畢業(yè)論文-硅太陽電池工藝研究

1、課程設(shè)計(jì)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）硅太陽電池工藝研究題 目: 硅太陽電池工藝研究 姓 名: 學(xué) 院: 光伏工程學(xué)院 專 業(yè): 光伏材料加工與應(yīng)用技術(shù) 班 級: 08級光伏（2）班 學(xué) 號: 指導(dǎo)教師: 目 錄摘 要11. 前言22. 傳統(tǒng)DSSC對光的利用22.1導(dǎo)電玻璃對光的利用22.2染料敏化劑對光的利用32.3多孔薄膜對光的利用52.3.1納米晶TiO2顆粒尺寸對光利用研究62.3.2納米晶TiO2薄膜厚度對光利用的影響72.4其它組成對光的利用72.4.1電解液72.4.2鉑鏡73.其它新型結(jié)構(gòu)DSSC光利用的研究73.1二次利用光的DSSC73.2立體吸光結(jié)構(gòu)的DSSC104.結(jié)論115 致謝12

2、6參考文獻(xiàn)13硅太陽電池工藝研究摘 要：本文對傳統(tǒng)三明治結(jié)構(gòu)染料敏化太陽電池在光利用方面作了簡要的論述，重點(diǎn)探討了作為染料敏化太陽電池光陽極材料的TiO2薄膜和染料分子在光利用方面的特點(diǎn)。此外，對一些新型結(jié)構(gòu)的染料敏化太陽電池在光利用方面的特點(diǎn)也作了簡要描述。關(guān)鍵詞：工藝研究，太陽電池，光利用，1. 前言染料敏化太陽電池（DSSC）是最近20年來，基于納米技術(shù)發(fā)展起來的一種新型太陽電池，與傳統(tǒng)硅電池相比，因其成本低，效率高而逐漸受到許多研究者的青睞（圖1是該電池的結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖）。傳統(tǒng)DSSC主要由透明導(dǎo)電玻璃、多孔二氧化鈦薄膜、染料敏化劑、電解質(zhì)溶液（或固態(tài)電解質(zhì)）、對電極等組成。目前對染料敏化

3、太陽電池的研究主要集中在TiO2薄膜材料，電解液的開發(fā)，染料分子的設(shè)計(jì)。如何提高光的利用率，從而提高DSSC的光電轉(zhuǎn)換效率一直是這一領(lǐng)域的研究熱點(diǎn)。圖1 染料敏化太陽電池結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖Fig.1 Structure of dye-sensitized solar cell2. 傳統(tǒng)DSSC對光的利用2.1導(dǎo)電玻璃對光的利用由于傳統(tǒng)DSSC采用的三明治結(jié)構(gòu)要求光陽極襯底必須具有透光性，因此透明導(dǎo)電玻璃（transparent conductive oxide，簡稱TCO）成為傳統(tǒng)DSSC襯底的最佳選擇，這也是目前研究者所普遍采用的。它是在玻璃表面附著一層包括In、Sb、Zn和Cd的氧化物及其多元復(fù)合

4、氧化物薄膜材料而構(gòu)成的。透明導(dǎo)電薄膜以摻錫氧化銦（In2O3:Sn，簡稱ITO）和摻氟的氧化錫（SnO2:F，簡稱FTO）為代表。導(dǎo)電膜的研究與應(yīng)用較為廣泛、成熟，在美、日等國已實(shí)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)業(yè)化生產(chǎn)。ITO經(jīng)高溫?zé)崽幚砗?，面阻會呈?shù)量級增大，而FTO在此溫度熱處理后性質(zhì)仍然穩(wěn)定，因此FTO常作為傳統(tǒng)DSSC中TiO2薄膜的基體材料。圖2所示為SOLARONIX公司三種不同F(xiàn)TO的紫外-可見光透過率曲線，從圖中可以看出，導(dǎo)電玻璃在可見光范圍內(nèi)的最高透過率為90%左右，有一部分太陽光沒有被利用，在遠(yuǎn)紅外波段FTO的透過率在80%以下。選取TCO導(dǎo)電玻璃時(shí)，需將電阻與透過率綜合考慮，一般導(dǎo)電率越大，透過率

