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1、動(dòng)詞的分類及用法第一節(jié)動(dòng)詞的定義與分類一、什么是動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞是表示人或事物的動(dòng)作、存在、變化的詞。動(dòng)詞是用來表示主語(yǔ)做什么(即行為動(dòng)詞),或表示主語(yǔ)是什么或怎么樣(即狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞)的詞,例如:The boy runs fast.(這個(gè)男孩跑得快。)runs表示主語(yǔ)的行為He is a boy.(他是個(gè)男孩。)is與后面的表語(yǔ) a boy表示主語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)二、動(dòng)詞的分類動(dòng)詞可以按照含義及它們?cè)诰渲械淖饔梅殖伤念?,即行為?dòng)詞(也稱實(shí)義動(dòng)詞)、連系動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。(一)行為動(dòng)詞行為動(dòng)詞(實(shí)義動(dòng)詞)是表示行為、動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的詞。它的詞義完整,可以單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)。例如:I live in Beijing with
2、 my mother.(我和我媽媽住在北京。)live,住It has a round face.(它有張圓臉。)has,有(二)連系動(dòng)詞連系動(dòng)詞是表示主語(yǔ)“是什么”或“怎么樣”的詞,它雖有詞義,但不完整,所以不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ),必須跟表語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成合成謂語(yǔ),例如:We are in Grade Two this year.(今年我們?cè)趦赡昙?jí)。)are,是are這個(gè)詞的詞義“是”在句子中常常不譯出。連系動(dòng)詞可具體分為三類:1、表示“是"的動(dòng)詞 be。這個(gè)詞在不同的主語(yǔ)后面和不同的時(shí)態(tài)中有不同的形式,is, am, are, was,were, have/has been等要特別予以注意。例
3、如:He is a teacher.(他是個(gè)教師。)He was a soldier two years ago.(兩年前他是個(gè)士兵。 )We are Chinese.(我們是中國(guó)人。)2、表示"感覺"的詞,如look (看起來),feel (覺得,摸起來),smell (聞起來),sound (聽起來),taste (嘗起來)等,例如:She looked tired.(她看一去很疲勞。)I feel ill.(我覺得不舒服。)Cotton feels soft.(棉花摸起來很軟。)The story sounds interesting.(這個(gè)故事聽起來很有趣。)The
4、 flowers smell sweet.(這些花聞起來很香。)The mixture tasted horrible.(這藥水太難喝了。)3、表示"變"、"變成”的意思的詞,如 become, get, grow, turn,都解釋為“變"、“變得",例如:She became a college student.(她成了一名大學(xué)生。 )He feels sick. His face turns white.(他感到不舒服,他的臉色變蒼白了。)The weather gets warmer and the days get longer wh
5、en spring comes. (春天來了,天氣變得暖和些了,白天也變得較長(zhǎng)些了。)He grew old.(他老了。)難點(diǎn)解釋注意區(qū)別以下一些動(dòng)詞的用法,它們既可以作為行為動(dòng)詞,又可以作為連系動(dòng)詞。1、100k看;看起來He is looking at the picture.(他正在看這圖片。)行為動(dòng)詞It looks beautiful.(它看上去很美麗。)連系動(dòng)詞2、fell摸;感覺I felt someone touch my arm.(我感到有人碰我的手臂。)行為動(dòng)詞Are you felling better today than before?(你今天比以前感到好些了嗎?)連
6、系動(dòng)詞3、smell嗅;聞起來My little brother likes to smell the apple before he eats it.(我的小弟弟喜歡在吃蘋果前聞一聞。)行為動(dòng)詞Great! The flowers smell nice.(這些花聞起來多香?。。┻B系動(dòng)詞4、sound弄響,發(fā)音;聽起來The letter "h" in hour is not sounded.(在hour這個(gè)詞中字母 h是不發(fā)音的。)行為動(dòng)詞The gun sounded much closer.(槍聲聽起來更近了。)連系動(dòng)詞5、taste辨味;嘗起來Please tast
7、e the soup.(請(qǐng)嘗一口湯。)行為動(dòng)詞The soup tastes terrible.(這湯嘗起來味道太差了。)連系動(dòng)詞6、get得到,獲得;變There are some bananas on the table. Each of you can get one.(桌上有些香蕉,你們每個(gè)人可以拿一個(gè)。)行為動(dòng)詞7、grow生長(zhǎng),種植;變Do you grow rice in your country?(你們的國(guó)家種水稻嗎?)行為動(dòng)詞It' s too late. It' s growing dark.(太遲了,天漸漸變暗了。)連系動(dòng)詞8、turn轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),翻動(dòng),使變得;
8、變The earth turns around the sun.(地球繞著太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)。)行為動(dòng)詞When spring comes, the trees turn green and the flowers come out. (春天來了,樹葉變經(jīng)綠了,花兒開了。)連系動(dòng)詞 上述句子中的動(dòng)詞如 grow、get、turn等,既可以作連系動(dòng)詞,又可以作行為動(dòng)詞。如何來辨別它們呢? 有一個(gè)最簡(jiǎn)便的方法,即用連系動(dòng)詞be替換句子中的這些動(dòng)詞,句子仍然成立就是連系動(dòng)詞;反之,不能替換的,就是行為動(dòng)詞。例如:The trees turn/are green when spring comes. (春天來臨,
