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1、太原科技大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)任務(wù)書(由指導(dǎo)教師填寫發(fā)給學(xué)生)學(xué)院(直屬系): 時(shí)間:2007年 4 月 5 日學(xué) 生 姓 名張明明指 導(dǎo) 教 師楊瑞剛設(shè)計(jì)(論文)題目120噸六梁橋式起重機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)主要研究?jī)?nèi)容載荷分析及其組合;內(nèi)力計(jì)算,按照不同的載荷組合計(jì)算各危險(xiǎn)界面的內(nèi)力,簡(jiǎn)化計(jì)算模型是必須考慮主、端梁之間相互約束的影響;在此基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行各截面的靜強(qiáng)度、靜剛度、動(dòng)剛度、疲勞強(qiáng)度、局部穩(wěn)定性和整體穩(wěn)定性的驗(yàn)算,以及主、端梁的連接計(jì)算,最后確定結(jié)構(gòu)的截面工程尺寸。研究方法根據(jù)課題的要求,設(shè)計(jì)起重機(jī)的金屬結(jié)構(gòu),確定其參數(shù),設(shè)計(jì)并畫出主要零部件的圖紙主要技術(shù)指標(biāo)(或研究目標(biāo))起重量 120 t/30t

2、,工作級(jí)別 A8,跨度25m,起升高度 20m/22m,起升速度(m/min)5.06/9.34,軌距(mm)主小車7500付小車2500大車16000,主要參考文獻(xiàn)1 起重運(yùn)輸機(jī)金屬結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)徐格寧 主編2 材料力學(xué)劉鴻文 主編3 結(jié)構(gòu)力學(xué)李廉錕 主編4 起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)大連起重機(jī)廠編 目錄摘要:3Abstract4前言5第一章總體設(shè)計(jì)方案61.1基本參數(shù)61.2 總體結(jié)構(gòu)及尺寸61.3材料選擇及許用應(yīng)力71.4各部件及截面尺寸、性質(zhì)8第二章橋架分析13.載荷組合的確定13.橋架假設(shè)14.載荷計(jì)算142.4求解框架172.5求解付主梁部分25第三章主主梁計(jì)算303.1內(nèi)力分析303.2 強(qiáng)度校核

3、343.3 疲勞強(qiáng)度校核373.4剛度校核393.5穩(wěn)定性校核40第四章付主梁的計(jì)算444.1付主梁的受力分析444.2付主梁的強(qiáng)度計(jì)算474.3疲勞強(qiáng)度驗(yàn)算494.4付主梁剛度校核504.5付主梁的穩(wěn)定性52第五章端梁計(jì)算565.1端梁的各部分截面尺寸和截面性質(zhì)565.2載荷與內(nèi)力575.3主主梁部分的端梁強(qiáng)度計(jì)算585.4付主梁部分的端梁的強(qiáng)度校核58參考文獻(xiàn):59致謝60The scientific of Mechanics61力學(xué)66摘要:六梁鑄造起重機(jī)是橋式起重機(jī)的重要組成部分,是中大型起重設(shè)備,由四根主梁和兩根端梁組成。本設(shè)計(jì)采用偏軌箱型主梁,設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中從強(qiáng)度、剛度、穩(wěn)定性三個(gè)方面

4、來(lái)計(jì)算,對(duì)于A8工作級(jí)別的起重機(jī)來(lái)說(shuō)還要進(jìn)行疲勞強(qiáng)度校核,這就和A6以下工作級(jí)別的起重機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)有了很大的區(qū)別,在設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)靜強(qiáng)度有很大的富余,在計(jì)算局部穩(wěn)定性的時(shí)候還要注意局部輪壓的作用,這時(shí)候需要驗(yàn)算加勁肋的區(qū)格驗(yàn)算,很有可能需要再次驗(yàn)算。設(shè)計(jì)中在滿足剛度、強(qiáng)度、穩(wěn)定性的前提下,探討了該機(jī)型金屬結(jié)構(gòu)受力的空間傳遞分配規(guī)律,推導(dǎo)出內(nèi)力計(jì)算公式。本文針對(duì)空間橋架內(nèi)力的傳遞進(jìn)行探討,在一定假定條件下,得出主、副梁及主、副端梁間的傳遞規(guī)律。關(guān)鍵詞:鑄造起重機(jī) 應(yīng)力 疲勞強(qiáng)度 穩(wěn)定性AbstractCasting six beams overhead crane cranes are an impo

