得更多，如:TV, VOA,BBC, VIP, etc.當(dāng)然在一些個(gè)別場(chǎng)合， 書面語(yǔ)中可用縮略語(yǔ) , 而口語(yǔ)中不使用。(g) 關(guān)于單復(fù)數(shù)在泛指時(shí),用復(fù)數(shù)偏通俗化,用the加單數(shù)比較文氣,如:The cow is a useful animal.

5、(a little literary)Cows are useful animals. (a little vulgar)B. 形容詞 口語(yǔ)體中所用的形容詞往往是人們最常用的形容詞 ,這些形容詞往往一詞多義； 而書面 體中所用的形容詞則往往不那么常用 , 這些形容詞的含義往往不如口語(yǔ)體中所用的形容詞的含義那么廣泛 , 但其含義卻往往具體、有特殊性。C. 副詞 與形容詞同形的英文副詞往往用于口語(yǔ) , 但詩(shī)歌中有時(shí)也用這種形式。然而 , 這些詞卻 很少用于其他方面的正式用語(yǔ)。如 :Work slowly and steadily. (formal) Work slow and steady. (i

6、nformal)D. 介詞 在一些狀語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)中 , 省略介詞的屬于口語(yǔ) , 保留介詞的屬于書面語(yǔ)。如 :It happened the day he did the experiment. (informal)'ll come in theIt happened on the day on which he did the experiment. (formal) I following spring. (formal)ll come the following spring. (colloquial)E.(a)I'代詞口語(yǔ)中多省略作主語(yǔ)的代詞。如 :Haven't s

7、een you for ages! (informal)關(guān)于 mine, his, yours, ours 當(dāng) mine, his, yours, ours 等物主代詞作賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)(b)時(shí),可用于書面語(yǔ) ,也可用于口語(yǔ)。但如果這種物主代詞 (或名詞所有格)作主語(yǔ)放在句首 , 并暗指表語(yǔ)名詞所用的概念 , 那就是一種比較文雅的說法了。如 :His (or Mr. Li 's) is a noble character.在日?？谡Z(yǔ)中一般這么用 :His (or Mr. Li's) character is a noble one. / He has a noble characte

8、r. 但下面這類句子對(duì)書面語(yǔ)和口語(yǔ)都適用 :Your teacher and mine are talking in the room.(c) we, I在一些正式場(chǎng)合，作者或演講人為了表示謙虛,往往避免用I,而用we代替。如:As we showed a moment ago . (formal)As I said a moment ago . (not so formal) (d) you, we 用we代替you是一種表示客氣的語(yǔ)言。如 :Don't worry about your shoes! (imperative)Why don't we not worry ab

9、out your shoes, OK (polite)you, one在翻譯中文"任何人"、”誰(shuí)都"等時(shí),譯成one為formal language,譯成you為 informal language 。如 :One must love one 's country. (forma l)You must love your country. (informal)(f) 關(guān)于 I, me, he, him, etc.He says she saw you and me. (formal)He says she saw you and I. (informal)

10、F. 動(dòng)名詞在書面語(yǔ)中，一般用物主代詞或名詞所有格來修飾動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)，以表示行為者。如： Mr. Li dislikes Zhang Hui ' s coming home late.There will be little cha nee of my visit ing the pl ace aga in.Li Wen' s falling ill suddenIy gave me a surprise.口語(yǔ)中一般以代詞的賓格或名詞普通格加分詞、for加賓語(yǔ)加不定式、從句、獨(dú)立句等方式表達(dá)。女口 :Mr. Li dislikes Zhang Hui coming home la

11、te.There will be little cha nee for me to visit the p lace aga in.Li Wen fell ill sudde niy. This gave me a surp rise.G.關(guān)于縮寫用縮寫形式多為非正式語(yǔ)言，而用非縮寫形式多為正式語(yǔ)言，如:do not, we are, Iexam, bike 等多用于口語(yǔ),examination, 等是 口語(yǔ)中常見的感嘆詞。am, I have, there is, cannot, will not等多見于正式語(yǔ)言 ,而 don' t, we ' re, I ' m,I

