英語語法 句子成分分析

1、一、句子成分種類成分用法說明位置主語是執(zhí)行句子的行為或動作的主體。陳述句中放在句首或謂語之前；疑問句或倒裝句中放在動詞、助動詞、情態(tài)動詞之后；there be結(jié)構(gòu)中放在be之后；祈使句中常省謂語對主語加以陳述，說明主語怎么樣或是什么。必須由動詞擔(dān)任，其人稱和數(shù)必須和主語一致。通常在主語后（疑問句、倒裝句除外）。表語與系動詞連用，一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語，說明主語的性質(zhì)、特征、身份、類別、狀態(tài)等。常在系動詞之后。賓語表示動作、行為的對象。一般放在及物動詞或介詞后。間接賓語通常放在直接賓語之前。直接賓語是人稱代詞，間接賓語是名詞或兩個賓語都是人稱代詞時，間接賓語放在直接賓語之后，并在間接賓語前加to或fo

2、r。定語用來修飾名詞或代詞，說明人或物的狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、數(shù)量及所屬等。單個詞常在被修飾的詞前，短語或句子在被修飾的詞之后；副詞作定語常放在被修飾的伺候；形容詞修飾不定代詞放在被修飾的伺候。狀語修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞，表示動作發(fā)生的時間、地點(diǎn)、目的、方式等。位置比較靈活。補(bǔ)語補(bǔ)充說明賓語或主語的成分。賓語補(bǔ)足語通常置于賓語之后，主語補(bǔ)足語通常置于主語和謂語之后。同位語對句子中某一成分作進(jìn)一步解釋、說明，與前面的被修辭成分在語法上處于同等地位。常常置于被說明的成分之后。有時可以放在句子的前面（主語之前），尤其是主語為人稱代詞時，為平衡句子的節(jié)奏，則把同位語放置于此代詞前。獨(dú)立成分獨(dú)立成分是指句子里的一

3、個詞或詞組與全局沒有語法上的聯(lián)系，不屬于句子的組成部分；一般由感嘆語、呼語或插入語等擔(dān)任。可放在句首、句中或句末。二、主語表現(xiàn)形式 例句名詞（短語）Some young people cant settle down to their pwn business. 有些年輕人不能專心于自己的工作。There are many people in the street.街上有很多人代詞She has been to America.她去了美國。This is the tallest tree here.這是這里最高的樹。數(shù)詞Two will be enough.兩個就夠了。Two plus eig

4、ht is ten.二加八等于十。動詞不定式（短語）To swim in this river is dangerous.在這條河里游泳很危險。To improve the soil need a lot of money. 改善土壤需要很多錢。動名詞（短語）Looking after the patient is a nurses job.照顧病人是護(hù)士的工作。Smoking is bad for health.吸煙有害健康。The+形容詞The wounded were sent to the hospital on time.受傷者被及時送到了醫(yī)院。The old should be r

5、espected.老年人應(yīng)受到尊敬。從句That he will come to the conference has excited every one of us.他要來參加會議使我們每一個人都十分激動。Who will go makes no difference. 誰去都沒關(guān)系。三、謂語分類形式例句簡單謂語動詞或動詞短語I have read Romance of the West Chamber.我讀過西游記。The story happened a few years ago .故事發(fā)生在幾年前。His parents lived in a small town .他父母住在一個小

6、城鎮(zhèn)里。He has fallen in love with her.他愛上她了。復(fù)合謂語情態(tài)動詞+動詞原形He may come after supper.他可能晚飯后來。I used to live in London. 我過去住在倫敦。某些動詞+加不定式（如 happen,would like,seem等）I would like to invite all my friends here.我想把我所有的朋友都邀請到這里來。My son happened to be playing in one corner of the room.我兒子碰巧在房間的一角玩耍。系動詞+表語The ros

7、es smell sweet.這玫瑰聞以來很香。His father is a famous writer.他父親是一個著名的作家。四、表語表現(xiàn)形式例句名詞He turned doctor after school ,as his parents had expectsd .正如父母所愿，畢業(yè)后他成了醫(yī)生。She felt a stranger in the house .在這所房子里她感到作家是個陌生人。代詞Oh,its you, 啊，是你呀！Money isnt everything. 金錢不是一切。數(shù)詞He was the first to be invited. 他是第一個被邀請的人。

8、She is now eighteen .她現(xiàn)在十八歲。形容詞She looks more beautiful in this drees.穿著這身衣服她看起來更漂亮。It is very cold today.今天很冷。副詞Ill be back at 8:00.我將在八點(diǎn)回來。Is it above or below ? 它在上面還是在下面？不定式（短語）Our task is to decorate the whole room .我們的任務(wù)是裝飾整個房間。All you have to do is to listen.你只需要聽。動名詞（短語）Her hobby is painting

