研究生英語翻譯六題

1、【英譯漢】18.The Beauty of ScienceJudging from the science I know, including Eva and Ruth, and those Ive read about, you cant purse the laws of nature very long without bumping into beauty. “I dont know if its the same beauty you see in the sunset,” a friend tells me, “but it feels the same.” This friend

2、 is physicist, who has spent a long career deciphering what must be happening in the interior of stars. He recalls for me this thrill on grasping for the first time Diracs equations describing quantum mechanics, or those of Einstein describing relativity.” They are so beautiful,” he says,” you can s

3、ee immediately they have to be true. Or at least on the way toward truth.” I ask him what makes a theory beautiful, and he replies,” Simplicity, symmetry, elegance, and power.”Why nature should conform to theories we find beautiful is far from obvious. The most incomprehensible thing about the unive

4、rse, as Einstein said, is that its comprehensible. How unlikely, that a short-lived biped on a two-bit planet should be able to gauge the speed of light, lay bare the structure of an atom, or calculate the gravitational tug of a black hole. Were a long way from understanding everything, but we do un

5、derstand a great deal about how nature behaves. Generation after generation, we puzzle out formulas, test them, and find, to an astonishing degree, that nature agrees. An architect draws designs on flimsy paper, and her buildings stand up through earthquakes. We launch a satellite into orbit and use

6、 it to bounce messages from continent to continent. The machine on which I write these words embodies hundreds of insights into the workings of the material world, insights that are confirmed by every burst of letters on the screen, and I stare at that screen through lenses that obey the laws of opt

7、ics first worked out in detail by Isaac Newton.By discerning patterns in the universe, Newton believed, he was tracing the hand of God. Scientists in our day have largely abandoned the notion of a Creator as an unnecessary hypothesis, or at least an untestable one. While they share Newtons faith tha

8、t the universe is ruled everywhere by a coherent set of rules, they cannot say, as scientists, how these particular rules came to govern things. You can do science without believed in a divine Legislator, but not without believing in laws.譯文18. 科學(xué)之美從我認(rèn)識(shí)的科學(xué)工作者和叢書中讀到的科學(xué)家的經(jīng)歷來看，只要去探尋自然法則，不用多久，就能與美不期而遇。一

9、位朋友說，“我不敢肯定這就是夕陽西下時(shí)的那種美，但感覺上兩者是相同的?！边@位朋友是位物理學(xué)家，長(zhǎng)期致力于破譯天體內(nèi)部的必然變化。他會(huì)想起第一次領(lǐng)悟狄拉克的量子力學(xué)等式和愛因斯坦的相對(duì)論等式時(shí)的興奮感，“他們太美了，你一眼就可以肯出他們必定是正確的，或至少是接近正確?！碑?dāng)我問及是什么能使理論變得美麗時(shí)，他回答說：“簡(jiǎn)單、勻稱、優(yōu)雅、力量?！弊匀唤鐬楹螘?huì)與我們覺得美的理論相一致？這一問題遠(yuǎn)未明了。正如愛因斯坦所言，宇宙最不可理解之處就在于它是可以理解的。人類，一種生活在一個(gè)微不住道的星球上的兩足動(dòng)物，歷史并不久遠(yuǎn)，竟能測(cè)算光速，揭示原子結(jié)構(gòu)。并估算黑洞的萬有引力，這是多么不可思議。我們遠(yuǎn)未能通曉萬