12、 ve, there s, cant, won't 多見于非正式語(yǔ)言。bicycle 等多用于書面語(yǔ)。 oh, dear, why, well2. 從句法來看語(yǔ)體的區(qū)別,修飾語(yǔ)也可以較長(zhǎng)，而在口語(yǔ)中則相反。A.修飾語(yǔ) 在書面文字中，修飾語(yǔ)可以與中心詞相隔較遠(yuǎn)如：There exist comp lex compu tati ons in scie nee and engin eeri ng which people are un able to make. (writte n)There are complex compu tati ons in scie nee and engin

13、eeri ng, and people are un able to make those compu tatio ns. (colloquial)B.句子的長(zhǎng)短一般來說，書面語(yǔ)句子較長(zhǎng)，口語(yǔ)句子較短。you see, you know, to be frank, etc.而口語(yǔ)中關(guān)系代詞則用的極少，往往被(a) 議論文、商業(yè)或法律公文等書面語(yǔ)不僅常用較長(zhǎng)的修飾語(yǔ) ，而且有時(shí)用較長(zhǎng)的插入語(yǔ)， 甚至插入語(yǔ)中還有插入語(yǔ)。但在一般的口語(yǔ)中則不用較長(zhǎng)的插入語(yǔ)。常用的較短插入語(yǔ)有:of course, for example, I believe, I think,pieces of iron that

14、 floated on water, s magnetic field. (formal)(b) 在書面語(yǔ)中，一個(gè)句子有時(shí)有好幾個(gè)關(guān)系代詞； 分成幾個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句。如：These needles, which were madeof fish-shapedwere acted on by the earth's magnetic field. (informal)on water. TheyThese needles were made of fish-shaped pieces of iron that floated were acted on by the earthC.關(guān)于時(shí)態(tài)在現(xiàn)在

15、的口語(yǔ)中，有時(shí)用過去時(shí)代替現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如：Is an ybody using this chairNo. I saved it for you.在口語(yǔ)中常用現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來時(shí)。如：She is coming tomorrow.在口語(yǔ)中有時(shí)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)說明一個(gè)已經(jīng)發(fā)生了的動(dòng)作。如He says it is very imp orta nt.D.虛擬語(yǔ)氣(a)不夠熟悉的人之間對(duì)話，或在正式場(chǎng)合演講、對(duì)話時(shí)，一般用虛擬語(yǔ)氣來陳述自己的看 法、提出請(qǐng)求或邀請(qǐng)、提出建議或勸告、提出問題。如：If Mr. Wang was here now, he would tell you about it. (in

16、formal)If Mr. Wang were here now, he would tell you about it. (formal)(b)有一些表示主觀愿望和情緒的形容詞，如desirous等要求后面的狀語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，這種結(jié)構(gòu)主要用于書面語(yǔ)中，口語(yǔ)中往往用不定式來代替這種從句。如：He was an xious that we should stay for dinner. (formal)He was an xious to have us stay for dinner. (in formal)E. 語(yǔ)序在書面語(yǔ)中，為了使句子平衡對(duì)稱，或?yàn)榱吮硎緩?qiáng)調(diào)，常把狀語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)

17、、賓語(yǔ)等成分放 在句首,并將主謂次序顛倒過來；而口語(yǔ)體則一般用自然語(yǔ)序。F. 關(guān)于省略(a)在正式文字或正式場(chǎng)合的對(duì)話中，一般要用完整的句子。在口語(yǔ)中用省略句較多，主要 是為了節(jié)省時(shí)間，使對(duì)話自然、生動(dòng)、簡(jiǎn)潔、有力。如：Where to go now Why not do it this way( colloquial )(b)在正式語(yǔ)言中,所省略的部分一般都是前邊出現(xiàn)過的。如:He had finished the work and gone home.(c)(d)去。關(guān)系代詞在限定性定語(yǔ)從句中做謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)或介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，在口語(yǔ)中一般省去。如：The girl you sp oke to j