9、樹葉變綠。)The earth turns around the sun.(地球繞著太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)。)這第二句句子中的turn是行為動(dòng)詞,意為“轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)”。無法以is替換。(三)助動(dòng)詞這類詞本身無詞義,不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ),只能與主要?jiǎng)釉~一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ),表示不同的時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、表示句 子的否定和疑問,例如:He does not speak English well.(他英語(yǔ)講得不好。)句中的does是助動(dòng)詞,既表示一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),又與not一起構(gòu)成否定形式。A dog is running after a cat.(一條狗正在追逐一只貓。)句中的is是助動(dòng)詞,和run的現(xiàn)在分詞一起構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。Did he hav
10、e any milk and bread for his breakfast ?(他早餐喝牛奶、吃面包嗎?)句中的did是助動(dòng)詞,既表示一般過去時(shí),又和動(dòng)詞have 一起構(gòu)成疑問。(四)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞這類詞本身雖有意義,但不完整。它們表示說話人的能力、說話人的語(yǔ)氣或情態(tài),如“可能”、“應(yīng)當(dāng)” 等。這類動(dòng)詞有 can, may, must, need, dare, could, might等。它們不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ),必須與行為動(dòng)詞(原 形)一起作謂語(yǔ),表示完整的意思,例如:I can dance.(我會(huì)跳舞。)can,能,會(huì)He can' t walk because he is a baby.(
11、因?yàn)樗莻€(gè)嬰兒,不會(huì)走路。)can' t,不必May I come in ?(我可以進(jìn)來嗎?) may,可以第二節(jié)及物動(dòng)詞與不及物動(dòng)詞行為動(dòng)詞(即實(shí)義動(dòng)詞)按其是否需要賓語(yǔ),可以分為及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞。一、及物動(dòng)詞后面必須跟賓語(yǔ),意思才完整,例如:Give me some ink, please.(請(qǐng)給我一些墨水。)If you have any questions, you can raise your hands.(如果你們有問題,你們可以舉手,。)二、不及物動(dòng)詞后面不能跟賓語(yǔ),意思已完整。不及物動(dòng)詞有時(shí)可以加上副詞或介詞,構(gòu)成短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)及物 動(dòng)詞。例如:He work
12、s hard.(他工作努力。)Jack runs faster than Mike.(杰克跑步比邁克要快些。)Please look at the blackboard and listen to me.(請(qǐng)看黑板,聽我說。 )He got and "A" this time because he went over his lessons carefully.(這次他得了個(gè)"A”,因?yàn)樗屑?xì)地 復(fù)習(xí)了功課。)難點(diǎn)解釋1、許多動(dòng)詞可用作及物動(dòng)詞,也可用作不及物動(dòng)詞,他閱讀中必須仔細(xì)體會(huì)和區(qū)別,例如:Who is going to speak at the meet
13、ing?(誰(shuí)打算在會(huì)上發(fā)言?) speak,不及物動(dòng)詞Few people outside China speak Chinese.(在中國(guó)外很少人講漢語(yǔ)。)speak及物動(dòng)詞2、要特別注意有些動(dòng)詞英漢之間的差異。某些詞在英語(yǔ)中是不及物的,而在漢語(yǔ)中卻是及物的。有時(shí) 則相反。例如:He is waiting for you.(他在等你。) 英語(yǔ)wait為不及物動(dòng)詞,漢語(yǔ)”等”為及物動(dòng)詞。Serve the people.(為人民服務(wù)。)英語(yǔ)serve為及物動(dòng)詞,漢語(yǔ)"服務(wù)”為不及物動(dòng)詞。Exercise 1指出下列各句中劃線部分是什么動(dòng)詞,并說明詞義,例如:All of us stu
14、dy hard. (vi.學(xué)習(xí))1、He began to work at seven this morning.()2、I have left the key at home.()3、We must take the old woman to the hospital at once.()4、Billy felt very sad when he heard the bad news.()5、 Think it over, and you will have a good idea. ()6、Don' t think of yourself ; think of others.()7
15、、We are college students now, but we were at the factory two years ago.()8、Mr. Black got angry when he saw Jenny come to school late again.()9、Please wash your hands before each meal.()10、 Li Ming often works for the wall-newspaper after school. ()Exercise 2區(qū)別下列多組句子中的動(dòng)作,指出下列劃線動(dòng)詞是連系動(dòng)詞還是行為動(dòng)詞,并寫出詞義:1、S
16、he looks well.()She tried to look at the blackboard but saw nothing.()2、The students felt unhappy.()I felt someone touch my back.()3、 It was snowing hard when he got to the city.()It' s too late. It' s getting darker and darker.()4、 The teacher asked the student to turn it over.()The leaves
17、of the trees turn green when spring comes.()5、The young trees grow fast.()It began to grow dark.()6、The bell sounded at 12 o' clock for lunch.()The music sounds nice.()第三節(jié)持續(xù)動(dòng)詞與瞬間動(dòng)詞英語(yǔ)的行為動(dòng)詞有持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞和瞬間性動(dòng)詞之分,使用中應(yīng)注意兩者的區(qū)別。一、持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作可以持續(xù)一段時(shí)間或更長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。常見的有study, play, do, read, learn, drive, write, clean,
