UNIT3SIGNAL WORDS

1、UNIT3 SIGNAL WORDS (I)Signal words are like traffic lights or road signs. They guide the readers smoothly along the path of thought set down by the writer. Therefore, it is necessary to understand what signal words are arid how they function. Signal words may be found anywhere in a paragraph or used

2、 to form a closer tie between paragraphs. They may be classified according to their functions. 1SIGNAL WORDS INTRODUCING EXAMPLESIt is clear to every reader that examples given by the writer for explanation of his thought make his ideas much easier to understand. The most commonly used expressions/w

3、ords to introduce examples are as follows:For example for instance such as as likeDIRECTIONS: In each of the following sentences, underline the examples given by the writer and put the explained words in brackets. Then choose the best answer for each blank.Example: (Insects), like mosquitoes and bee

4、s, have three pairs of legs and usually two pairs of wings.a) B You can tell now that insects are _creatures. A. fierce B. small C. tameb) A Another example of an insect is_.A. a butterfly B. a bird C. a snake1. Red is used for signs of danger, such as STOP and fire engines.a. _You can tell that sig

5、ns of danger are generally _signs. A. important B. cheerful C. interesting b. _ another example of a sign of danger is _. A. a movie theater sign B. a government automobile C an exit sign2. People wear black clothes at some serious ceremonies, for example at funerals and graduations.a. _ You can tel

6、l that a ceremony is_. A. a special occasion B. a special sport C. a special, holidayb._ Another example of a ceremony is_. A. a wedding B. a tennis game C. Christmas 3. Doctors recommend that everyone exercise every day, particularly those who spend many hours doing sedentary activities like readin

7、g, typing or sewing.a. _You can tell that when people are doing a sedentary activity , they must be_. A. sitting B. learning C. relaxingb. _Another example of a sedentary activity, they must be is_.A. gardening B. cooking C. watching TV4. Automobiles must have certain safety devices such as seat bel

8、ts, head - lights, and good brakes.a. _You can tell that a safety device is something that makes driving_. A. faster B. safer C. more funb. _Another example of a safety device is_.A. a radio B. a horn C. a heater5. A person who has the flu may have several symptoms like sneezing and a high temperatu

9、re.a. _You can tell that a symptom is_. A. a cure B. an illness C. a sign of an illnessb. _Another example of a symptom is _.A. laughing often B. coughing a great deal C. drinking plenty of liquids2. SIGNAL WORDS SHOWING A CHANGE OF THOUGHTWhen the author is turning the direction of thought in his -

10、writing, you may find a signal word to show, this change in the thought pattern. For example, if a sentence begins, "Although the sun is shining today," you know immediately that something not so good about the day is to follow.Connectors to signal such a change of thought are as follows:a

11、lthough but however on the other hand nevertheless yet on the contrary still insteadDIRECTIONS: Choose a proper connector to complete each sentence. Write the word in the blank.Example: No old Indian would ever tell you his own name; instead, (but, instead) he would turn to some third person and nod

12、 for him to tell you.1) She was a busy person,_, (yet, although) she was always willing to talk with us.2) The plane was scheduled to depart at 8:05,_ (however, but) due to the bad weather, it did not take off nil two hours later.3) Ralph was a bright, highly motivated, and successful student._, (On

13、 the other hand, On the contrary) he was unable to perform in even one sport.4) _(Although, Still) the criminal had a brilliant defense lawyer, he was sentenced to life in prison. 5) The food was very plain and simply prepared,_, (on the other hand, still) there was plenty of it.6) He is not stupid,

14、 _，(but, on the contrary) no one could be more intelligent.7) She didn't argue with me, _，(nevertheless, instead) she stood up quietly and left the room.8) Entrance test scores are one of the most important considerations for acceptance into college._(However, Yet) high school grade-point averag

15、e and behaviors are also considered.9) The movie was quite good, _(although, instead) it did not follow the book.10) She was very tired; _(nevertheless, though) she kept on working.3. SIGNAL WORDS EXPRESSING CAUSE/EFFECTWords used to express cause/effect are those that state the reasons and results

16、of the thing or event the writer is talking about, and any information with reasons and results is usually easier to accept. The following words/phrases are often found as the signals of cause/effect.Cause Effect 9because for since the reason is that result from thus so therefore so thataccordingly

17、as a resultconsequently result in that's whyDIRECTIONS: Complete each statement in column A with a sentence/phrase in column B. Write down the correct letter in the blank after each number. The first one is done for you.A 1) _j_ because there were not enough passengers, 2) _Sickness often result