10、物，但我們確已對(duì)自然界的運(yùn)作規(guī)律所知甚多。一代接著一代，我們琢磨出各種公式并加以檢驗(yàn)，發(fā)現(xiàn)它們與自然界的吻合達(dá)到了令人驚訝的程度。建筑師在薄紙上繪圖，按照?qǐng)D紙而建的建筑卻能經(jīng)受住地震的考驗(yàn)。我們將人造衛(wèi)星發(fā)射倒軌道上，并通過它在各大洲之間返射信號(hào)。我輸入這些文字所用的計(jì)算機(jī)包含了成千百種對(duì)這個(gè)物質(zhì)世界運(yùn)作方式的真知灼見，間屏幕上閃現(xiàn)的每一個(gè)字都是對(duì)這些見識(shí)的證實(shí)；而我注視屏幕時(shí)所透過的鏡片則遵循了由艾薩克牛頓率先詳細(xì)論述的光學(xué)原理。牛頓相信，他在通過辨析宇宙結(jié)構(gòu)模式來探索上帝的神力。我們這個(gè)時(shí)代的科學(xué)家們多半已摒棄了創(chuàng)世主這一概念。他們認(rèn)為這是毫無必要，或至少是無法驗(yàn)證的假說。當(dāng)他們與牛頓一樣

11、，堅(jiān)信宇宙萬物均由一套合乎邏輯的規(guī)則所制約時(shí)，作為科學(xué)家，他們不能斷言這些規(guī)則具體是如何左右事態(tài)的。從事科學(xué)研究可不信上帝立法之說，但決不可不信其法則的存在。6、 上海位于長(zhǎng)江入?？诳?，是中國最大的城市，同時(shí)也是一座歷史文化名城和著名的旅游城市。上海市中國最大的經(jīng)濟(jì)中心，是全國最重要的工業(yè)基地，也是重要的貿(mào)易金融和文化中心。 在古代，上海就曾經(jīng)是貿(mào)易港口、全國最大的棉織業(yè)中心、貿(mào)易大港和漕糧運(yùn)輸中心，被稱為“江海之通津，東南之都會(huì)”。鴉片戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)之后，上海辟為通商口岸，設(shè)立租界，設(shè)銀行、辦工廠、開洋行，中國主權(quán)一度失落。在近代，上海曾被稱為“冒險(xiǎn)家的樂園”，稱為一個(gè)工商業(yè)畸形發(fā)展的城市?！皟汕隁v

12、史看西安，已千年歷史看北京，一百年歷史看上海”。上海市近現(xiàn)代中國的“縮影”。 今日的上海，交通四通八達(dá)，是中國最大的港口、華東地區(qū)最大的交通樞紐，滬寧、滬杭兩條鐵路干線的起點(diǎn)，又是中國重要航空中心和航空港之一。這里有發(fā)達(dá)的商業(yè)，是中國特大型綜合性貿(mào)易中心和國際經(jīng)濟(jì)、金融、貿(mào)易中心之一。 上海具有中西交融的獨(dú)特氣質(zhì)，極具現(xiàn)代化而又不失中國傳統(tǒng)特色。在上海，有外灘老師的西洋建筑，也有浦東現(xiàn)代的摩天大廈，有徐家匯大教堂，也有玉佛寺。在這里滬劇、滑稽戲和交響樂、芭蕾舞同時(shí)被人們所欣賞，大家可以品嘗本幫佳肴、各地小吃，也可以吃到法國大菜、美食快餐。譯文： Located on the Yangtze R

13、iver（長(zhǎng)江）, Shanghai is not only the largest city in China but also a famous city of history, culture and tourism. It is the biggest economic center and the most important industrial base in China, a hub of trade（貿(mào)易中心）, finance and culture as well. In ancient times, Shanghai was a big trading port, th

14、e largest textile（紡織品） center in the country, and the center to transport grain（糧食，谷物） to the capital. People used to say Shanghai was the “port connecting rivers and oceans, and the capital of the southeast China”. After the Opium Wars（鴉片戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)）, Shanghai was the opened to the West as a trading port. W

15、estern countries secured concessions, set up banks, established factories and opened their stores in Shanghai. Chinas sovereignty was then severely challenged. In modern times, the lopsided（adj.不平衡的，傾斜一方的） development of industry and commerce（n.貿(mào)易） gave Shanghai a reputation as a city for adventurer

16、s（n.冒險(xiǎn)家，投機(jī)商） . It is said that Xian reflects Chinas history of 2,000years, while Beijing mirrors its history of 1,000 years. To know Chinas history in the largest 100 years, youd better look at Shanghai-the epitome（n.縮影，摘要） of modern and contemporary China（當(dāng)代中國）. Shanghai now has transport lines ext