18、slean,sleep, speak, talk, wait, fly, stay, write, sit, stand, lie, keep 等。二、瞬間性動(dòng)詞表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在一瞬間,非常短暫。亦稱終止性動(dòng)詞。常見的有begin, start, finish, go, come, leave, find,get up, arrive, reach, get to, enter, hear, stop, open, close, become, buy, borrow, lend, happen, join, lose, renew, die, take away, put up, set
19、out, put on, get on/off 等。以上已集中了初中教材的大部分持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞及瞬間性動(dòng)詞。三、用法1、以上兩類動(dòng)詞都能用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),表示動(dòng)作到現(xiàn)在為止已結(jié)束,例如:He has studied English for three years.(他學(xué)英語(yǔ)已有 3 年了。)He has joined the Party.(他已入黨了。)Mum isn't at home. She has gone to the library.(媽媽不在家,她去圖書館了。)2、持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞在完成時(shí)中能與表示持續(xù)一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用,而瞬間性動(dòng)詞則不能。例如:His parents talked
20、 with the teacher for half an hour.(他的父母跟老師談了 半個(gè)小時(shí)。)My mother has lain in bed for 3 days.(我母親生病臥床已經(jīng)三天了。)My parents have lived in Shanghai since 1950.(我父母親從1950年起就住在上海了。)3、瞬間性動(dòng)詞在完成時(shí)中如要與表示持續(xù)一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用,通常有兩種方法:(1)用意思相當(dāng)?shù)某掷m(xù)性動(dòng)詞來替換,例如:He has been in the army/a soldier for three years.(他參軍已有 3 年了。) 不能用 has j
21、oinedShe has been up for quite some time.(她起床已有好久了。) 不能用 has got upHas your brother been away from home for a long time?(你哥哥離家已有好久了 嗎?)不能用 has left 常用瞬間動(dòng)詞相應(yīng)持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞關(guān)系如下:1、go be away2、comebe here3、come back be back4、leavebe away (be not here)5、7、buy havediebe dead6、8、borrow beginkeep be on9、11、finishbe
22、overclosebe closed10、12、open losebe openbe lost13、get to knowknow14、turn onbe on15、17、get upbe upjoinbe in ()或16、be a-sit down . membersit/be seated18、becomebe(2)用it issince結(jié)構(gòu)來替換瞬間動(dòng)詞,例如: 電影已經(jīng)開映5分鐘了。(兩種方法)The film has been on for five minutes.他離開上海已有 3天了。(兩種方法)He has been away from Shanghai for three
23、 days.這本書我還給圖書館已有兩周了。(一種方法)他找到他妹妹已有多久了?(一種方法)It ' s five minutes since the film began.It is three days since he left Shanghai.It ' s two weeks since I returned the book to the library.How long is it since be found his sister?4、瞬間動(dòng)詞的否定形式可以與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用,例如:I haven' t seen you for a long tim
24、e.(好久沒見至U你了。)補(bǔ)充說明1、本書基本上已把初中課本中的持續(xù)動(dòng)詞與瞬間性動(dòng)詞羅列出來,可供教師參考使用。2、關(guān)于持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與瞬間性動(dòng)詞的用法,可以結(jié)合現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的教學(xué)一起進(jìn)行。Exercise 3、選擇正確的答案:1、Alice has (come, been) back for a week.2、His grandmother has (been dead, died) for ten years.3、When we got to the cinema, the film had (begun, been on) for a few minutes.4、The lights have
25、 (turned on, been on) for over half a day.5、Have you (bought, had) the book on grammar for a week? Yes, since last Sunday. 二、用since和for翻譯下列句子:1、這本書我已借了兩周了。2、她離開這兒有 5分鐘了嗎?3、我弟弟入團(tuán)已有半年多了。4、Joan來到我校已有兩個(gè)月了。5、他們相識(shí)有很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間了。第四節(jié)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用法情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有 can (could), may (might), must, have to, shall (should, will (wou