18、s from 3) _we have a season ticket; 4) _Tom found the test hard; 5)_Since the directions were not clear, 6) _There has been little rain; 7) _The power was off for two days; 8) _The engine caught on fire, 9) _The boy's laziness resulted in 10) _A policeman waved us on;Ba. thus, we can get in to a

19、ll of the games. b. his failure to pass the exam. c. we will excuse your mistake. d. as a result, the streams have dried up. e. the reason is that he had missed several lessons.f. eating too muchg. so that the train was delayed for two hours.h. thats why the food in our freezer spoiled.i. accordingl

20、y, we drove right through the water.j. the flight was canceled.4. SIGNAL WORDS LEADING TO ADDITIONAL INFORMATIONIn your reading, you may find some words which signal that more of the same kind of information is to be added to what you have just read. You may read, for example, "It is the respon

21、sibility of each student to obtain the required books and materials for each course; furthermore.""Furthermore" in this sentence signals that additional responsibilities are required of the student. Here are some expressions commonly used to signal additional information: also next to

22、o in addition furthermore besidesDIRECTIONS: Try to use the following signal words correctly in the paragraph, according to the development of the statement. Write down the correct word for each blank.A. next first many alsoThere are ( 1)_unforeseen benefits to taking only twelve credits this fall s

23、emester.(2)_, I have five or six extra hours for my studies and family chores, such as cleaning my room and cooking dinner. (3)_, I can add extracurricular activities such as basketball to my schedule. I can (4) _ work at the local supermarket on a part-time basis.B. in addition finally many first t

24、ooEveryone admired tile (5) _fine features of the newly decorated room. "(6) _ , we noticed the large rounded gray velvet sofa, the room's centerpiece. (7) _, we examined the heavy gray and burgundy curtains that had, the same floral design as the corner chairs. The oil painting, (8) _, com

25、plemented the softly toned room. (9) _, the quiet gray and violet picture and rug of the same colors unified the entire room.C. besides in addition to furthermore several finally also(10)_ financial considerations such as rent and real estate taxes, there are (11)_ reasons why young and even older p

26、eople choose; a particular place to live. Here are some of the reasons why we decided to settle in this small rural town we now call home. (12)_ finding the town's setting against a small mountain chain attractive, we (13) _realized that the main street area had food, clothing, and house ware st

27、ores to satisfy our every imaginable need. (14) _, I was offered a high-paying job at the local home and factory construction company. (15)_, the public schools appeared to be excellent, and we knew that our three children would quickly establish new friendships with healthy and happy youngsters who

28、 seethed to play gaily on every corner.5. SIGNAL WORDS INDICATING SEQUENCE OF EVENTSSome words direct attention to a sequence of events. Read the following paragraph about Icarus:When these two wings were finished, Daedalus bound them on himself. Then he rose into the air to try his wings. After tha

29、t, he bound a smaller pair of wings on his son Icarus. Before they took off; Daedalus warned Icarus not to fly too near the sun. At first, Icarus was obedient and followed close behind his father. But soon, in the great joy of flying, he forgot all that his father had told him. He went higher and hi

30、gher into the heavens until the heat of the sun melted the wax that held the feathers to his wings. Finally, Icarus fell into the blue waters of the sea. Understanding the order of events leads to a more complete understanding of a passage. Some words, like "when", "then" and &qu

31、ot;after that" signal the sequence of events. Can you find the other sequence-signal words in the paragraph above? Underline them.Here is a list of such signal words:when meanwhile before first to begin withthen next after until after thatsoon finally in the endat lastDIRECTIONS: Read the follo

32、wing paragraph and find the words that signal a sequence of events. Then do exercises A, B and C.People experience several distinct stages of dependence in their lives: first, the newborn stage; next, the childhood, early adolescent, and teenage stages; then, the young adult and adult stages; finall

33、y, old age. From the beginning, the infant is very dependent upon those around him or her. This dependence lessens as the child grows toward adulthood. A person experiences the greatest independence during adulthood. Finally, with the onset of old age; dependence on those around grows greater. This

34、is a major reason .why old age has been compared with infancy.A. List the major stages in people's lives from the last stage to the first.1) _ 2) _ 3) _ 4) _5) _ 6) _ 7) _B. Place all the signal words that show sequence on the lines provided.8) _ 9) _ 10) _ 11) _12) _ 13) _C. Tell whether the fo

35、llowing statements are true or false. put (T) or (F) in the blanks.14) _ A person experiences the least dependence during his adulthood.15) _The independence gets greater as an adult grows toward old age.6. SIGNAL WORDS INDICATING SEQUENCE OF IDEASSequence signals also help you to understand and fol