9、 .她的愛好是繪畫。The difficulty is raising money for these poor children.困難是為這些貧困的孩子們籌錢。分詞The news is very exciting .這個消息很令人振奮。The glass is broken .這個玻璃杯是破的介詞短語The meeting is of great importance.這次會議具有重大意義。An of his books are in this bag.他所有的書都在這個包里。從句This is what I am interested in.這正是我所感興趣的。The question

10、is whether it is worth doing .問題在于是否值得做。五.賓語1.賓語的分類類別說明例句特別要求直接賓語在及物動詞之后表示動作的直接對象或結(jié)果He close the door. 他關(guān)上了門。The boys listened to him attentively. 男孩們專心聽他講。雙賓語（直接賓語+間接賓語）與復(fù)合賓語的區(qū)別：復(fù)合賓語有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，而雙賓語沒有。間接賓語表示動作的方向或目的，常指人；必須和直接賓語并存。She told me an interesting story . 她給我講了一個有趣的故事。My uncle bought me a co

11、mputer last week. 上周我叔叔給我買了一臺電腦。復(fù)合賓語有了直接賓語后，句子意思仍不完整，還需補(bǔ)充成分，其補(bǔ)充成分叫做賓語補(bǔ)充語，二者共同組成復(fù)合賓語We elected him our monitor . 我們選他當(dāng)我們的班長。We often hear her sing that song. 我們經(jīng)常聽到她唱那首歌。同源賓語有些不及物動詞帶一個與之含義相同、相近或相關(guān)的名詞作賓語，這種賓語叫做同源賓語。She dreamed a nice dream. 她做了一個好夢。They lived a happy life. 他們過著幸福的生活。介詞賓語在介詞之后與介詞一起構(gòu)成介詞

12、短語。Please give me some advice on how to learn English well. 請給我提些關(guān)于如何學(xué)好英語的建議。He entered the chemistry lab without being permitted. 他未經(jīng)允許就進(jìn)入化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室。 2. 賓語的表現(xiàn)形式表現(xiàn)形式例 句名詞You can leave your pet with me while travelling. 旅游時你可以把寵物留給我照看。You can depend on his honesty. 你可以相信他的城實(shí)。代詞Please take them to the wait

13、ing room. 請帶他們?nèi)サ群蚴?。?shù)詞I have three. 我有三個。The+形容詞She is always helping the poor. 她總是幫助窮人。不定式（短語）He refused to help her. 他拒絕幫助她。動名詞（短語）Mary enjoys palying the piano. 瑪麗喜歡彈鋼琴。從句I am not certain if the plane will arrivre on time.六、定語表現(xiàn)形式例 句名詞Thisis a stone table and hard enough to hold the of goods. 這是張石

14、頭桌子，足夠結(jié)實(shí)，能撐住這些貨物。形容詞She bought a white skirt yesterday. 她昨篇買了一件白色的裙子。代詞His name is Mark. 他的名字叫馬克。This book is written by Lao She. 這本書是老舍寫的。數(shù)詞She cut the cake into two pieces.她把那蛋糕切成兩塊。副詞Jack met Tom on his way home. 皆可在回家路上遇見了湯姆。The river here is pilluted. 這兒的小河被污染了。名詞所有格This shop has all kinds of w

15、omens shoes.這家商店有各種各樣的女鞋。不定式（短語）There are a lot of things to be done. 有很多事情要做。I have many problems to solve.我有許多問題要解決。動名詞Drinking water is scarce in this area. 這個地區(qū)飲用水缺乏。分詞（短語）The sleeping baby is his nephew.這個睡著的嬰兒是他的外甥。The fallen leaves are flying with wind. 落葉隨風(fēng)飛舞。The man sitting on the rock is m

16、y brother. 坐在巖石上的那個人是我哥哥。介詞短語The girl in red will give us a lecture. 穿紅衣服的那個女孩要給我做報告。從句The girl who is dancing is my sister. 正在跳舞的那個女孩是我的妹妹。巧學(xué)妙計：一般來說，單個形容詞、分詞、代詞、數(shù)詞或名詞作為定于位于被修飾的名詞的前面，叫做“前置定語”；副詞、介詞短語、形容詞短語、分詞短語、不定式（短語）和定語從句作定語位于被修飾的名詞的后面，叫做“后置定語”。七、狀語1. 狀語的分類類別例句時間狀語I usually go to work at 8:00 in t