5、越小，反之亦然。追求低電阻和高的光透過率是今后TCO研究中的一個重要方向1。圖2 不同玻璃基體材料的FTO紫外-可見光透過率2Fig. 2 UV-VIS transmission spectra FTO coatings on various glasses substrates2.2染料敏化劑對光的利用由導(dǎo)電玻璃透過的太陽光將被染料吸收，目前公認(rèn)的較好的光敏染料為釕的聯(lián)吡啶絡(luò)合物，其基本化學(xué)式為ML2(X)2，其中M代表釕，L代表4,4-二羧基-2,2-聯(lián)吡啶，X代表鹵素、氰基、硫氰酸根、乙酰丙酮、硫代氨基甲酸、水等。在這一系列染料中，以N3（紅染料）和N719性能最優(yōu)，應(yīng)用最廣。N3的最大

6、吸收峰在518nm和380nm，對應(yīng)摩爾消光系數(shù)分別為1.3104 Lmol-1cm-1和1.33104 Lmol-1cm-1。但N3和N719對600nm以上的光譜響應(yīng)較差，吸收光譜范圍與太陽光譜不能很好匹配，因此不能有效利用這部分太陽光。2001年Grtzel等3合成了被稱為“黑染料”的光敏劑，其結(jié)構(gòu)式為RuL3(SCN)3 (L=三聯(lián)吡啶三羧酸鹽)。圖3列出了N3和黑染料的分子結(jié)構(gòu)圖。圖3 N3和黑染料分子結(jié)構(gòu)圖Fig.3 Molecular structures of N3 and black dye圖4分別給出了N3和黑染料的吸收光譜及光吸收效率，兩種光敏染料在可見光波段都具有較高的

7、光吸收，N3的長波吸收能力較差，而在920nm處黑染料仍具有光譜響應(yīng)，其吸收光譜相對N3紅移了大約100nm。據(jù)報(bào)道用它作為敏化劑的電池在AM1.5太陽光照射下總的光電轉(zhuǎn)換效率達(dá)到10.4%。設(shè)計(jì)合成性能更加優(yōu)良的光敏染料體系，進(jìn)一步提高長波范圍的光吸收仍是人們的主要研究方向之一。Kubo等用N719和黑染料制備了疊層結(jié)構(gòu)的染料敏化太陽電池，由于黑染料在近紅外具有很好的光吸收性能，可以吸收閾值達(dá)1000 nm以內(nèi)的太陽光，彌補(bǔ)了N719染料在長波范圍吸光能力差的缺點(diǎn)，可以提高了電池的光譜響應(yīng)范圍和光電轉(zhuǎn)換效率，結(jié)果表明疊層結(jié)構(gòu)的電池比單獨(dú)用N719或黑染料的電池的光電流提高了20%。圖4 N3

8、和黑染料的吸收光譜及光吸收效率Fig.4 Absorption spectra of N3 dye and black dye represented by absorbance and light-harvesting efficiency圖5新的光敏化劑Ru(dcphen)2(NCS)2和Ru(dcbiq)2(NCS)2的分子結(jié)構(gòu)式及其無水乙醇溶液中的吸收性能Fig.5 Molecular structure of new netal complex photosensitizes, Ru(dcphen)2(NCS)2 and Ru(dcbiq)2(NCS)2, and their abs

9、orption properties in ethanolic solution開發(fā)對近紅外，紅外波段吸收的染料，也是染料研究的一個重點(diǎn)。圖5列出了兩種新的光敏化劑Ru(dcphen)2(NCS)2和Ru(dcbiq)2(NCS)2的分子結(jié)構(gòu)式及其與N3的吸收性能比較。Ru(dcphen)2(NCS)2的最大吸收峰在520nm，與N3相近，據(jù)報(bào)道利用這種染料敏化的DSSC效率達(dá)6.1%6.6%。Ru(dcbiq)2(NCS)2對大于600nm波長范圍的吸收更具優(yōu)勢。N3染料的主要缺陷在于長波長無吸收。增大染料在近紅外的吸收，同時(shí)保持短波長的光電轉(zhuǎn)換效率不變，有利于提高整個太陽能電池的總效率。近