17、ending in all directions. It is the largest port in China, the largest transportation hub in East China, the starting point of Huning (Shanghai-Nanjing) and Huhang (Shanghai-Hangzhou) railways, an important aviation（n.航空，飛行術(shù)，飛機(jī)制造業(yè)） center of China, and one of the international aviation ports. With i

18、ts advanced commerce, Shanghai is a super large comprehensive（adj.綜合的，廣泛的，有理解力的） trading center of China, and one of the international economic, financial and trading center. Shanghai has the unique atmosphere of mixture of West and East , old and new. In Shanghai, the west building of the Bund reta

19、in much of their previous grandeur, while the skyscraper in Pudong are just as spectacular. There are also Xujiahui Cathedral and Jade Buddha Temple（玉佛寺）. In Shanghai one can enjoy the pleasure of watching Hu (Shanghai) Opera, farce（n.鬧劇，喜劇） and ballet（芭蕾舞）, appreciating symphony（欣賞交響樂）. One can onl

20、y taste local dishes （地方風(fēng)味）and delicacies （佳肴）all over the country, but also enjoy French cuisine（法國菜） and American fast food（美國快餐）.19、推薦信尊敬的女士/先生：我是清華大學(xué)人文學(xué)院的一名教授，鄭重向您們推薦我校中文系四年級(jí)學(xué)生張秀芳女士去貴校研習(xí)。張秀芳在清華大學(xué)人文學(xué)院中文系實(shí)驗(yàn)班讀書四年，表現(xiàn)突出，綻露天才，如有機(jī)會(huì)深造，將來必有成就。清華學(xué)院人文學(xué)院中文系實(shí)驗(yàn)班引導(dǎo)大學(xué)生從文學(xué)和文化的角度去攻讀中外文學(xué)，力求他們?cè)谥形鲗W(xué)術(shù)融匯方面打下堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)班

21、卓有成效，培養(yǎng)了許多品學(xué)兼優(yōu)的學(xué)生；張秀芳就是其中的佼佼者。他多次獲獎(jiǎng)并已經(jīng)出版長(zhǎng)篇小說兩本，在多種報(bào)刊上發(fā)表作品數(shù)十篇。她在語言學(xué)、哲學(xué)、藝術(shù)、計(jì)算機(jī)、電影、戲劇等領(lǐng)域都選讀過課程，并在多門興趣濃厚的課程中取得了第一名。如果她有機(jī)會(huì)到美國研習(xí)，逐漸熟悉西方文化，將來在中西文化或中西文學(xué)的相互比較研究上將會(huì)有創(chuàng)造性的成就。 清華大學(xué)人文學(xué)院教授 張國泰 二00二年一月五日于中國北京譯文：Dear Sir of Madam, As a professor of School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Tsinghua University, I ser

22、iously recommend Zhang Xiufang, a senior student of our department, to pursue her postgraduate student at your department. Ms. Zhang has been studying in the experiment class of School of Humanities and Social Science for nearly four years, and she has distinguished herself in her studies and displa

23、yed her remarkable talent in almost every aspect. Give the chance of advanced education abroad, she will surely make great achievement in the near future. The experiment class trains students to study Chinese and Western literature from the literature and culture perspective, trying to pave（vt.鋪設(shè)，安排

24、） a solid foundation for the students who are supposed to be accomplished in both Chinese study and Western Study. This class turns out to be quite a success, having brought up a lot of students of good character and fine scholarship, among whom Ms. Zhang is an outstanding one. She has been awarded

25、scholarship every semester. She has published two novels and dozens of literary writing in several kinds of magazines and newspapers. Whats more, she has attended a lot of courses such as language, philosophy（n.哲學(xué)）, art, computer, film, drama（n.戲劇藝術(shù)）, ect., many of which with the highest marks in he

26、r class. If she is given the chance of advanced education in USA, and get acquainted with（開始知道） western culture, I believe shell make some pioneering achievements in both Chinese and Western cultures and literatures. Therefore, with great pleasure I write this letter to recommend her for her future