17、he morning. 我通常早上八點(diǎn)去上班。原因狀語Not having received a reply, he wrote a second letter. 因?yàn)闆]有收到回信，他又寫了一封信。類別例句時間狀語I usually go to work at 8:00 in the morning.我通常早上八點(diǎn)去上班。原因狀語Not having received a reply, he wrote a second letter.因?yàn)闆]有收到回信，他又寫了一封信。地點(diǎn)狀語Qingdao lies in the east of China. 青島位于中國東部。目的狀語He gets up

18、early in order to prepare breakfast for his daughter.他早早起來給他女兒準(zhǔn)備讓步狀語Even though he is young, he knowns a lot about history.盡管他還小，他知道很多有關(guān)歷史的事。程度狀語I am not rich enough to buy a car .他沒有足夠的錢買車。條件狀語If I had listened carefully,I could work out the problem now.如果我仔細(xì)聽了，現(xiàn)在我就能做出那個題了。結(jié)果狀語He did a good job in

19、the examination that he was praised by his parents.他考試考的很好，受到了父母的表揚(yáng)。方式狀語She spoke slowly and clearly.她說的既慢又清楚。比較狀語She did as well as her mother.她做得跟她媽媽一樣好。伴隨狀語He went upstairs , singing and smiling.他微笑著，唱著歌上了樓。2、狀語的表現(xiàn)形式表現(xiàn)形式例句副詞Tom speaks English very fast and I almost cant understand him. 湯姆英語說得很快，我

20、幾乎聽不懂他說的話。介詞短語Dont step on the grass ,for it is growing. 請勿踐踏草地，它們正在生長。不定式（短語）He is too excited to say anything. 他激動得說不出來。分詞（短語）Their car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing the delay. 他們的車碰到了交通堵塞，因此導(dǎo)致了延誤。Given more time , I can do it better. 再給我點(diǎn)時間，我會做得更好。形容詞（短語）The little boy stared at him ,

21、 full of fear. 那個小男孩盯著他看，心里充滿了恐懼。名詞（短語）We worked day and night to finish the work on time. 我們?yōu)榘磿r完成工作夜以繼日地干。從句If I had been free, I would have visited you. 如果有空，我就去拜訪你了。3. 狀語的位置位 置例 句一般，副詞作狀語修飾謂語動詞時，放在，放在句末。She speaks French fluently. 她的法語講得很流利。頻度副詞作狀語修飾謂語動詞時，放在被修飾動詞之前，be 動詞、助動詞、情態(tài)動詞之后。I usually go t

22、o work on foot. 我通常步行去上班。You neednt always help me. 你不必總是幫我。有時為了強(qiáng)調(diào)，副詞作狀語修飾謂語動詞時，也可放在句首。Sometime I go to work by bus. 有時候我乘公共汽車去上班。副詞作狀語修飾形容詞或副詞時，放在被修飾詞之前。但encugh 作副詞修飾形容詞或副詞時，放在被修飾詞之后。The local people are very king to the visitors . 當(dāng)?shù)厝藢碓L者很友好。I am quite happy now. 我現(xiàn)在十分幸福。The room is big enough to

23、hold 80 people. 這個房間大到可以容納80人。副詞修飾全局或起連接作用時，放在句首。He never studies. Instead , he plays all day . 他從來不學(xué)習(xí)，而是整天玩。八、 補(bǔ)語類別表現(xiàn)形式例句賓 語 補(bǔ) 足 語名詞We made him our monitor. 我們選他當(dāng)我們的班長。They named the baby Jack. 他們給那個嬰兒取名杰克。形容詞I found it difficult to finish the work on time. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)按時完成工作很困難。副詞Please let him in . 請讓他進(jìn)來。

24、介詞短語She always thinks herself above others. 她總是認(rèn)為自己高于別人。We found her in excellent condition. 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)她處于極佳狀態(tài)。不定式（短語）The teacher advised the students to have a rest. 老師建議學(xué)生休息一會兒。分詞（短語）I see her entering a supermarket. 我看見她正走進(jìn)一家超市。He just had his hair cut。 他剛剛理了發(fā)。主語補(bǔ)足語名詞（短語）He was named Jack.。 他的名字叫杰克。He

25、was found the right man for the job. 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)他是做這份工作的最佳人選。形容詞He was considered honest. 他被認(rèn)為是誠實(shí)的。介詞短語The machine was found in a bad state. 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)這臺機(jī)器狀況不好。不定式（短語）The factory was ordered to be closed . 那家工廠被勒令關(guān)閉。She was considered to be one of the most promosing actresses. 她被認(rèn)為是最有前途的女演員之一。九、 同位語表現(xiàn)形式例句名詞There was the family , father, mother, sisters , all wor