淺談漢語中幾種特殊句型的翻譯

1、淺談漢語中幾種特殊句型的翻譯            摘要:漢語中有些特殊句型,如”是”字句、”得”字句、”把”字句、”搞”字句等,不是與英語非完全對(duì)應(yīng),就是為英語所無。本文分析了這些句型的特點(diǎn),歸納了翻譯這些句型的基本技巧。關(guān)鍵詞:漢語;英語;特殊句型;翻譯;技巧漢語中有些常見句型,如”是”字句、”得”字句、”把”字句、”搞”字句等,其翻譯沒有、也不可能有固定的公式可以套用,如漢語的判斷詞”是”不一定總是翻譯成英語的系動(dòng)詞be。但是,通過紛繁的譯例,我們?nèi)匀豢梢蕴剿鞒龇g這些

2、句型的有效方法和策略。(一) “是”字句的翻譯:“是”字句在漢語中占有相當(dāng)?shù)谋壤?但并非所有的”是”都是判斷詞,因此不能機(jī)械地用英語的連系動(dòng)詞be來翻譯,必須結(jié)合語境含義譯之。漢語中的”是”可表示等同、類屬、特征、存在等意義;”是的”含有被動(dòng)意義;與”才”、”就”、”正”等連用表示強(qiáng)調(diào);”是”還可以表示一種直觀表象或結(jié)果。下面介紹一些”是”字句的翻譯方法。1. 譯為英語連系動(dòng)詞be-改革是振興中國的唯一出路,是人心所向,大勢(shì)所趨,不可逆轉(zhuǎn)。Reform is the only process through which China can be revitalized, a process w

3、hich is irreversible and which accords with the will of the people and the general trend of events.-那年月,有錢人是天天過年。In those years, the rich peoples extravagance was such that everyday was a Spring Festival.-是黨和政府的正確方針和政策,促進(jìn)了廣大農(nóng)村的經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮。It is the correct principles and policies of our Party and Governmen

4、t that have promoted the economic prosperity of Chinas vast rural areas.2. 省略”是”字-武漢是長(zhǎng)江中下游地區(qū)的特大城市,是湖北省的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化、科技中心。Wuhan, a metropolis situated in the middle reaches of the Changjiang River, is the political, economic, cultural, scientific and technological center of Hubei Province. (譯文利用同位語,將第一個(gè)”

5、是”省略)-中國是世界上最大的發(fā)展中國家,社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力水平總的還比較低。As the largest developing country in the world China has a relatively low level of productive forces on the whole.-工業(yè)企業(yè)效益差是當(dāng)前許多矛盾的癥結(jié)所在。All the contradictions existing in industrial enterprises today boil down to scanty economic returns.3. 譯為被動(dòng)語態(tài)-革命者是殺不完的。Revolution

6、aries can never be wiped out.-這雙皮鞋是定做的。This pair of leather shoes are custom-made.-這種裝置在機(jī)械表制造工業(yè)中是很需要的。This kind of device is much needed in the mechanical watch-making industry.4. 根據(jù)”是”的實(shí)際意義翻譯-創(chuàng)新是一個(gè)民族進(jìn)步的靈魂。Innovation sustains the progress of a nation.-這是大勢(shì)所趨,人心所向。This represents the general trend of

7、 development and the common aspiration of the people.-澳門問題的圓滿解決,是中葡兩國關(guān)系史上的一個(gè)重要里程碑。The successful settlement of the Macao question marks an important milestone in the annals of Sino-Portuguese relation.-這個(gè)增長(zhǎng)速度是指導(dǎo)性的,是就全國來說的。This growth rate serves as a guide which applies to the country as a whole.5.

8、譯為but it is (was)-這個(gè)故事好是好,就是長(zhǎng)了點(diǎn)。It is a good story all right, but its a bit too long.6. 用there be結(jié)構(gòu)翻譯表示”凡是”的”是”字-是重活,他都搶著干。     Whenever theres a tough job, he is always the first to do it.(二) “得”字句的翻譯漢語結(jié)構(gòu)助詞”得”一般用在動(dòng)詞或形容詞之后,連接補(bǔ)語成分,表示能力、可能性、結(jié)果、程度等。漢語的”得”字,可根據(jù)其語法功能,利用英語的詞法或句法手段翻譯。1.

9、 用情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞翻譯”得”字英語的情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞can, could, be able to可以表示能力;may, might, can, could表示可能性,因此可以利用它們來翻譯表示能力或可能性的”得”字。例如:-她的英語講得好。She can speak English well.-你干得了這件事嗎?Can you do it?-他看得出兩者的差別。He was able to see the difference between the two.2. 用詞法手段翻譯”得”字英語的后綴-ible, -able構(gòu)成的詞語可以表示能力或可能性,因此也可利用這類詞翻譯”得”字。例如:-有些星星肉眼

10、都看得很清楚。Some stars are quite visible to the unaided eye.-這個(gè)人靠得住嗎?Is the man reliable ?-這個(gè)道理講得通。The reason is acceptable.3. 用固定結(jié)構(gòu)翻譯”得”字當(dāng)”得”字表示結(jié)果或程度時(shí),可利用英語中表示相同意義的固定結(jié)構(gòu)如so that等來翻譯。例如:-地板霉?fàn)€得有許多地方不能再擦洗了。The floors were in so rotten a condition that many of them could not be scrubbed.-不要高興得忘乎所以。Dont be so