5、rtant component part of the medium and large lifting equipment, by the four main girder beams and two-component, the design based on the partial tracks box girder, the design process from the strength, stiffness, Stability three aspects, for the working-level A8 crane will run for calibration. This

6、and the following working-level A6 crane design with vastly different, in the design when there are large static strength of the surplus in the calculation of regional stability but also to the partial pressure of the round, This needs time checking STIFFENER checking the grid, is likely to be check

7、ed again. The structure of the crane is composed of the primary centrol girder, the assistant centrol girder, the primary dead-end girder and the assistant dead-end girder according to the trait of the crane. On the advance of the intensity, rigidity and structure supporting the load is studied main

8、ly. At the same time we also include the formulate which is used to calculate the internal force. Some kinds of conditions are assured in order to hold the internal relation between them.Key words: rigidity, intensity, fatigue strength, stability前言本次設(shè)計(jì)的題目是125/30t跨度為25m的鑄造橋式起重機(jī),采用箱形結(jié)構(gòu),偏軌。以增大起重機(jī)的安全性,減

9、少其截面尺寸,使起升高度有效的增加,便于在鋼鐵車間的靈活運(yùn)作。雖然與普通雙梁橋式起重機(jī)相比,多了兩根主梁,但是設(shè)計(jì)原理基本上還是一樣的,但是鑄造起重機(jī)又有它自己的特點(diǎn),需要考慮力之間的相互約束關(guān)系,鑄造起重機(jī)的橋架主要由主梁、付梁、主端梁、付端梁組成,但本次設(shè)計(jì)采用了一個(gè)主梁的形式,具體情況見設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書,采用這種形式的好處是減少了端梁的縱向彎矩,從而可以減少端梁的應(yīng)力,進(jìn)而減小端梁的截面機(jī),以達(dá)到節(jié)省材料的目的,采用這種結(jié)構(gòu)形式還可以使鑄造起重機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單化,在此過(guò)程中,不但要進(jìn)行箱型主梁的垂直載荷、水平載荷,還要考慮橋架間的互作用力,從而增加了設(shè)計(jì)的難度,因?yàn)闃蚣転榱嚎臻g結(jié)構(gòu),若按照靜定結(jié)

10、構(gòu)的方法進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算,比較麻煩,若是對(duì)此橋架的設(shè)計(jì)采用主、付梁分別計(jì)算的方法,而不考慮它們之間相互內(nèi)力的影響,雖然簡(jiǎn)化了計(jì)算,卻是設(shè)計(jì)偏與保守,增大了起重機(jī)自重和材料成本,因此本設(shè)計(jì)在一定假定條件下得出主、付、端梁間力的傳遞規(guī)律,同時(shí),對(duì)于工作級(jí)別A6以上的鑄造起重機(jī)考慮到疲勞失效為主要破壞形式,應(yīng)用疲勞強(qiáng)度作為它的主要約束條件。設(shè)計(jì)中,在滿足強(qiáng)度、剛度、穩(wěn)定性的前提下,盡可能節(jié)省材料,采用大截面,薄鋼板,以減少起重機(jī)自身重量。全部采用國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn),對(duì)橋架的受力進(jìn)行了較詳盡的分析,在結(jié)構(gòu)上進(jìn)行了改進(jìn)。第一章 總體設(shè)計(jì)方案1.1基本參數(shù)起重量: 120T(主起升) 30T(付起升)跨度: 25 m工