10、年來，以Z907為代表的兩親型染料和以K19為代表的具有高吸光系數(shù)的染料敏化劑是當(dāng)前多吡啶釕類染料研究的熱點(diǎn)。2.3多孔薄膜對光的利用2.3.1納米晶TiO2顆粒尺寸對光利用研究氧化物半導(dǎo)體的光化學(xué)穩(wěn)定性好，是用于DSSC光陽極的寬帶隙半導(dǎo)體材料。自Grtzel成功將納米晶多孔薄膜引入到DSSC中，電池性能得以大幅度提高。構(gòu)成TiO2薄膜的顆粒大小在10-30nm之間，顆粒間的多孔結(jié)構(gòu)極大地增加了薄膜的比表面積。TiO2薄膜的粗糙因子（roughness factor）大于1000，相當(dāng)于面積為1 cm2的薄膜（以厚度為10m為例），它實(shí)際的表面積達(dá)到1000cm2?？紤]到納米多孔TiO2具有

11、高的粗糙因子，而且染料以單層吸附到TiO2顆粒的表面，所以，被吸附的染料數(shù)量大量增加（10-7molcm-2），從而導(dǎo)致染料在吸收峰的波長接近100 %的吸收光，增加了光的利用效率。一般說來TiO2薄膜中含有TiO2大顆粒（250-300nm），它們能有效散射入射光子，太陽光在粗糙表面內(nèi)多次反射，進(jìn)一步提高光吸收效率。孔隙率的多少直接影響了薄膜的性能，一般來說，孔隙率控制在60-70%間是比較合適的。圖6是典型的TiO2薄膜的掃描電鏡圖片，其中包含了大小不等的顆粒，薄膜形成了多孔結(jié)構(gòu)。圖6 典型的TiO2薄膜的掃描電鏡圖片F(xiàn)ig.6 Scanning electron microscope p

12、hotograph of a typical nanocrystalline TiO2 film利用散射光對提高光的收集效率，對于進(jìn)一步提高染料敏化電池的光電轉(zhuǎn)換效率具有積極的作用。關(guān)于這方面的研究已經(jīng)有人做了詳細(xì)的討論。光在TiO2薄膜內(nèi)的散射作用，可以增加入射光的入射長度，提高染料對光的吸收。通常，在制備TiO2漿料過程中，添加大顆粒的TiO2可以達(dá)到此效果。模擬計(jì)算表明，一般20nm的TiO2顆粒和作為散射中心的250-300nm大顆粒混合，可以起到增加太陽光的吸收的作用。實(shí)際上，與TiO2透明薄膜相比，大小顆粒的搭配可以提高光電流。這種工藝可以使得TiO2薄膜在低能區(qū)（如650-900

13、nm）光譜相應(yīng)提高明顯。2.3.2納米晶TiO2薄膜厚度對光利用的影響提高膜厚可以增加對光的吸收，但研究表明，薄膜厚度太大會影響電解液中的離子在薄膜中傳輸。為解決這一問題7，可以通過在光陽極上增加一層約幾百納米的大顆粒氧化物薄膜作為光散射結(jié)構(gòu)或在薄膜中摻入少量的大顆粒TiO2來增加光的傳播路徑，增加電池在長波范圍（600-800nm之間）的光吸收。但背反射層厚度過大會阻礙電解液在納米多孔薄膜中的轉(zhuǎn)輸, 光電轉(zhuǎn)換效率會降低。Nazeeruddin等8證實(shí)可以通過在以銳態(tài)礦為主的光陽極上用ZrO2充當(dāng)粘接劑，粘接一層多孔絕緣的金紅石型的TiO2。因?yàn)榻鸺t石晶型的TiO2在所有的白顏料中具有最高的折

14、射率和反射率，可以將透過光陽極的光漫反射回光陽極，顯著提高光的吸收，研究表明入射單色光在700 nm處光電轉(zhuǎn)換效率提高了2倍。Ferber等9研究了在多孔膜中摻入少量的大顆粒TiO2，從而增加可見光在薄膜內(nèi)的反射次數(shù), 減少可見光被反射或透過薄膜，結(jié)果表明，一定量的摻雜會提高電池的光電轉(zhuǎn)換效率，但大顆粒過量將影響染料的吸附量和薄膜的特性，電池效率會降低。2.4其它組成對光的利用2.4.1電解液有日本學(xué)者通過改變電解液的濃度來增加光的透過率，但是具有一定濃度的電解液雖然可以提高光的透過率，但是對光電流的研究卻沒有給出結(jié)果。2.4.2鉑鏡Nazeeruddin等10研究表明在導(dǎo)電玻璃上濺射一層2m