27、study at your department.I am looking forward to hearing from you.Sincerely yours Zhang Guotai Professor of School of Humanities Tsinghua University16. The Method of Science Investigation The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the hum

28、an mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation. There is no more difference, but there is just the same kind of difference, between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person, as there is between the ope

29、rations and methods of a baker or of a butcher weighing out his goods in common scales, and the operations of a chemist in performing a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graded weights. It is not that the scales in the one scale, and the balance in the other, differ i

30、n the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.You will understand his better, perhaps, if I give you some familiar examples. You have all heard it repeated that men of sci

31、ence work by means of induction and deduction, that by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract form Nature certain natural laws, and that out of these, by some special skill of their own, they build up their theories. And it is imagined by many that operations of th

32、e common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training. To hear all these large words, you would think that the mind of a man of science must be constituted differently form that of his fellow men; but if you will not be fright

33、ened by terms, you will discover that you are quite wrong, and that all these terrible apparatus are being used by yourselves every day and every hour of your lives. There is a well-known incident in one of Molieres plays, where the author makes the hero express unbounded delight on being told that

34、he had been talking prose during the whole of his life. In the same way, I trust that you will take comfort, and be delighted with yourselves, on the discovery that you have been acting on the principles of inductive and deductive philosophy during the same period.Probably there is not one here who

35、has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion a complex train of reasoning, of the very same kind, though differing in degree, as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomena.譯文：16. 科學(xué)研究的方法科學(xué)研究的方法不過是人類思維活動(dòng)的必要表達(dá)方式，也就是對(duì)一切現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行思索并給以精神而嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)解釋的表達(dá)方式?？茖W(xué)家

36、的智力活動(dòng)和一個(gè)普通的人的智力活動(dòng)之間并沒有多大差異。如果說有什么差異的話，這差異就像面包師傅或肉商的操作方法那樣，用普通的磅稱稱出貨物的重量，而化學(xué)家則通過天平和精細(xì)的砝碼進(jìn)行艱難而復(fù)雜的分析。除此之外，再?zèng)]有其他更多差異了。這并不是說面包師或肉商所用的磅稱和化學(xué)家所用的天平在構(gòu)造原理或工作方式上存在差別，而是說與前者相比，后者是一種更精密得多的裝置，因而在計(jì)量上必然更準(zhǔn)確得多。然后他們根據(jù)這些規(guī)律，用自己的某種非同一般的本領(lǐng)，建立起他們的理論。很多人以為，普通人的思維活動(dòng)根本無法與科學(xué)家的思維過程相比，認(rèn)為這些思維過程必須經(jīng)過某種專業(yè)訓(xùn)練才能掌握。聽到所有這些夸大的字眼，你可能會(huì)認(rèn)為科學(xué)家

37、的頭腦一定與常人不同；但是如果你不為一些術(shù)語所嚇倒，你將會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，這種想法完全大錯(cuò)特錯(cuò)：你的日常生活中無時(shí)無刻不在使用所有這些可怕的思維器官。在莫里哀的戲劇中有一個(gè)著名的插曲，戲中作者讓主人翁得知，自己整個(gè)一生中一直在談散文，因此而表達(dá)出極大的喜悅。同理，如果你發(fā)現(xiàn)自己在同一期間一直在按照歸納和推理的宗旨原則行事，那么我相信你將為此感到安慰，你會(huì)為自己而感到欣喜。在座的諸位中，大概不會(huì)有人一整天都沒有機(jī)會(huì)進(jìn)行一連串復(fù)雜的思考活動(dòng)，這些思考活動(dòng)與科學(xué)家在探索自然現(xiàn)象原因時(shí)所經(jīng)歷的思考活動(dòng)是完全一樣的盡管復(fù)雜程度不同，在類型上沒有什么差別。20.The Study of Law and Journa

38、listic ReportingThe study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline（一種基本知識(shí)訓(xùn)練） in European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a feature（特色） of undergraduate programs（本科課程） in Canadian universities. Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed

