2021年碩士入學(xué)考試英語閱讀真題附答案詳解-TEXT4

1、2021 年碩士入學(xué)考試英語閱讀真題附答案詳解:TEXT4第 1 頁 共 8 頁第 # 頁 共 8 頁1994 Passage 4I have great confidence that by the end of the decade well know in vast detail how cancer cells arise, says microbiologist Robert Weinberg, an expert on cancer. But, he cautions, some people may have the idea that once one understands

2、the causes, the cure will rapidly follow. Consider Pasteur. He discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available.This year, 50 percent of the 910000 people who suffer from cancer will survive at least five years. In the year 2000, the Nati

3、onal Cancer Institute estimates, that figure will be 75 percent. For someskin cancers, the five-year survival rate is as high as 90 percent. But other survival statistics are still discouraging 13 percent for lung cancer, and 2 percent for cancer of the pancreas.With as manyas 120 varieties in exist

4、ence, discovering how cancer works is not easy. The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, whenthey discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes, are inactive in normal cells.Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but howremains unkn

5、own. If several oncogenes are driven into action, the cell, unable to turn them off, becomes cancerous.The exact mechanismsinvolved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that manycancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers. Changes are a normal part

6、 of the evolutionary process, says oncologist William Hayward. Environmental factors can never be totally eliminated; as Hayward points out, Wecant prepare a medicine against cosmic rays.The prospects for cure, though still distant, are brighter.First, we need to understand how the normal cell contr

7、ols itself. Second, wehave to determine whether there are a limited number of genes in cells which are always responsible for at least part of the trouble. If we can understand how cancer works, we can counteract its action.63. The example of Pasteur in the passage is used toA predict that the secre

8、t of cancer will be disclosed in a decadeB indicate thatthe prospects for curing cancer arebrightC prove that cancer will be cured in fifty to sixty yearsD warn that there is still a long way to go before cancer can be conquered64. The author implies that by the year 2000, .A there will be a drastic

9、 rise in the five-year survival rate of skin-cancer patientsB 90 percent of the skin-cancer patients today will still be livingC the survival statistics will be fairly even among patients with various cancersD there wont be a drastic increase of survival rate of all cancer patients65. Oncogenes are

10、cancer-causing genes .A that are always in operation in a healthy personB which remain unharmful so long as they are not activatedC that can be driven out of normal cellsD which normal cell cant turn off66. The word dormant in the third paragraph most probably means .A deadB ever-presentC inactiveD

11、potential難句解析： But, he cautions, some people may have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow. Consider Pasteur, he discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available.此句是一個直接引語， 注意引語中有兩個句子， 前面的句子有 一個復(fù)雜的同位

12、語從句 that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow 修飾 the idea ，而后面提到了一個例子， 句中有一個 but ，它后面的 it 指代前面整句話。注意引語中兩個句子之間的關(guān)系， 后者是用來駁斥前面一句中 那些人的錯誤想法的，作者在這里舉的是一個反例。 The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes,

13、 are inactive in normal cells.此句主句是 The researchers made great progress in theearly 1970s,后面有一個 when引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾the early 1970s, 而在這個定語從句中還有一個賓語從句， 在賓語從句中又有一個非限 定性定語從句 which are cancer-causing genes 修飾 oncogenes。注意此句中有超綱詞oncogenes,但是我們可以從后面修飾它 的定語從句推出其確切含義， 這也是常用到的閱讀方法之一， 即可以 用定語從句來反推所修飾詞的意思。 The exact

14、 mechanisms invoIved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers.此句是用 but 連接的復(fù)合句，注意前面的 involved 表示“相 關(guān)的”，而后面的半句的主干是 the likelihood suggests that.，里面又包含有一個同位語從句和賓語從句。注意看清句子結(jié)構(gòu)，而后面的 likelihood 表示“可能性”。 En

15、 vir onmen tal factors can n ever be totally elim in ated;as Hayward points out, We cant prepare a medicine against cosmic rays.此句用分號隔開， 前面是一個簡單的被動語態(tài)， 而后面是一個 直接引語。如果我們了解分號的用法， 就知道它經(jīng)常用來連接兩個意思相 仿或相對的句子。 而在這里， 分號后面的部分就是進一步說明前面的 意思，那么我們也就知道 cosmic rays 是 environmental factors 的 一個個例。試題解析：3. D 該項意為：提醒人們徹

16、底戰(zhàn)勝癌癥的道路還很長。本文第 1 段中所舉的巴斯特的例子在于否定本段第2句提到的某些人的觀點： 一旦找到病因， 治療方法會立刻找到 (rapidly follow) ， 而在于說明第 4 句中所闡明的道理A 原文第 1 段第 1 句引用了 Weinberg 的話，他認為人們在近十 年內(nèi)會對癌癥的病因有很大的了解，但這并不意味著會徹底揭開 (disclose) 癌癥的秘密。 另外，這也不是舉巴斯特的例子所要說明的 問題。B 意為：指出治愈癌癥的前景是非常樂觀的。本文作者相信這 一點，但這并不是舉巴斯特這個例子所要說明的觀點。C 在巴斯特找到傳染病病因五六十年之后，才找到治療方法， 但這并不意味

17、著五六十年以后也肯定會找到治愈癌癥的方法。64. D 意為：各種癌癥患者的平均存活率不會有大幅度的增 加。文章第二段用數(shù)據(jù)說明了能夠繼續(xù)生活五年以上的病人的數(shù)量 的比例， 這一比例增加是可喜的， 但能完全從病魔中生存下來的人仍 然不會有大幅度的增加。A 文章只提到了目前可以存活五年的皮膚癌病人的比例是90(注意文章原句用的是一般現(xiàn)在時)，但未提到 2000 年將會怎樣。B 由對A項的分析可以看出，考生無法了解 2000年有多大比 例的癌癥病人還健在。C 本題中“ fairly even”意為“基本不變”。對這項所表達的 內(nèi)容也無法證實。在解釋 D 項時，我們曾指出各種癌癥患者的平均 存活率不會

18、有大幅度的增加，但這并不意味著根本沒有增加。65. B“activate ”在此意為“激活，使活動起來”。文章第 3 段第 4 句指出：如果幾個致癌基因 (oncogene) 被激活， 細胞又無法抵御它們的侵害的話，細胞就會發(fā)生癌變。A參閱文章第3段第2句。該項表達的內(nèi)容與事實相反。C 文章第 3 段指出，致癌基因存在于健康細胞 (normal cells)中。D 原文第 3 段第 4 句“ unable to turn them off”只表達了一個假設(shè)，相比之下， D 表達的是一個事實。66. C “ dorma nt ”意為“潛伏的”，與第3段第2句中“ in active 一詞是同義。A “ dead ”的意思不對。B “ever-present ”意為“無時無處不在”也不對。D “potential ”意為“潛在的”，與同一句中“activate ”(make active) 的意思不搭配。全文翻譯：“我有極大的信心相信到這個十年期結(jié)束時我們將會詳盡地知曉 癌細胞的生成原因，”微生物學(xué)