11、作級(jí)別:A8起升高度:20 m (主起升) 起升速度:22 m(付起升)付起升起升速度:5.06 m/min (主起升) 9.34 m/ min(付起升運(yùn)行速度:36.1 m/min (主起升) 42.8 m/ min(付起升) 78.5 m/min(大車運(yùn)行) 輪距:3010 mm (主起升) 1750 mm(付起升) 7500 mm(大車運(yùn)行)軌距:7500 mm (主起升) 2500 mm(付起升) 16000 mm(大車運(yùn)行)輪壓:50460 kg (主起升) 10640 kg(付起升) 57400 kg(大車運(yùn)行) 起重機(jī)重量:210T1.2 總體結(jié)構(gòu)及尺寸 根據(jù)參數(shù)及實(shí)際設(shè)計(jì)選用六

12、梁橋式鑄造起重機(jī),采用鉸接形式連接端梁(如圖1) (圖1)1.3材料選擇及許用應(yīng)力 根據(jù)總體結(jié)構(gòu)選用相形梁,主要用板材和行材 材料許用應(yīng)力及性能見表1表2表1(許用應(yīng)力)正應(yīng)力(N/mm)剪應(yīng)力(N/mm)380160180208.792.4104.2120.5 表2(材料性能)彈性模量E(N/)剪切彈性模量G密度2.06*0.79*7.85*1.4各部件及截面尺寸、性質(zhì)主主梁主主梁截面如圖2(圖2)主主梁跨端截面如圖3 (圖3)主梁跨中的性質(zhì) 建立幾何坐標(biāo)如圖4所示 (圖4)計(jì)算形心位置得 1102 mm =1304 mm計(jì)算彎心位置慣性矩主主梁在跨端截面的性質(zhì)同前所述得形心位置得慣性矩付主

13、梁付主梁在跨中和跨端截面的性質(zhì)截面形式如圖所示 (付主梁在跨中的截面)(付主梁在跨端的截面)付主梁在跨中的截面性質(zhì) (付端梁在跨中的形心位置) (付主梁在跨端的形心位置)付主梁在跨端的截面性質(zhì)第二章 橋架分析.載荷組合的確定動(dòng)力系數(shù)的計(jì)算當(dāng)主小車運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)當(dāng)付小車運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)取組合的確定根據(jù)起重機(jī)的工作情況,動(dòng)載荷適宜為組合,進(jìn)行計(jì)算應(yīng)用作為計(jì)算,但由于原始數(shù)據(jù)所給的輪壓均騙大,為了便于與實(shí)際相結(jié)合,所以將輪壓重新估算后進(jìn)行計(jì)算,為了保證結(jié)構(gòu)的安全,取中較大的進(jìn)行計(jì)算,即統(tǒng)一取,這樣選取的結(jié)構(gòu)偏于安全,但是不利于優(yōu)化。. 橋架假設(shè)為了便于橋架的受力分析和計(jì)算,特假設(shè)如下:、 主主梁的自重只分配給安裝在形

14、心下面的四個(gè)輪上,與其余的輪無(wú)關(guān)、 每根主主梁的移動(dòng)載荷只分配給主主梁下面的輪上,垂直方向的力不傳遞給付主梁部分 、 以主、付小車單獨(dú)作業(yè)時(shí)為最不利載荷狀況、 計(jì)算付主梁時(shí),可以認(rèn)為主主梁的剛度相對(duì)于付主梁無(wú)窮大、 認(rèn)為主主梁、付主梁、端梁在同一個(gè)平面內(nèi)工作、 橋架垂直剛度只計(jì)算靜輪壓作用,水平剛度則考慮全部水平載荷的作用、 所有靜載荷都換成均布載荷(大車運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu)和司機(jī)室除外)、 大車運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu)和司機(jī)室只需主主梁上與付主梁無(wú)關(guān).載荷計(jì)算主主梁滿載時(shí)1、自重主梁重.t(由主主梁圖確定)欄桿導(dǎo)電架重.t所以2、集中載荷靜載荷(靜輪壓)動(dòng)載荷3、水平慣性力半個(gè)橋架重輪壓產(chǎn)生的慣性力(靜輪壓)4.跨中扭