26、ld), dare (dared), need (needed), ought to等。 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞無人稱和數(shù)的變化;不能單獨(dú)使用,必須與其后的動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)一、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的主要特征試比較下列幾組句子,看情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn):1、He borrows some books from the library.(他常從圖書館借些書。)He can borrow some books from the library.(他可以從圖書館借到一些書。)can,可以2、I run fast.(我跑得快。)I can' t run fast (我跑得不快。)can' t,不會(huì),不能3、Must he
27、 go now?(他必須現(xiàn)在走嗎?) must,必須Did he go last night?(他昨晚去了嗎?)4、They may be there.(他們可能在那兒。)may,可能They weren ' there.(他們不在那兒。)從上述四組句子中,可以看出以下幾個(gè)特點(diǎn):1、can、may、must都有各自的詞義,表示能力、可能、允諾、愿意、請(qǐng)求等情態(tài),因詞義不完全,不 能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ),只能和動(dòng)詞原形一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)。2、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化。構(gòu)成疑問句時(shí),通常放在主語(yǔ)前面(見例3);構(gòu)成否定句時(shí),not放在這些情態(tài)動(dòng),之后(見例 2)??捎盟鼈兊目s寫形式(can' t
28、, cannot, mustn'等)。二、具體用法一、 can, could1)表示能力(體力、知識(shí)、技能)。Can you lift this heavy box?(體力)Mary can speak three languages.(知識(shí))Can you skate?(技能)此時(shí)可用be able to代替。Can只有一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過去式;而be able to則有更多的時(shí)態(tài)。I ' ll not be able to come this afternoon.當(dāng)表示 經(jīng)過努力才得以做成功某事”時(shí)應(yīng)用be able to,不能用Can。如:He was able to go
29、 to the party yesterday evening in spite of the heavy rain.2)表不請(qǐng)求和允許。Can I go now?Yes, you can. / No, you can' t.此時(shí)可與may互換。在疑問句中還可用could,might代替,不是過去式,只是語(yǔ)氣更委婉,不能用于肯定句和答語(yǔ)中。Could I come to see you tomorrow?Yes, you can. ( No, I ' m afraid not.)3)表示客觀可能性(客觀原因形成的能力)。They ' ve changed the tim
30、etable, so we can go by bus instead.This hall can hold 500 people at least.4)表示推測(cè)(驚訝、懷疑、不相信的態(tài)度),用于疑問句、否定句和感嘆句中。Can this be true?This can ' t be done by him.How can this be true?二、 may, might1)表示請(qǐng)求和允許。might比may語(yǔ)氣更委婉,而不是過去式。否定回答時(shí)可用can' t或mustn' ,t表示 不可以,禁止“。-Might/ May I smoke in this room
31、?No, you mustn ' t.May/Might I take this book out of the room? Yes, you can. (No, you can ' t / mustn ' t.)用May I?征徇對(duì)方許可時(shí)比較正式和客氣,而用Can I?在口語(yǔ)中更常見。2)用于祈使句,表示祝愿。May you succeed!3)表示推測(cè)、可能性(不用于疑問句)。might不是過去式,它所表示的可能性比may小。1. He may /might be very busy now.2. Your mother may /might not know t
32、he truth.三、 must, have to1)表不必須、必要。You must come in time.在回答引出的問句時(shí), 如果是否定的,不能用mustn'(禁止,不準(zhǔn)),而用needn' t, don ' t have而必)Must we hand in our exercise books today?Yes, you must.No, you don ' t have you needn ' t.2) must是說話人的主觀看法,而have to則強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀需要。Must只有一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),have to有更多的時(shí)態(tài)形式。1. The pla
33、y isn ' t interesting, I really must go now.2. I had to work when I was your age.3)表示推測(cè)、可能性(只用于肯定的陳述句)1. You' re Tom ' s good friend, so you must know whatlhes best.2. Your mother must be waiting for you now.四、 dare, need1) dare作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用時(shí),常用于疑問句、否定句和條件從句中,過去式形式為dared。1. How dare you say I &
34、#39; m unfair?2. He daren ' t speak English before such a crowd, dare he?3. If we dared not go there that day , we couldn ' t get the beautiful flowers.2) need作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用時(shí),常用于疑問句、否定句。在肯定句中一般用 must, have to, ought to, should代替。1. You needn ' t come so early.2. - Need I finish the work today?Ye
35、s, you must. / No, you needn' t.3) dare和need作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞用時(shí),有人稱、時(shí)態(tài)和數(shù)的變化。在肯定句中,dare后面常接帶to的不定式。在疑問句和否定句中, dare后面可接帶to或不帶to的不定式。而need后面只能接帶to的不定式。1. I dare to swim across this river.2. He doesn ' t dare (to) answer.3. He needs to finish his homework today.五、 shall, should1) shall用于第一人稱,征求對(duì)方的意見。What sh