36、low a writer's ideas or an instructor's directions for work in class, on tests and in texts. Read the following example:This paragraph gives several instructions. First, circle all the signal words in the paragraph: before you answer the questions. When you have finished the questions, highl

37、ight the words that you have circled.In this example, the directions indicate a precise order of activities. Specific signal words tell what that order is:before you answer . first circle . when you have finished . .The directions specify a definite order for completion of the work. It makes sense t

38、o follow this order. For example, it does not make sense to answer the questions before reading the paragraph. DIRECTIONS: In each of the following exercises, special instructions provide a guide to answering the questions. Be aware of any sequence words in each passage.A. Read the following paragra

39、ph and put (T) or (F) in the blanks based on your, understanding of the sequence of ideas.Professor Martin wanted to be certain that his students H'tifgh6d all parts of the midterm exam. Thus, he wrote very specific-directions for all-parts of the test. For Part 1, he told students to begin by a

40、nswering only-those questions known to them and to omit the rest. Part Il, the essay section, required more time and thought. He told his students to read carefully the four essay choices and then to select one essay. Part III was a matching question. Professor Martin told his students to work on th

41、is next before going back to Part I. Students could then fill in the unanswered questions in Part I. Finally, he encouraged them to reread their essays before turning in their completed exams.1) _Students began by answering all questions in Part I.2) _The second instruction students received was to

42、write an essay.3) _Students were told to review Part I before moving to the matching questions.4) _Because the essay section required time and thought, Professor Martin instructed his students to write the essay last. 5) _Students worked on portions of the exam before they completed Part I.B. Read t

43、he following paragraph and put (T) or (F) in the blanks based on your understanding of the story.Many immigrant families find themselves living in extended family home situations. Uncles, aunts, grandparents, and even cousins are living with the mother, father, and children. The extended family is o

44、ne traditional family unit that maintains strong family ties. Also, each member contributes to the financial well-being of the entire group. Furthermore, each member contributes something unique to the whole. For example, the older members can transmit the cultural heritage of the old country to the

45、 younger members, while the younger members can help the older generation adjust to their new country.6) _ Coming to the United States is an old family tradition.7) _Three reasons are given why some people are still living in extended families.8) _The extended family is made up of a mother, a father

46、, and several children.9) _The first reason given for the extended family's existence is the maintenance of the family structure.10) _The last statement suggests that the younger members in a family cannot get used to the new country as easily as the older generation.Exercises1. Read the followi

47、ng sentences and underline the correct signal word(s) in the parentheses.Example: (Because, although) snow was too deep for cars and buses to travel oak the roads, the schools were closed for one week.1) Good recreational directors do not let children cheat in order to win in competitive games. (Ins

48、tead, Meanwhile) they help build good character by insisting on good sportsmanship.2) A baby alligator is usually only seven to nine inches long at birth. An adult, (therefore, however), can grow to lengths from six to sixteen feet.3) (Nevertheless, although) he was a wealthy man by the time he was

49、40 years old, he still enjoyed the simple things of life.4) Jane does not like chemistry; (however, furthermore) , she is taking the course this semester and has a B average.5) Most domesticated animals are gentle and tame enough for small children to pet, (therefore, although) a mother dog with you

50、ng puppies can be very dangerous.6) The welfare of the people of any nation depends to a great degree upon the success of its agriculture; (for example, consequently), it is important to learn the most productive methods.7) The old man had a likable personality and compassionate nature (however, in

51、addition), he was intelligent and very resourceful.8) Water makes up 65 per cent of the content of an egg. (Thus, Finally), when hens are not given sufficient drinking Water, their production of eggs is decreased.9) Jan made a very sharp remark about Ann's dancing act in the show. No one paid an

52、y attention to the sarcastic actress, (as a result, for) she was jealous and criticized everyone else.10) The mink kills small animals and then carries the meat home to eat in comfort. (As a result, On the other hand), the mink's den always contains scraps of meat.2. Read the following sentences

53、 and underline the correct signal word(s) in the parentheses.Example: He wanted to save money, (although, so) he repaired the car himself. (Besides, For example), mechanical things were his hobby.1) On solid ice the walrus is a clumsy, ugly beast. (Therefore, But) once in the water he is a changed b

54、eing, (for, even though) there he is at ease.2) (In addition to, consequently) a good starting salary, the position offers excellent fringe benefits. (Furthermore, because), the responsibilities of the job are numerous and varied.3) Bugs and beetles are alike in many ways and are often mistaken for one another. (However, Therefore), the lightning bug, the ladybug, and the June bug are not bugs at all (since, but) are beetles.4) (For instance, although) some animals, such as the tortoise, move very slowly, there are those who can run faster than our speed limit allows. (In summary, f