現(xiàn)在分詞由動詞加ing構(gòu)成-

1、現(xiàn)在分詞由動詞加ing構(gòu)成。非謂語動詞中的現(xiàn)在分詞主要起形容詞和副詞的作用,在句中作定語、表語、補語或狀語。一、現(xiàn)在分詞的兩個基本特點。1. 在時間上表示動作正在進行。例如:a developing country. 一個發(fā)展中的國家,boiling water 沸水,rising sun 冉冉升起的太陽。(試比較: a developed country 一個發(fā)達國家, boiled water 白開水,risen sun 升起的太陽2. 在語態(tài)上表示主動。例如:the ruling class 統(tǒng)治階級,the exploiting class 剝削階級。(試比較:the ruled cl

2、ass 被統(tǒng)治階級,the exploited class 被剝削階級二、掌握現(xiàn)在分詞的基本功能。1. 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語,表示正在進行的或主動的動作。也可以說明被修飾詞的性質(zhì)和特征,此時可換成相應(yīng)的定語從句。例如:There was a terrible noise following the sudden burst of light.He saw a flying bird and raised his bow.I was satisfied with the exciting speech.2. 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時,可作時間、條件、結(jié)果、原因和伴隨狀語,表示正在進行的或主動的動作。此時分詞的

3、邏輯主語就是主句的主語,因此要注意人稱、時態(tài)和語態(tài)的一致性。例如:The visiting minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, adding that he had enjoyed his stay here.European football is played in more than 80 countries, making it the most popular sport in the world.Seeing from the top of the hill, we can find that the city l

4、ooks more beautiful.3. 現(xiàn)在分詞作補足語,表示正在進行的或主動的動作。例如:Soon they could see the steam rising from the wet clothes.The missing boys were last seen playing near the river.4. 現(xiàn)在分詞的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語。例如:With his lips still trembling, he couldnt say a word.“ Mama! ” he cried suddenly, tears rolling down his cheeks. “媽媽!

5、”他突然哭著喊,淚水從他的臉上流下來。(這里需要用現(xiàn)在分詞的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)tears rolling down his cheeks 作狀語。Weather permitting, well go to the Great wall. 如果天氣允許的話,我們就去長城。(這里需要用現(xiàn)在分詞的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)Weather permitting 作狀語。過去分詞規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞由動詞原形加ed構(gòu)成,不規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞見不規(guī)則動詞表。1. 及物動詞的過去分詞作表語,與句子主語是被動關(guān)系,表示主語的狀態(tài),既表示被動,又表示完成.The cup is broken. 茶杯破了.2. 不及物動詞的過去分詞作

6、表語,與句子主語是主動關(guān)系,表示主語的狀態(tài),只表示動作的完成.He is retired. 他已退休.3. 有些過去分詞作表語時,構(gòu)成的謂語很接近被動結(jié)構(gòu).一、過去分詞作表語The city is surrounded on three sides by mountains. 這座城市三面環(huán)山.【注意】過去分詞作表語與被動語態(tài)的區(qū)別:過去分詞作表語,主要是表示主語的狀態(tài),而被動語態(tài)則表示動作.(1 The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday. 茶杯是昨天我小妹打碎的.(是被動語態(tài),表示動作(2 The library is now clos

7、ed. 圖書館關(guān)門了.(過去分詞作表語【注意】過去分詞表示被動或完成, -ing 形式表示主動或進行.有些動詞如interest, bore, worry, surprise, frighten 等通常用其過去分詞形式來修飾人,用-ing 形式來修飾物.(3 The book is interesting and Im interested in it. 這本書很有趣,我對它很感興趣.二、過去分詞作定語作定語用的過去分詞相當(dāng)于形容詞,其邏輯主語就是它所修飾的名詞.及物動詞的過去分詞作定語,既表被動又表完成;不及物動詞的過去分詞作定語,只表完成.1. 過去分詞用作定語,如果是單個的,常置于其所修

8、飾的名詞之前.We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions. 我們必須使我們的思想適應(yīng)改變了的情況.2. 過去分詞短語用作定語時,一般置于其所修飾的名詞之后,其意義相當(dāng)于一個定語從句,但較從句簡潔,多用于書面語中.The concert given by their friends was a success.他們朋友舉行的音樂會大為成功.3.過去分詞短語有時也可用作非限制性定語,前后常有逗號.The meeting, attended by over five thousand people, welcomed the great

9、hero. 他們舉行了歡迎英雄的大會,到會的有五千多人.4. 用來修飾人的過去分詞有時可以轉(zhuǎn)移到修飾非人的事物,這種過去分詞在形式上雖不直接修飾人,但它所修飾的事物仍與人直接有關(guān).The boy looked up with a pleased expression. 男孩帶著滿意的表情舉目而視.三、過去分詞作狀語1. 過去分詞作狀語過去分詞作狀語表示被動的和完成的動作.(1 Written in a hurry, this article was not so good! 因為寫得匆忙,這篇文章不是很好.【注意】written 為過去分詞作狀語,表示這篇文章是被寫的,而且已經(jīng)被寫. 值得注意

