基礎(chǔ)班語法同位語和同位語從句

1、基礎(chǔ)班語法同位語和同位語從句同位語：一個(gè)名詞(或其它形式)對(duì)另一個(gè)名詞或代詞進(jìn)行修飾，限定或說明，這個(gè)名詞(或其它形式)就是同位語。同位語與被它限定的詞的格要一致，并常常緊挨在一起。 1.由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上同一層次的語言單位組成的結(jié)構(gòu),其中前項(xiàng)與后項(xiàng)所指相同,句法功能也相同,后項(xiàng)是前項(xiàng)的同位語。 Mr. Smith, our new teacher, is very kind to us. Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of my brother's. 2.如同位語與其同位成分關(guān)系緊密時(shí)不用逗點(diǎn)隔開;如同位語對(duì)其同位成分只作補(bǔ)充解釋時(shí)可用逗點(diǎn)隔開。 He h

2、imself told me that his brother John is a world-famous doctor. Yesterday I talked to my English teacher, Mr. James. 3.同位語除表示其同位成分的全部意義外,還可以表示部分意義。 We Chinese people are brave and hardworking. He is interested in sports, especially ball games. 在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)同位語的名詞性從句稱為同位語從句。同位語從句是名詞性從句（主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句、同位語從句）

3、中的主要從句之一，也是中學(xué)英語學(xué)習(xí)中的重點(diǎn)語法知識(shí)點(diǎn)之一。在使用同位語從句時(shí)，應(yīng)注意以下五個(gè)方面：一、同位語從句在句中的位置1. 一般情況下同位語從句跟在某些名詞（如news，idea，fact，promise，hope，message等）的后面，用以說明該名詞所表達(dá)的具體內(nèi)容。例如：The news _ encouraged us all greatly. 我們女排贏得冠軍的消息大大地鼓舞了我們所有人。2. 有時(shí)同位語從句可以不緊跟在它所說明的名詞后，而被別的詞語隔開，在語法上叫做分隔式同位語從句。例如：The thought came to her_. 她突然想起可能在她離開家時(shí)沒把門關(guān)上

4、。The story goes _. 據(jù)說他高考又落榜了。二、同位語從句前名詞的數(shù)同位語從句前的名詞通常用單數(shù)形式，并且往往帶有限定詞（word除外）加以修飾。例如：Where did you get the idea that I could not come？ 你在哪兒聽說我不能來？三、同位語從句連接詞的選用1.同位語從句：that有些名詞的后面可以接that(不用which)引導(dǎo)的同位語從句. 如果同位語從句意義完整,不缺少句子成分,常用that引導(dǎo)同位語從句advice，announcement，argument，belief，claim，conclusion，decision，evi

5、dence，explanation，fact，feeling，hope，idea，impression，information，knowledge，message，news，opinion，order，probability，promise，proposal，remark，reply，report，saying，statement，suggestion，thought，treat，warning，wish，word I've come from Mr Wang with a message _.我從王先生那邊得知一個(gè)消息，他說他今天下午不能來看你了。Word came_. 消息傳來，中

6、國于2003年10月15日首次成功發(fā)射了載人飛船。Give me your promise_. 答應(yīng)我，你今天晚上要來參加我們的晚會(huì)。2. 同位語從句：whether 如果同位語從句表示"是否"含義時(shí),常用whether (不用if)引導(dǎo)同位語從句。例如: He must answer the question _.他必須回答他是否同意這樣一個(gè)問題。 whether可以引導(dǎo)同位語從句，而定語從句不能用whether作為引導(dǎo)詞。He hasn't made the decision_. 他還沒有做出決定是否去那里。I have small doubt_. 他是否適合這

7、件工作我有點(diǎn)懷疑。3. 同位語從句：what 可以引導(dǎo)同位語從句，而定語從句不能用what作為引導(dǎo)詞I have no idea_. 我不知道他現(xiàn)在在干什么。4.同位語從句：how 可以引導(dǎo)同位語從句，而定語從句不能用how作為引導(dǎo)詞It's a question_. 那是一個(gè)他如何做了此事的問題。5. 同位語從句：who，whom，which，when，where，why用來引導(dǎo)同位語從句The question _requires consideration. 誰該干這項(xiàng)工作，這個(gè)問題需要考慮。She raised the question_. 她提出這個(gè)問題：我們到哪兒去搞這筆資

8、金。四、同位語從句的語氣。在suggestion，advice，request，order等意為“建議；命令；要求”的名詞后，同位語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞通常用“should +動(dòng)詞原形”的虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)，句中的should可以省略。例如：Our teacher gave us some advice_.老師給我們提出了一些如何使用電腦的建議。The government gave the order_. 政府下令三個(gè)星期內(nèi)所有這些房子都要拆掉。五、同位語從句與定語從句的用法區(qū)別區(qū)別（1）同位語從句和先行詞是同等的關(guān)系，而定語從句是用來修飾先行詞，是從屬的關(guān)系。區(qū)別（2）that在同位語從句中沒有詞義