39、in such institutions（體系） as the special preserve of lawyers rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. Happily, the older and more continenta（adj.大陸的）l view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun

40、to offer undergraduate degrees in law.If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgement. On the one hand, it provides opportun

41、ities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights a

42、nd public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalists intellectual preparation for his or her career. But the idea that the journalist must under

43、stand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media. Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The better informed they are about the way the

44、state works, the better their reporting will be. In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary

45、 subjects for journalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own noti

46、ons of significance and make their own judgments. These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the lagal system.譯文：20法律學(xué)習(xí)和新聞報(bào)道百數(shù)年來，法律學(xué)習(xí)在歐洲的大學(xué)中一直被認(rèn)為是一種基本知識(shí)訓(xùn)練。然而，只是在最近幾年他才成了加拿大大學(xué)本科課程中的一大特色。從傳統(tǒng)上看，法律知識(shí)在這類學(xué)校里一直被視為是律師所專有的，而不是一個(gè)受教育者的知識(shí)素養(yǎng)的必要的組成部分。令人高興的是，更為傳統(tǒng)、更具歐洲大陸見解的法律教育正在加拿大眾多高校開設(shè)自己的課程，一些院校甚至

47、已開始授予法律本科學(xué)位。如果說法律學(xué)習(xí)正在開始立足于高校，成為普通教育的重要的部分，那么其目標(biāo)和方法應(yīng)該對(duì)新聞教育家具有直接的吸引力。法學(xué)是一門提倡負(fù)責(zé)任的審判的學(xué)科。它一方面為分析諸如正義、民主和自由之類的理念提供各種機(jī)會(huì)，另一方面這一科學(xué)把這些概念結(jié)合到日常生活中，這種做法與新聞?dòng)浾呙刻靾?bào)道和評(píng)論新聞時(shí)的方式相同。譬如說，證據(jù)和事實(shí)的概念、基本權(quán)利和公眾的興趣的概念，這些概念在新聞判斷和處理過程中所起的作用與在法院中的作用并無二致。通過吸取法律知識(shí)、用法律思索做出敏銳的判斷，這是一個(gè)新聞?dòng)浾邽樽约郝殬I(yè)生涯所做的知識(shí)準(zhǔn)備中最好不過的成分。但是，認(rèn)為新聞?dòng)浾邞?yīng)比普通公民更加透徹地理解法律，這種

48、看法是基于他們對(duì)新聞媒體業(yè)已確立的規(guī)約和特殊責(zé)任的理解。政治，或更廣義的講，國家的機(jī)能，是新聞工作者面臨的一個(gè)重要主題。他們對(duì)國家的運(yùn)作機(jī)制了解得越充分，他們的報(bào)道就越好。事實(shí)上，很難設(shè)想那些對(duì)加拿大憲法而基本要點(diǎn)缺乏清晰理解的加拿大新聞?dòng)浾吣軇偃握涡侣劦膱?bào)道工作。此外，法律體系以及在這一體系內(nèi)部所發(fā)生的事件是新聞?dòng)浾叩闹饕獔?bào)道對(duì)象。法律新聞的質(zhì)量差別很大，同時(shí)很多新聞?dòng)浾咭策^分依賴律師所提供的解釋。盡管律師的見解和反應(yīng)會(huì)提高報(bào)道的質(zhì)量，但新聞?dòng)浾邞{借他們自己對(duì)重要性的理解自行做出判斷則更為可取。這些正確的判斷只能來自對(duì)法律體系有充分根據(jù)的理解?！緷h譯英】1、翻譯是指把一種語言文字的意義轉(zhuǎn)化