10、的是,有些過去分詞因來源于系表結(jié)構(gòu),作狀語時不表被動而表主動.這樣的過去分詞及短語常見的有: lost (迷路; seated (坐; hidden (躲; stationed (駐扎; lost / absorbed in (沉溺于; born (出身于; dressed in (穿著; tired of (厭煩.(2 Lost / Absorbed in deep thought, he didnt hear the sound.因為沉溺于思考之中,所以他沒聽到那個聲音.2. 過去分詞作狀語時其邏輯主語為主句的主語,此時應(yīng)注意人稱一致.(1 Given another hour, I ca

11、n also work out this problem.再給我一個小時,我也能解這道題.(given 為過去分詞作狀語,它的邏輯主語為主句主語I ,即I 被再給一個小時.(2_ Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful to us.從山頂看城市,城市顯得更漂亮.(seen 為過去分詞作狀語,表被看,由語境可知,它的邏輯主語必須是城市,而不是我們,因為我們應(yīng)主動看城市.【注意】如果過去分詞作狀語時,前面再加邏輯主語,主句的主語就不再是分詞的邏輯主語,這種帶邏輯主語的過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)實際上屬于獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu).(1 The

12、signal given, the bus started. 信號一發(fā)出,汽車就開動了.(the signal 是given 的邏輯主語,因此主句主語the bus 就不是given 的邏輯主語.(2 Her head held high, she went by. 她把頭昂得高高地從這兒走了過去.(her head 是held high 的邏輯主語,因此主句主語she 就不再是held high 的邏輯主語.3. 過去分詞作狀語來源于狀語從句.(1 Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet. 因為淋了一場大雨,所以他全身濕透了. (caught in a

13、heavy rain 為過去分詞短語作原因狀語,它來源于原因狀語從句Because he was caught in a heavy rain.(2_Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast. 如果種在肥沃的土壤里,這些種子能長得很快.( grown in rich soil 為過去分詞作條件狀語,它來源于條件狀語從句If these seeds are grown in rich soil.【注意】狀語從句改成過去分詞作狀語時有時還可保留連詞,構(gòu)成連詞+過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語.When given a medical examination, y

14、ou should keep calm. 當(dāng)你做體格檢查時要保持鎮(zhèn)定.4. 過去分詞作狀語的位置.過去分詞可放在主句前作句首狀語,后面有逗號與主句隔開;也可放在主句后面,前面有逗號與主句隔開.He stood there silently, moved to tears. = Moved to tears, he stood there silently. 他靜靜地站在那里,被感動得熱淚盈眶.四、過去分詞作賓語補足語(一能夠接過去分詞作賓補的動詞有以下三類:1. 表示感覺或心理狀態(tài)的動詞.如:see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel

15、, notice, think 等.(1 I heard the song sung in English. 我聽到有人用英語唱過這首歌.(過去分詞sung的動作顯然先于謂語動作heard;(2_He found his hometown greatly changed. 他發(fā)現(xiàn)他的家鄉(xiāng)變化很大.(過去分詞changed的動作顯然先于謂語動作found2. 表示致使意義的動詞.如:have, make, get, keep, leave等.(1 Ill have my hair cut tomorrow. 明天我要理發(fā).(2 He got his tooth pulled out yester

16、day. 他昨天把牙拔了.(3 Dont leave those things undone. 要把那些事情做完.【注意】過去分詞所表示的動作一定和賓語有邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系.(二使役動詞have接過去分詞作賓補有兩種情況.1. 過去分詞所表示的動作由他人完成.He had his money stolen.他的錢給偷了.(被別人偷去了2. 過去分詞所表示的動作由句中的主語所經(jīng)歷.如: He had his leg broken.他的腿斷了. (自己的經(jīng)歷五、with +賓語+過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)此結(jié)構(gòu)中,過去分詞用作介詞with的賓語補足語.這一結(jié)構(gòu)通常在句中作時間,方式,條件,原因等狀語.(1 The

17、 murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back. 兇手被帶進來了,他的雙手被綁在背后.(表方式(2 With water heated, we can see the steam. 水一被加熱,我們就會看到水蒸氣.(表條件(3 With the matter settled, we all went home. 事情得到解決,我們都回家了.(表原因(4_She stood in front of him, with her eyes fixed on his face. 她站在他面前,眼睛注視著他.(5 He stoo

18、d for an instant with his hand still raised. 他仍然舉著手站了一會兒.回答者:thiz_linux - 江湖新秀五級2-12 14:13現(xiàn)在分詞就是DOING,一般表正在進行,或者主動過去分詞就是DONE,一般現(xiàn)在完成表過去完成,或者被動其主要區(qū)別如下:現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞主要差別在于:現(xiàn)在分詞表示“主動和進行”,過去分詞表示“被動和完成”(不及物動詞的過去分詞不表示被動,只表示完成。分詞可以有自己的狀語、賓語或邏輯主語等。分詞作定語分詞作定語時,單個的分詞通常放在被修飾的名詞之前,分詞短語一般置于所修飾的中心詞后面?，F(xiàn)在分詞修飾的是發(fā)出該動作的名詞(即與名詞有主謂關(guān)系,過去分詞修飾承受該動作的名詞(即與名詞是動賓關(guān)系。分詞作賓語補足語,現(xiàn)在分詞在see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find, glimpse, glance等感官動詞和look at, listen to等短語動詞以及have, keep, get, catch, leave, set, start, send等使役動詞后面與名詞或代詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語,作賓語補語的成分。過去分詞可以在allow, ask, consider, desire, expect, feel, find, get, have,