15、厚的鉑膜，則對電極具有一定的光反射作用。但Hauch等11研究認(rèn)為鉑是貴金屬，要在滿足催化條件下盡可能地少用（用量小于0.1g/m2，相當(dāng)于5nm厚的額度）。Fang等12研究了10 nm至415 nm范圍內(nèi)的鉑膜對電池效率的影響，結(jié)果表明10 nm厚的鉑膜就可以獲得高的光電轉(zhuǎn)換效率，繼續(xù)增加鉑膜的厚度對電池的效率并沒有明顯的影響。3.其它新型結(jié)構(gòu)DSSC光利用的研究3.1二次利用光的DSSC在對新結(jié)構(gòu)的DSSC的光利用方面，特別是光利用對DSSC效率方面的研究還從未見有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道，中山大學(xué)太陽能系統(tǒng)研究所劉勇等設(shè)計(jì)了一種提高染料敏化太陽電池光吸收的背反射結(jié)構(gòu)13，通過增加一層反光膜以達(dá)到二次利

16、用光的目的。常用的金屬反光膜有鋁膜、銀膜、金膜、銅膜、銠膜和鉻膜等，在可見光范圍，銀膜具有最好的反射特性。圖7 二次利用光的染料敏化太陽電池的改進(jìn)結(jié)構(gòu)Fig.7 The improved structure of dye-sensitized solar cells for enhancing light absorption新的可二次利用光的DSSC的結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖如圖7所示，即在傳統(tǒng)三明治式DSSC電池結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ)上，在鍍鉑的透明導(dǎo)電玻璃的背面附上一層銀反光膜，作為背反射結(jié)構(gòu)。通過銀反光膜把從光陽極透過的沒有被充分利用的光再次反射回光陽極，已達(dá)到二次利用光的目的。對光的反射進(jìn)一步增加了光在電池光陽

17、極中的傳播路徑，增加其對光的吸收，從而提高太陽電池的光電轉(zhuǎn)換效率。圖8 銀反光膜的反射光譜Fig.8 Reflectance spectra of the silver reflection film圖8是加在DSSC電池對電極背面的美國3M公司生產(chǎn)的銀反光膜的反射光譜, 其在400-800nm之間的平均鏡反射率是83.6%, 而包括漫反射的全反射率平均是94.6%, 具有較好的反光特性。圖9 DSSC電池與提高光吸收結(jié)構(gòu)效率對比圖Fig.9 Comparison of photoelectric conversion efficiency of DSSC and that for enhan

18、cing light absorption圖9是P25粉制備的DSSC電池與加反光膜提高光吸收后的光電轉(zhuǎn)換效率對比圖?？梢钥闯觯臃垂饽ず蠖搪冯娏髅黠@提高，開路電壓略有增加，填充因子基本沒有改變，加反光膜后電池的效率相對于傳統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)電池的提高了11.4%。這種改進(jìn)結(jié)構(gòu)沒有將背反射結(jié)構(gòu)加在染料敏化太陽電池的內(nèi)部。因?yàn)樵陔姵貎?nèi)部光陽極的背面加背反射結(jié)構(gòu)會阻礙電解液的傳輸。而在對電極用金屬薄膜作背反射結(jié)構(gòu)，由于電解液對一般金屬都具有強(qiáng)烈的腐蝕作用，在電池的長期運(yùn)行中，金屬薄膜會被腐蝕掉而失去背反射的作用。同時(shí)，金屬與電解液反應(yīng)的雜質(zhì)也可能影響電池的性能。由于對電極是鍍鉑的透明導(dǎo)電玻璃，納米級鉑膜對透明

19、導(dǎo)電玻璃的透過率影響很小，因此將具有很好的反射率的銀反光膜加在電池的背面是一種理想的結(jié)構(gòu)。染料敏化太陽電池由于弱光性能好，與非晶硅太陽電池一樣是室內(nèi)的主要應(yīng)用產(chǎn)品，不只是應(yīng)用在窗戶上（需要一定的光透過率），還可以應(yīng)用在太陽能鐘表、超市架上的顯示標(biāo)簽和計(jì)算器上等，而這些應(yīng)用對象并不需要電池透明，所以這種新的改進(jìn)結(jié)構(gòu)，在提高電池效率的同時(shí)，仍有較多的應(yīng)用場合。3.2立體吸光結(jié)構(gòu)的DSSC圖10 立體吸光太陽電池結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖Fig.10 Schematic of a solar cell for capturing sunlight from 3-dimensional space圖10是立體吸光電池