15、矩,受力圖如下主主梁空載時(shí)靜載荷輪壓產(chǎn)生的水平慣性力扭矩付主梁滿載時(shí)i. 自重付主梁重欄桿導(dǎo)電架重ii. 集中載荷iii. 水平慣性力iv. 跨中扭矩付主梁空載時(shí)靜載荷水平慣性力2.4求解框架 根據(jù)2.2的假定條件,將計(jì)算模型簡(jiǎn)化成下圖 兩主梁垂直載荷對(duì)橋架的影響根據(jù)假定條件,主主梁的垂直載荷不會(huì)傳遞到付主梁上,但是主主梁的垂直載荷能引起端梁的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)成一定角度,同時(shí)當(dāng)付主梁承受垂直載荷作用時(shí)也會(huì)引起端梁的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。梁端是用絞連接,只能消除垂直于絞的彎矩,而對(duì)主主梁、付主梁傳來(lái)的扭矩起作用,所以在兩主梁的垂直載荷作用下,端梁簡(jiǎn)化成一整體,如圖圖中、主主梁對(duì)端梁產(chǎn)生的扭矩、付主梁對(duì)端梁產(chǎn)生的扭矩 同時(shí)根

16、據(jù)假設(shè)可以得到主主梁和付主梁的受力圖,如圖 圖中、主、付主梁上的均布載荷、主、付主梁上的集中載荷 、端梁對(duì)主主梁的約束彎矩、端梁對(duì)付主梁的約束彎矩由主主梁受力圖可知 主主梁在A端產(chǎn)生的轉(zhuǎn)角分別由、均布載荷和集中載荷、形成,設(shè)他們產(chǎn)生的轉(zhuǎn)角分別為、則規(guī)定逆時(shí)針?lè)较驗(yàn)檎齽t可得考慮端梁部分 在A端,端梁上的轉(zhuǎn)角為,在B端產(chǎn)生的轉(zhuǎn)角為,在C端產(chǎn)生的轉(zhuǎn)角為,在D端產(chǎn)生的轉(zhuǎn)角為,則有以下關(guān)系其中可以看成由單獨(dú)作用使端梁產(chǎn)生的轉(zhuǎn)角和、在A點(diǎn)處對(duì)付主梁產(chǎn)生的轉(zhuǎn)角組成同理主主梁在B端產(chǎn)生的轉(zhuǎn)角分別由、均布載荷和集中載荷、形成,設(shè)他們產(chǎn)生的轉(zhuǎn)角分別為、, 則分析付主梁同理可得將代入方程可解得 兩主梁的偏心扭矩對(duì)橋

17、架的影響 根據(jù)假定條件,同時(shí)認(rèn)為橋架變形很小,橋架可簡(jiǎn)化為:為了減少自由度數(shù),可分別求解各個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu),把主主梁結(jié)構(gòu)部分簡(jiǎn)化為:根據(jù)假設(shè)且為了計(jì)算方便餓需要,只需計(jì)算z軸方向的力,并假定主主梁上的彎矩由E、F兩絞消除,則受力圖如下(說(shuō)明:、分別為平衡了自重及、后的力)即在 z軸方向一次超靜定設(shè)在處加一單位力,彎矩圖如下當(dāng)只有和作用時(shí),釋放絞F得彎矩圖則可求解超靜定其中則2.5求解付主梁部分 付主梁部分受力圖可簡(jiǎn)化如下圖中為的反作用力,為的反作用力,、為平衡了自重及、后的力此時(shí)梁為三次超靜定結(jié)構(gòu),由于是對(duì)稱結(jié)構(gòu),只產(chǎn)生對(duì)稱約束力、,各彎矩圖如下(M1圖)(M2圖)(M3圖)(MP1圖)(MP2圖)列典