11、 happy as to forget everything.-天氣悶熱得大家喘不過氣來。It was such a hot and stuffy weather that people were out of breath.-這些蘋果酸得不能吃。These apples are too sour for eating.4. 省略”得”字有時(shí),”得”字無需翻譯,只需翻譯”得”字位于其中的短語即可。例如:        -他們倆人很合得來。Both of them got well along with each o

12、ther.-學(xué)生們聽課聽得很入神。The students listened to the lecture attentively.-你來得正是時(shí)候。You came in the nick of time.-游客們玩得很開心。The visitors had a wonderful time.-這件事情做得非常出色。Its exceedingly well done.(三) “把”字句的翻譯同漢語”是”字句一樣,”把”字句也是漢語的一種常見句型。漢語中的”把”字主要起引導(dǎo)受事者的作用,語態(tài)形式上表現(xiàn)為主動(dòng)式,因此使?jié)h語減少了被動(dòng)句的使用頻率,很多被動(dòng)意義都可借助”把”字句來表達(dá)?！卑选弊帧背?/p>

13、與表示人的生理或心理狀態(tài)的詞語,如”忙、累、急、氣”等搭配,引導(dǎo)表示結(jié)果的補(bǔ)語;”把”字可與”一”、”當(dāng)作”、”給”等連用,構(gòu)成”把一”、”把當(dāng)作”、”把給”句型;”把”可用于句首建構(gòu)祈使句?！卑选弊值姆g要兼顧其語法及語義功能以及英語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。1. 省略”把”字-我錯(cuò)把她當(dāng)作她的孿生妹妹了。I mistook her for her sister.-他的話幾乎把我給氣瘋了。What he said almost made me go mad.-房地產(chǎn)商人把沿海灘的空地全部搶購一空。The real estate businessmen took up all the land availa

14、ble along the beach.-今天是什么風(fēng)把你給吹來的?What has brought you here today ?2. 譯為被動(dòng)句-他所做的一切把我感動(dòng)得流下了眼淚。I was moved to tears by what he had done.-把這些救災(zāi)物資送到洪災(zāi)區(qū)是當(dāng)前的第一要?jiǎng)?wù)。It is currently the first and foremost thing that these disaster-relief supplies should be dispatched to the flood-stricken areas.-隆隆的大炮聲把傀儡軍嚇壞了

15、。The puppet soldiers were frightened to death by the rumbling of cannons.(四) “搞”字句的翻譯目下,”     搞”字在漢語里的流行之勢(shì),使有人發(fā)出”怎一個(gè)搞字了得”的感嘆。關(guān)于”搞”的妙用,作家孫紹振說:“搞字的功能可分為兩類:丑的則遮蔽,不丑的則美化;可謂有美皆備,無麗不臻?！辫b于”搞”在漢語中倍受青睞這一語言事實(shí),其翻譯就成為繞不過去的問題?！备恪弊忠馑贾S富,用得之活,不是漢語的”做”所能望其背項(xiàng)的,如果不考慮風(fēng)格和情感,倒有點(diǎn)像英語的do,幾乎是個(gè)”萬能”動(dòng)詞。”搞”字

16、的翻譯,應(yīng)當(dāng)具體問題具體分析,弄清其在具體語境中的具體含義,然后再選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~語譯之。1. 譯為動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語“搞”最常見的意義是”做”、”干”、”弄”、”從事”、”進(jìn)行”等,因此可用do, get, make, work, practise, engage in, go in for等來翻譯。例如:-搞字對(duì)字的翻譯常常是行不通的。It is often unacceptable to do a word-to-word translation.-這事沒啥搞頭。Theres no point in doing that.-中國現(xiàn)在實(shí)行對(duì)外開放、對(duì)內(nèi)搞活的政策。China is now impl

17、ementing the policy of opening to the outside world and invigorating the domestic economy.-他倆合起來搞我。The two of them joined in making things difficult for me.-我們想搞水果蔬菜生意。We are thinking of starting up in the fruit and vegetable trade.-他一心要把對(duì)手搞臭。He is bent on discrediting his opponent.2. 譯為其他詞類-你們?cè)诟闶裁疵?/p>

18、堂?What are you up to ? (“搞”譯為副詞短語up to)-我們的國家大,人口眾多,經(jīng)濟(jì)落后,農(nóng)業(yè)要搞上去,最重要的還是要調(diào)動(dòng)農(nóng)民的積極性,自力更生,艱苦奮斗。Agricultural advance in so vast a country, with such a large population and backward economy as in China, requires above all else mobilizing the initiative of peasants to work hard and self-reliantly. (“搞”譯為名詞advance)3. 省略“搞”字-我們確定搞兩個(gè)開放:一個(gè)是對(duì)內(nèi)開放,一個(gè)是對(duì)外開放。We have decided on an open policy in two respects: namely, to open up both externally