20、結(jié)構(gòu)和原理示意圖，在螺旋狀的鈦金屬絲的表面鍍一層納米晶TiO2 薄膜并吸附染料作為光陽極，鍍鉑的鈦金屬直絲作為對電極放在螺旋狀光陽極的內(nèi)孔中心，裝在透明玻璃管內(nèi)并充入電解液封裝成電池。這種結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)是：螺旋絲狀光陽極使其可以從各個角度吸收陽光，對太陽方位角和光陰影不敏感，具有被動式跟蹤陽光的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，并增大了吸收散射光的面積，通過螺旋狀光陽極伸向空間增加對空間的有效吸光面積，而實(shí)際安裝時(shí)只占用圓柱體電池的底面積，從而提高單位底面積上太陽電池的輸出功率，節(jié)省太陽電池的占地面積。圖11 入射角度對短路電流的影響（測試時(shí)間：2005年9月23日正午）Fig.11 Effects of incident

21、angle on the short-circuit current將立體太陽電池朝南與水平面呈不同角度擺放檢測到的短路電流如圖11所示。 由圖中可以看出電池短路電流對不同角度的擺放不敏感，但在120和300角時(shí)短路電流值最低，這主要與螺旋狀光陽極的結(jié)構(gòu)有關(guān)。廣州9月23日正午時(shí)太陽的高度角為66.73，立體吸光電池光陽極的圓柱面在120和300角時(shí)與太陽的直接輻射光接近平行，此時(shí)對于直射來的太陽光利用較少。立體吸光電池與平面結(jié)構(gòu)的明顯區(qū)別是其在180角以后仍然可以工作，而平面電池由于單面吸光在這個角度范圍內(nèi)無法利用陽光工作。4.結(jié)論新型結(jié)構(gòu)染料敏化太陽電池在光的利用方面相比傳統(tǒng)三明治結(jié)構(gòu)染料

22、敏化太陽電池具有獨(dú)特的優(yōu)勢。通過設(shè)計(jì)一些新型的染料敏化太陽電池，可以為今后染料敏化太陽電池提高效率提供一些新的思路。5 致謝論文的完稿意味著我畢生難忘的大學(xué)生活即將結(jié)束，我將離開我可愛的母校，尊敬的老師和親愛的同學(xué)。面對今天已經(jīng)成稿的畢業(yè)論文，我要感謝我的論文指導(dǎo)老師曹老師，是我的指導(dǎo)老師用謙虛嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)闹螌W(xué)態(tài)度和誨人不倦的傳道、授業(yè)、解惑精神，幫助我克服種種困難，完成論文的寫作。我還要感謝我的父母、同學(xué)和所有幫助過我以及給我精神動力的人。感激之情無以言表，只能千言萬語匯成一句話：衷心的感謝所有我應(yīng)該感謝的人，謝謝。6參考文獻(xiàn)：1US Patent 5923457 - Electro-optic

23、device including a low sheet resistance, high transmission transparent electrode April 2008 Vol. 24, No. 04 Display Week Preview / Honors and Awards Issue2Molecular and electronic structures of black dye; an efficient sensitizing dye for nanocrystalline TiO2 solar cells, Journal of Molecular Structu

24、re,2003,658:25-32.3Engineering of efficient panchromatic sensitisers for nanocrystalline TiO2 based solar cells. J.Am.Chem. Soc,2001,123:16131624.4Dye-sensitized solar cells: improvement of spectral response by tandem structure.Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A:Chemistry,2004,164:33-39.5H

25、andbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering. Edited by A. Luque and Hegedus. 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd6Low cost Photovoltaic modules based on dye sensitized nanocrystalline titanium dioxide and carbon powder.Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells,1996,44:99-117. 7A swift dye uptake procedure f

26、or dye sensitized solar cells.CHEM.COMMUN,2003,12:1456-1457. 8Computer simulations of light scattering and absorption in dye-sensitized solar cells.Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells,1998,54:265-275. 9Conversion of Light to Electricity by cis-X2bis (2,2-bipyridyl-4,4-dicarboxylate) ruthenium(II)