36、all we do this evening?2) shall用于第二、三人稱,表示說話人給對(duì)方的命令、警告、允諾或威脅。1. You shall fail if you don' fwork hard.(2. He shall have the book when I finish it.(允諾)3. He shall be punished.(威脅)六、 will, would4. 表示請(qǐng)求、建議等,would更委婉。Will / Would you pass me the ball, please?5. 表本意志、愿望和決心。1. I will never do that aga
37、in.2. They asked him if he would go abroad.3) would表示過去反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或某種傾向。would表示過去習(xí)慣時(shí)比 used to正式,且沒有 現(xiàn)已無此習(xí)慣”的含義。1. During the vacation, he would visit me every other day.2. The wound would not heal.4)表示估計(jì)和猜想。It would be about ten o ' clock when she left home.七、 should, ought to1) should, ought to表示應(yīng)該
38、,ought to表示義務(wù)或責(zé)任,比 should語(yǔ)氣重。1. I should help her because she is in trouble.2. You ought to take care of the baby.2)表小勸告、建議和命令。 should, ought to可通用,但在疑問句中常用 should。1. You should / ought to go to class right away.2. Should I open the window?3)表示推測(cè)should , ought to (客觀推測(cè)),must(主觀推測(cè))。1 .He must be home
39、 by now.(斷te他已至U豕 )2.He ought to/should be home by now.(不太肯定)3. This is where the oil must be.(直爽)4. This is where the oil ought to/should be.( 含畜)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞基本用法:情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用法否定式疑問式與簡(jiǎn)答cancould能力(體力,智力,技能)允許或許可(口語(yǔ)中常用) 可能性(表猜測(cè),用于否定句或疑 問句中)can not / cannot /can docouldn ' t doCando? Yes,can. No,can ' t.may可
40、以(問句中表示請(qǐng)求) 可能,或許(表推測(cè)) 祝愿(用于倒裝句中)may not doMay -do ? Yes,may.No,mustn ' t/can ' t.mightmight not doMight do - ? Yes,might No,might not.must必須,應(yīng)該(表主觀要求)肯定,想必(肯定句中表推測(cè))must not/mustn ' t cMust do-? Yes,must.o,,No, needn t/don t haveo.have to只好,不得不(客觀的必須,有時(shí) 態(tài)人稱變化)don' t have to doDohave t
41、o do?Yes,do.No,don ' t.ought to應(yīng)當(dāng)(表示義務(wù)責(zé)任,口語(yǔ)中多用shouldought not to/oughtn to doOught to do ?Yes, ought. No, oughtn,shall將要,會(huì)用干-三人稱征求對(duì)方意見 用于二三人稱表示許諾、命令、警 告、威脅等shall not/shan' t cShall do ?Yes,shall. No,shan ' t.should應(yīng)當(dāng),應(yīng)該(表義務(wù)責(zé)任) 本該(含有立備意味)should not/shouldn do1 t .,- Should do ?will意愿,決心wi
42、ll not/won ' t doWill do ?would請(qǐng)求,建議,用在問句中 would比 較委婉would not/wouldn do,丫qs,will.No,won' t.dare敢(常用于否定句和疑問句中)dare not/daren ' t cDare do ? o,Yes, dare. No, darenneed聿亞必須(常卅十否定句和疑問句中)need not/needn ' t cNeeddo ? oYes, must. No, -needn'used to過去常常(現(xiàn)在已/、冉)usednot/usedn ' t/usen
43、to ' dodidn ' t use to doUsed to do ?Yes,used.No,use(d)n ' t.Did use to do ?Yes,did.No,didn ' t.第五節(jié)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)1.動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)一共有16種,以ask為例,將其各種時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式列表如下:現(xiàn)在時(shí)過去時(shí)將來時(shí)過去將來時(shí)ask / asksaskedshall/will askshould/would ask進(jìn)行am/is/are askingwas/were askingshall/will be askingshould/would be asking完成have/ha
44、s askedhad askedshall/will have askedshould/would have asked完成進(jìn)行have/hasbeenaskinghad been askingshall/will have been askingshould/would have beer asking1) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí):概念:經(jīng)常、反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或行為及現(xiàn)在的某種狀況。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, montht.基本結(jié)構(gòu):be動(dòng)詞;行為動(dòng)詞否te形式:am/is/are+not;此時(shí)態(tài)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞若