9、，不充當(dāng)句子成分；而在定語從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語等句子成分。The news that you heard is not true. (_從句)The news that he has died is true. (_從句)The fact that just now you talked about interests me. (_從句)The fact that he failed in the exam made his parents very angry. (_從句)區(qū)別（3）whether，what，how可以用來引導(dǎo)同位語從句；而它們不能用來引導(dǎo)定語從句。We have no in

10、formation whether he is alive. The problem whether it is right or wrong has not been decided yet. Next comes the question what step we should take.區(qū)別（4）1. 從詞義角度看問題who，whom，which，when，where，why用來引導(dǎo)同位語從句是保持原來疑問詞的含義；它們用來引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)，不具有疑問詞的含義。He didn't give the answer why he was late. (_從句) This is the

11、house where he saw the thief. (_從句)Then rose a question where we should go. (_從句)The man who broke into the house last night was caught. (_從句)2. 從搭配角度看問題who，whom，which，when，where，why用來引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)對(duì)應(yīng)性很強(qiáng)，如：先行詞是“人”，引導(dǎo)詞用“who”等，而它們引導(dǎo)同位語從句是先行詞通常是“question，idea，doubt等”。I still remember the day when he was kille

12、d. (_從句)I have no idea when he was killed. (_從句)They didn't go to the town where they were born. (_從句)They didn't answer the question where they were born. (_從句)例1：I have no idea _ he will be back. A that B. when C. since D. as例2：I have no impression_ he went home，perhaps by bike. A. what B.

13、 where C. that D. how例3：Information has been put forward _ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.（NMET2001上海） A. while B. that C. when D. as It is said that more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities，this is the information _ has been put forward. A. wh

14、at B. that C. when D. which例4：She heard a terrible noise，_ brought her heart into her mouth.（MET91）I cant stand the terrible noise _ she is crying loudly. A.it B.which C.this D.that5. Along with the letter was his promise_ he would visit me this coming Christmas. A. which B. that C. what D. whether

15、6. A story goes _ Elizabeth I of England liked nothing more than being surrounded by clever and qualified noblemen at court. A. when B. where C. what D. that 7.There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars _ road conditions need _. A. that; to be improved B. which; to be improved

16、 C. where; improving D. when; improving 8. He teacher gave orders that the work_(finish)before 4 o'clock. 9. The suggestion that the new rule_ (adopt) came from the chairman. 10.We came to the decision_. 我們做出決定：我們必須立即行動(dòng)。11.He made a proposal_. 他提議會(huì)議延期。12.There was little hope _.他幸存的希望很小。13.They

17、were all very much worried over the fact_. 對(duì)你生病這件事，他們都很焦慮。14.The question_ requires consideration. 誰該做這項(xiàng)工作，這個(gè)問題需要考慮。15.We haven't yet settled the question_. 我們還沒有決定到什么地方去度暑假。16.We have some doubt_. 我們懷疑他們是否能準(zhǔn)時(shí)完成任務(wù)。17.There is no doubt_. 我們相信張衛(wèi)會(huì)守信的。名詞性從句練習(xí)：A）用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B詞填空。 1_ we"ll go camping tom

18、orrow depends on the weather 2_ he said at the meeting surprised us greatly 3It worried her a lot _ her wallet was lost 4Can you tell me _ that woman is？ 5I wonder _ we can do about the problem of pollution 6The fact _ she works hard is well known to us all 7I have not found my bike yet，in fact，I&qu

19、ot;m not sure _ I could have done with it 8Can you tell me _ exercise is the easiest？ 9I know nothing about her but _ she is from Canada 10The reason why he has been such a success is _ he never gives up 11The question he asked was _ the electrical equipment should be stored 12_ is troubling me is I

20、 don"t have any experience in this kind of work 13It has been found _ plastics can widely be used in industries 14_ fashion differs from country to country may reflect the cultural differences between countries 15_ he enjoys are geography and English 16_ she couldn"t understand was fewer a

21、nd _ fewer students showed interest in her lessons 17Someone is ringing the doorbellGo and see _ it is 18I went to see you at about ten this morning，but you were not in the office     Oh，that was probably _ I was talking with the headmaster 19His ability has never been in doubtthe que

22、stion is _ he is prepared to work hard 20You have not yet answered my question regarding _ or not I can join in the party tonight B）把下列名詞性從句變?yōu)楹唵尉洹?1It brought us a lot of trouble that so many visitors arrived at the same time 2He pretended that he did not know us 3I"m sorry that I"ve kept you waiting 4The problem is where we can get the new materials 5He insisted that we should first look into the matter before drawing a conclusion C）單句改錯(cuò)。 1It is suggested that the experiment will be made under low temperature 2Whom do you think will teach us