27、 Charge-Transfer Sensitizers (X=Cl-, Br-, I-, CN-, and SCN-) on Nanocrystalline TiO2 Electrodes. J Am Chem Soc,1993,115(14):6382-6390.10一種提高染料敏化太陽電池光吸收的結(jié)構(gòu)的初步研究,功能材料2006,37(10):1584-158611用背反射提高染料敏化太陽電池光吸收的研究,中山大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào), 2006,45(2),25-2812一種新的二次利用光的染料敏化太陽電池改進(jìn)結(jié)構(gòu),科學(xué)通報(bào),2006, 51(2), 230-234 13A new improved

28、structure of dye-sensitized solar cells with reflection film, Chinese Science Bulletin,2006, 51(3), 369-37314一種螺旋絲狀集成的立體吸光太陽電池,中國科學(xué)E輯, 2007,37(3)：1-10 為你提供優(yōu)秀的畢業(yè)論文參考資料，請您刪除以下內(nèi)容，O(_)O謝謝！A large group of tea merchants on camels and horses from Northwest Chinas Shaanxi province pass through a stop on th

29、e ancient Silk Road, Gansus Zhangye city during their journey to Kazakhstan, May 5, 2015. The caravan, consisting of more than 100 camels, three horse-drawn carriages and four support vehicles, started the trip from Jingyang county in Shaanxi on Sept 19, 2014. It will pass through Gansu province and

30、 Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, and finally arrive in Almaty, formerly known as Alma-Ata, the largest city in Kazakhstan, and Dungan in Zhambyl province. The trip will cover about 15,000 kilometers and take the caravan more than one year to complete. The caravan is expected to return to Jingyang

31、in March 2016. Then they will come back, carrying specialty products from Kazakhstan A small art troupe founded six decades ago has grown into a household name in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region. In the 1950s, Ulan Muqir Art Troupe was created by nine young musicians, who toured remote villages

32、 on horses and performed traditional Mongolian music and dances for nomadic families. The 54-year-old was born in Tongliao, in eastern Inner Mongolia and joined the troupe in 1975.He says there are 74 branch troupes across Inner Mongolia and actors give around 100 shows every year to local nomadic p

33、eople. I can still recall the days when I toured with the troupe in the early 80s. We sat on the back of pickup trucks for hours. The sky was blue, and we couldnt help but sing the folk songs, Nasun says. The vastness of Inner Mongolia and the lack of entertainment options for people living there, m

34、ade their lives lonely. The nomadic people were very excited about our visits, Nasun recalls. We didnt have a formal stage. The audience just sat on the grass. Usually, the performances became a big party with local people joining in. For him, the rewarding part about touring isnt just about sharing

35、 art with nomadic families but also about gaining inspiration for the music and dance. Ulan Muqir literally translates as red burgeon, and todays performers of the troupe still tour the regions villages and entertain nomadic families, but their fame has spread around the world. On May 16 and 17, nea

36、rly 100 singers and dancers from the troupe performed at Beijings Poly Theater. Their show, titled Ulan Muqir on the Grassland, depicted the history and development of the art troupe. Being from the region allowed me to embrace the culture of Inner Mongolia and being a member of the troupe showed me

37、 where I belonged, Nasun, the art troupes president, who is also a renowned tenor, tells China Daily. During a tour in 1985, he went to a village and met an elderly local man, who told him a story about his friendship with a solider from Shenyang, capital of Northeast Chinas Liaoning province, decad

38、es ago. The solider gave the old man a handmade saddle when they bid farewell. The story inspired Nasun to write Carved Saddle, a song that later became one of his most popular numbers. Now, every year, Nasun recruits young singers and dancers for the troupe. The troupe has also designed a new reper

39、toire, which is mostly based on the daily lives of Mongolian people, especially the lives of nomadic families, and has combined contemporary musical elements with folk songs of the region. Haimu, a 25-year-old khoomei (a local variant of overtone singing) singer, joined the troupe three years ago. A

40、long with a six-member band, he performs fast songs and soft ones that he writesall while playing the horse-head fiddle.Although I learned the piano since childhood and grew up listening to various kinds of music, to me, the folk music of Inner Mongolia is the root, he says. Performing in remote vil

41、lages is pleasant. I feel at home on the boundless grasslands, and the warm people there make me feel fulfilled. The first round of spring auction season in Beijing ended last week, but it failed to create much spring in the art market. Although two pieces of Chinese painting fetched more than 100 m