45、為仃為動(dòng)詞,則在其前加則用doesn't,同時(shí)還原行為動(dòng)詞。),once a week, on Sundays, etc.don't,如主語(yǔ)為第三人稱單數(shù),一般疑問句:把 be動(dòng)詞放于句首;用助動(dòng)詞do提問,如主語(yǔ)為第三人稱單數(shù),則用 does,同時(shí),還原行為動(dòng)詞。2) 一般過去時(shí):概念:過去某個(gè)時(shí)間里發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài);過去習(xí)慣性、經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作、行為。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ): ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month ), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5,
46、 one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.基本結(jié)構(gòu):be動(dòng)詞;行為動(dòng)詞否定形式:was/were+not;在行為動(dòng)詞前加 didn't,同時(shí)還原行為動(dòng)詞。一般疑問句: was或were放于句首;用助動(dòng)詞do的過去式did提問,同時(shí)還原行為動(dòng)詞。3)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí):概念:表示現(xiàn)階段或說話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作及行為。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ): now, at this time, these days, etc.基本結(jié)構(gòu):am/is/are+doing否定形式:am/is/are+not+doing.一般疑問句:把 be動(dòng)詞放于句首。4)過去進(jìn)行時(shí):概念:表示過
47、去某段時(shí)間或某一時(shí)刻正在發(fā)生或進(jìn)行的行為或動(dòng)作。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引導(dǎo)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)等。基本結(jié)構(gòu):was/were+doing否定形式: was/were + not + doing.一般疑問句:把 was或were放于句首。5)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):概念:過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果,或從過去已經(jīng)開始,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ): recently, lately, since for ,in the past few years, etc.基本結(jié)構(gòu): have/has + done否
48、定形式: have/has + not +d one.一般疑問句:have或has。6)過去完成時(shí):概念:以過去某個(gè)時(shí)間為標(biāo)準(zhǔn),在此以前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或行為,或在過去某動(dòng)作之前完成的行為,即去的過去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ): before, by the end of last year(term, month),etc.基本結(jié)構(gòu):had + done.否定形式: had + not + done.一般疑問句:had放于句首。7) 一般將來時(shí):概念:表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)及打算、計(jì)劃或準(zhǔn)備做某事。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ): tomorrow, next day(week, month, year ),soon, in a
49、 few minutes, by基本結(jié)構(gòu): am/is/are/going to + do;will/shall + do.否定形式:was/were + not;在行為動(dòng)詞前加 didn't,同時(shí)還原行為動(dòng)詞。一般疑問句:be放于句首;will/shall提到句首。8)過去將來時(shí):概念:立足于過去某一時(shí)刻,從過去看將來,常用于賓語(yǔ)從句中。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ): the next day(morning, year),the following month(week),etc.基本結(jié)構(gòu): was/were/going to + do; would/should + do.否定形式: was/wer
50、e/not + going to + do;would/should + not + do.一般疑問句: was或were放于句首; would/should提到句首。2.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別:1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀況,但和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系,強(qiáng)調(diào)的是對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果,它不能同表示過去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,漢譯英時(shí)可加已經(jīng)”等詞。簡(jiǎn)言之,利用過去,說明現(xiàn)在。如:I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer.( 已經(jīng)看過, 且了解這本書的內(nèi)容)2 ) 一般過去時(shí)只表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),和現(xiàn)
51、在無關(guān),它可和表示過去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,漢譯英時(shí)可加 過“,了”等詞。簡(jiǎn)言之,僅談過去,不關(guān)現(xiàn)在。如:I read the novel last month.(只說明上個(gè)月看了,不涉及現(xiàn)在是否記住 )I lived in Beijing for ten years.(只說明在北京住過十年,與現(xiàn)在無關(guān))3 .現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別:兩者都可以表示 從過去開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在 ”,在含義上如著重表示動(dòng)作的結(jié)果時(shí),多用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),如著重表示動(dòng)作一直在進(jìn)行,即動(dòng)作的延續(xù)性時(shí),則多用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。一般不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞也不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。I have read that book.我讀過