49、成另一種語言文字。簡(jiǎn)言之，翻譯這是一種用不同的語言文字將原文作者的意思準(zhǔn)確的再現(xiàn)出來的藝術(shù)。從以上翻譯的定義我們知道，原文的思想應(yīng)該盡可能的得到保持，不可有所增減。譯者的任務(wù)只是轉(zhuǎn)換文字而不是改變其意思。因此，翻譯有兩種要素：準(zhǔn)確性和表達(dá)性。準(zhǔn)確性是翻譯的首要條件。譯者需要緊身的遵循作者的意思，所選用的字詞和句式結(jié)構(gòu)必須如實(shí)的傳達(dá)出原文的思想。表達(dá)性是讓譯文易于理解。換言之，譯者必須用自己的手段盡可能的將原文的思想清楚而有力的表達(dá)出來。準(zhǔn)確性使譯文的思想明確無誤，而表達(dá)性則使譯文生動(dòng)，更具魅力。譯文：1、 Translation means the conversion of an expre

50、ssion from one language into another. To say it plainly（adv.明白地、坦率地，直白地）, translation is an art to reproduce the exact idea of the author by means of a language different from the original（原始的，最初的）. From the above definition of translation we know that the original thought of the expression must be

51、kept as far as possible. Nothing should be added to or taken away from the original work. The duty of the translator is simply to change the vocabulary, not the thought. In translation therefor, there are two essential elements: accuracy and expressiveness. Accuracy is the first indispensable （n.不可缺

52、少的）quality of translation. The translation must cautiously stick to the authors idea. Words selected and sentences constructed must be such as to convey the exact original thought. Expressiveness is to make the translation readily understood. In other words, the translator must express his authors i

53、dea as clearly and as forcibly as he can by the medium he employs. Accuracy is to make the thought definite and exact; while expressiveness is to make the translation vivid and attractive.7、 上海位于長(zhǎng)江入?？诳?，是中國最大的城市，同時(shí)也是一座歷史文化名城和著名的旅游城市。上海市中國最大的經(jīng)濟(jì)中心，是全國最重要的工業(yè)基地，也是重要的貿(mào)易金融和文化中心。Located on the Yangtze River

54、（長(zhǎng)江）, Shanghai is not only the largest city in China but also a famous city of history, culture and tourism. It is the biggest economic center and the most important industrial base in China, a hub of trade（貿(mào)易中心）, finance and culture as well. 在古代，上海就曾經(jīng)是貿(mào)易港口、全國最大的棉織業(yè)中心、貿(mào)易大港和漕糧運(yùn)輸中心，被稱為“江海之通津，東南之都會(huì)”。In

55、 ancient times, Shanghai was a big trading port, the largest textile（紡織品） center in the country, and the center to transport grain（糧食，谷物） to the capital. People used to say Shanghai was the “port connecting rivers and oceans, and the capital of the southeast China”.鴉片戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)之后，上海辟為通商口岸，設(shè)立租界，設(shè)銀行、辦工廠、開洋行，中

56、國主權(quán)一度失落。After the Opium Wars（鴉片戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)）, Shanghai was the opened to the West as a trading port. Western countries secured concessions, set up banks, established factories and opened their stores in Shanghai. Chinas sovereignty was then severely challenged.在近代，上海曾被稱為“冒險(xiǎn)家的樂園”，稱為一個(gè)工商業(yè)畸形發(fā)展的城市。In modern times

57、, the lopsided（adj.不平衡的，傾斜一方的） development of industry and commerce（n.貿(mào)易） gave Shanghai a reputation as a city for adventurers（n.冒險(xiǎn)家，投機(jī)商） . “兩千年歷史看西安，一千年歷史看北京，一百年歷史看上?！?。上海市近現(xiàn)代中國的“縮影”。It is said that Xian reflects Chinas history of 2,000years, while Beijing mirrors its history of 1,000 years. To know

58、 Chinas history in the largest 100 years, youd better look at Shanghai-the epitome（n.縮影，摘要） of modern and contemporary China（當(dāng)代中國）. 今日的上海，交通四通八達(dá)，是中國最大的港口、華東地區(qū)最大的交通樞紐，滬寧、滬杭兩條鐵路干線的起點(diǎn)，又是中國重要航空中心和航空港之一。Shanghai now has transport lines extending in all directions. It is the largest port in China, the largest transportation hub in East China, the starting point of Huning (Shanghai-Nanjing) and Huhang