42、illion yuan, the decline in trading volume and sale rate showed a downturn this year. In the “Grand View: Chinese Painting Highlight” session at China Guardian 2015 spring auctions, Pan Tianshous representative work Eagle, Rock and Flora hit a record auction price of 279 million yuan, while Li Keran

43、s masterwork Jinggang Mountain fetched 126.5 million yuan, an unexpected high in recent years. However, the trading volume fells to 1.87 billion yuan from 2.22 billion yuan in the same period the year before. The Huangchen 2015 Spring Auctions, which recorded 42.5 million yuan in total sales, experi

44、enced the same. The section number went down to 5 from 12 compared to last year. According to expert Shao Jianwu, the art market did not attract much excitement this year due to the booming stock market and the persistent problems of forgery and fake deals. The two pieces of Chinese painting notched

45、 up high price this spring due to their own value not due to a revival in the market. The successful transaction of two works with a hammer price of more than 100 million yuan once again confirms that valuable and rare works of high quality always earn the long-lasting high price. Chinese painting a

46、nd calligraphy is still the pillar of the market. However, the overall sales rate has dropped slightly, which reflects the demand for the ordinary auction goods has weakened,” said the president of China Guardians Hu Yanyan. Besides, the entry of new buyers also makes certain changes to the directio

47、n of purchasing. In a word, the overall market trend is very unpredictable. Although China Guardian 2015 Spring Auctions has achieved remarkable results, it does not mean that the market has walked out of the predicament. We still have to wait for the big economic boom to invigorate the art market.”

48、 Even so, the hot pursuit of some special items appeared this spring. A special session of China Guardian Spring Auctions titled “Fine GiltBronze Buddhist Images” achieved a great deal with total sales volume of 41.89 million yuan and 92 percent sale rate. The 5th Shamar Rinpoche Statue from 16-17th

49、 century of Tibet was sold for 5.06 million yuan. The Beijing Chengxuan Auctions featured almost 2,800 items of coins and stamps in three sessions with good sale rate. The Huachen Auctions also set a special session of photographs under the condition of large-scale decline of auction sessions. There

50、 was a palpable dull thud of disappointment that accompanied the return of the imperial entourage of Zhen Huan to her homeland. It followed a couple years of hushed excitement as Chinese fans were fed tidbits about their proud concubine who was supposed to conquer the high ground of the North Americ

51、an market. Zhen Huan is, of course, the title character of The Legend of Zhen Huan, a 2011 television series that swept China off its feet and later took other Asian countries by storm. Two years ago, it was reported that HBO, a premium cable service headquartered in the United States, was going to

52、air it in North America after some modification. Now, a condensed version that provides English subtitles but no dubbing has finally been made available on Netflix for online streaming. This version, highly anticipated as a milestone in Chinas cultural foray overseas, has been widely panned by its h

53、ome audience. Retitled Empresses in the Palace, the American version has been shortened from its original 76 episodes at 45 minutes each, to six 90-minute episodes. The quick pacing threw off many native viewers, who are accustomed to a more leisurely daytime-soap-style narrative rhythm. (Chinese TV

54、 stations would run two or three episodes every day.) I did not finish the full-length version and found the truncated one not difficult to follow. Whats lost, I believe, are the interesting setups and pauses that illuminate the Chinese art of storytelling. Much of the plot is still there. It is the

55、 flavor that was sacrificed. The American edition uses the framework of the Empress Dowager in her senior years reminiscing at the beginning and the end of each episode, hinting at whats to come and recapping the key points. This device, not used in the original, is culturally understandable but art

56、istically mediocre. What puzzles me is the two new songs for the opening and end credits. They were written in English, but sung by Chinese with an uncomfortable accent. They were obviously designed to appeal to an English-speaking base, but do not jibe with the Chinese dialogue. Speaking of the dia

57、logue, the English translation, picked apart by some Chinese, is too literal for my taste. I can imagine a typical American hit by a flurry of royal ranks, addresses and greetings, even multiple names and titles for the same person. The first half hour must be a swamp to wade through, very much like

58、 my experience of getting through a Tolstoy tome with its endless inflections of names transliterated into lengthy Chinese. I see the choice of verbatim translation as an effort for conveying exotica. It is fairly competent, with no error that I could detect, but fails to rise above words or capture the