52、那本書了。I have been reading that book all the morning. 我早上一直在讀那本書。(三)動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)態(tài)是通過動(dòng)詞的形式表現(xiàn)出來的,用來表明主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間的關(guān)系,英語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有兩種語(yǔ) 態(tài)形式,即主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如果主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如果主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的對(duì)象,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如:They speak English.他們講英語(yǔ)。過 主語(yǔ) 池們"是 講”這一行為的執(zhí)行者,是主動(dòng)句,動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)來表示;English is spoken by them.英語(yǔ)由他們講。主語(yǔ) 英語(yǔ)”是 講”的承受者,是被動(dòng)句,動(dòng)詞
53、用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的形式。He opened the door.他打開了這扇門。(主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))The door was opened.這扇門被打開了。(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))一、 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成1、助動(dòng)詞be+(及物動(dòng)詞的)過去分詞構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的形式。助動(dòng)詞be有人稱、數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化,其變化規(guī)則與be作為系動(dòng)詞的變化完全一樣。二、主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),the day after tomorrow, etc.主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的步驟:(1)將主動(dòng)句的賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ):注意:如果主動(dòng)句的賓語(yǔ)是代詞,需將其由賓格變?yōu)橹鞲瘛H纾篢om killed him. f He was killed by Tom.主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的主語(yǔ)變
54、為介詞by的賓語(yǔ),組成介詞短語(yǔ),放在被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后。在動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者無須說明或不必要強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí),by短語(yǔ)可以省略。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)兩種時(shí)態(tài)要保持一致。(2)將動(dòng)詞改為"be+過去分詞”。They held a meeting yesterday.f A meeting was held by them yesterday.他們昨天開會(huì)了。(3)將主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)改為be放在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后。注意:如果原主語(yǔ)是代詞,則應(yīng)由主格變?yōu)橘e格。He sang a song. f A song was sung by him.2、主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的注意事項(xiàng):含有雙賓語(yǔ),即直接賓語(yǔ)(常指事物)和間
55、接賓語(yǔ)(常指人)的句子,每個(gè)賓語(yǔ)都可變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的 主語(yǔ),即其被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)有兩種形式。但多以間接賓語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)。Jack told us the truth.杰克告訴了我們真相。We were told the truth by Jack.The truth was told (to) us by Jack.三、各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)1、 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí):am/is/are +過去分詞We are taught English by her.由她教我們英語(yǔ)。2、 一般過去時(shí):was/were+過去分詞A present was given to me by Mary.瑪麗給了我一件禮物。3、 一般將來時(shí):wi
56、ll be+過去分詞The desk will be mended by him.這張桌子將由他修理。4、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí):am/is/are +being +過去分詞The walls are being painted now.正在粉刷墻壁。5、 過去進(jìn)彳T時(shí): was/were +being + 過去分詞The talk was being given at this time yesterday.昨天這個(gè)時(shí)候正在作報(bào)告。6、 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):have/has been+±去分詞The flowers have been watered.這些花已經(jīng)被澆了。7、過去完成時(shí):had been+過去分詞She said this lift had never been used.8、過去將來時(shí):would be+過去分詞The film would
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