18、ust now is my sister.賓語(yǔ)從句前的that在口語(yǔ)中往往省去，表語(yǔ)后面的從句之前的that在口語(yǔ)中也常省 如：He said he would go to London.I ' m afraid he is right.G.主謂語(yǔ)的一致性在有些情況下，非正式語(yǔ)言中常按意思決定動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)，所以主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)在數(shù)上可能 不一致。如：Neither he nor his wife have arrived. (in formal)Neither he nor his wife has arrived. (formal)摘自漢英翻譯技巧，外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社Drill OneC

19、hin ese Traditi ons and CultureChin ese traditi ons and culture are uniq ue. The Chin ese have a rich traditi on andculture that gives importanee to health, spirituality, food and eating habits. The Chin ese traditi onalclothes show that Ch in ese were well versed （精通） in the artfembroidery （刺繡） and

20、 stitch ing （縫紉） eve n duri ng the p rehistoric era. To know more about the Chinese traditions and culture （you can）read on Chinese culture is one of the oldest cultures of the world. The Chinese traditions and culture vary betwee n the differe nt tow ns, and provin ces. A topic on Chin ese traditio

21、nsand culture would be incompiete without mentioning their food, clothes,education and architectureand transport.The historians claim that Chinese culturewas very civilized and they had some unique and won derful traditi ons.Chi nese FoodChinese food is known for its aroma（香味），color and flavor. The

22、Chinese food,culture and traditions can be traced back （can go back） to the 16th century . YiYin, a scholar who lived during the Shang Dynasty （He） was of the opinion that food should in clude flavors such as sweet, sour, bitter, piquant（辛辣） and salty.The reas on is, the five major orga ns of the hu

23、ma n body - heart, liver, spleen（脾），lungs and kidneys, require nutritional diet. He formulated the theory of harmonization of food, which stresses on good nutritional diet to maintain good health. The traditi onal belief that food and medic ine share the same orig in is a part of Chinese tradition.

24、This could be the reason that Chinese use scallions, garlic, dried lily buds（芽），fresh gin ger root, bamboo shoots and tree fun gusin their cooking. The Chinese believe that these herbal plants have properties that p reve nt as well as cure various illnesses.Drill TwoChi nese Hos pi tality中國(guó)人的待客之道A：

25、I was invited to a traditional Beijing household for dinner once. It was an eye-opening exp erie nee. The girl who in vited me was my colleague. Her father was over 60 years old. He didn' t eat much but was constantly proposing a toast. HisI was a guest of honourbe a guest in a Chinese meal. The

26、 kids are sentwife was busy cook ing in the kitche n all the time. I asked her to join us but her husband said “No, she doesn' t. ” After dinner, I asked mycolleague whyher father didn ' t eat much and why her mother didn ' t join us. She said that was an old tradition. Her father was th

27、ere to keep me companybecause and usually wome n did not eat with the guests.B： I had a similar experienee too. I always feel spoiled to household. The host usually prep ares a sump tuous （奢侈的）to the neighbours so the guests can have a peaceful meal. Usually, they would start preparing for our visit

28、 days ahead. Even though there would be a lot of food on the table, the host would still say “Wedon't have much, so please bear with us. ” They keep putting food on my plate despite the fact I may not like certain food.I usually feel very embarrassed. Some hosts even force their children to perf

29、orm a song or recite a poem for me.A： That is Chinese hospitality. People want to bring out their best food to welcome the guests. Westerners are different. They don't stay in the kitchen when theguests have arrived. They want to socialize with the guests rather than simply showing hospitality.B： Chinese people are very friendly and always ready to treat their guests with the best things they have. But this hospitality may cause inconvenience to both the guests and the hosts t