18、型方程:由內(nèi)力可知:方程可簡(jiǎn)化為聯(lián)立得 代入式得所以,可得所以總彎矩圖如下(總彎矩圖)圖中式中為端梁的扭轉(zhuǎn)慣性矩當(dāng)小車在左極限時(shí)滿載時(shí),端梁上受到的付主梁的扭矩的作用最大=12.4tm當(dāng)小車空載位于右極限位置是,有此時(shí)所以第三章 主主梁計(jì)算3.1內(nèi)力分析3.1.1彎矩1、垂直方向 受力圖如下查起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)(大起)得 司機(jī)室重 運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu) 電氣設(shè)備 固定載荷產(chǎn)生的彎矩(跨中)取 =22.9t所以而主主梁兩端絞支,跨端彎矩 集中載荷 當(dāng)滿載作用于跨中時(shí),產(chǎn)生最大彎矩 如圖 當(dāng)空載作用于左極限時(shí),跨中彎矩最小所以 分析:根據(jù)橋架分析,端梁對(duì)主梁作用的最大彎矩18.68tm20.32tm其占主梁的百分

19、比為2.3%2.5%可見、對(duì)主梁的影響很小,可以忽略、 水平方向跨端水平彎矩很小(按絞支處理),忽略不計(jì)主梁自重產(chǎn)生的水平跨中彎距為式中集中載荷P產(chǎn)生的水平跨中彎矩為如圖所示同理當(dāng)滿載位于跨中時(shí),有水平最大彎矩式中剪力當(dāng)滿載作用于跨中或空載作用于跨端時(shí),在跨中截面產(chǎn)生的垂直、水平剪力很小,因而對(duì)跨中截面校核產(chǎn)生的影響可忽略不計(jì),這里著重求跨端的最大剪力、 垂直方向自重產(chǎn)生跨端的剪力當(dāng)滿載位于左極限時(shí),跨端由集中載荷產(chǎn)生的剪力最大忽略付梁的影響,主主梁短部的最大剪力、 水平方向主主梁仍按絞支簡(jiǎn)化,同時(shí)忽略司機(jī)室等的影響主主梁自重產(chǎn)生水平慣性力產(chǎn)生(同垂直剪力時(shí)的工況)所以 扭矩3.2 強(qiáng)度校核跨

20、中危險(xiǎn)截面危險(xiǎn)點(diǎn)的強(qiáng)度校核跨中截面主要受彎矩、扭矩的作用 ,根據(jù)應(yīng)力圖可確定截面上的危險(xiǎn)點(diǎn) 如下圖1點(diǎn)應(yīng)力式中: 擠壓應(yīng)力 P最大動(dòng)輪壓主腹板厚度 18mm為軌頂?shù)津?yàn)算點(diǎn)的距離所以 式中 為主、付腹板總厚為兩翼緣板厚、為靜矩 截面中心線圍成的面積 截面中最薄的板厚約束扭轉(zhuǎn)附加剪應(yīng)力(忽略)所以1點(diǎn)應(yīng)力校核合格2點(diǎn) 3點(diǎn) 主主梁跨中截面合格跨端危險(xiǎn)截面危險(xiǎn)點(diǎn)的強(qiáng)度校核主主梁跨端主要受剪力作用,偏軌箱形梁受剪力作用時(shí)的危險(xiǎn)點(diǎn)為付腹板角點(diǎn) 如圖所示4點(diǎn)式中:所以主主梁端部截面合格 5點(diǎn) 合成 主主梁強(qiáng)度校核合格3.3 疲勞強(qiáng)度校核疲勞強(qiáng)度校核點(diǎn)如圖1點(diǎn)為跨中截面上翼緣板與住腹板交接處的主體金屬,此處

21、為受壓區(qū)2點(diǎn)為跨中截面隔板底部與腹板的交接處,此處為受拉區(qū)1點(diǎn)疲勞強(qiáng)度的校核 跨中截面壓縮區(qū)的許用應(yīng)力 根據(jù)工作級(jí)別為和集中系數(shù)得而由前所述 所以 1點(diǎn)疲勞強(qiáng)度合格2點(diǎn)疲勞強(qiáng)度校核 受拉區(qū),即無(wú)擠壓應(yīng)力 所以所以2點(diǎn)疲勞強(qiáng)度合格3.4剛度校核靜剛度 垂直方向 水平方向式中意義與前面相同代入數(shù)據(jù) 垂直方向靜剛度合格水平方向靜剛度合格3.4.2動(dòng)剛度(且小于5) 式中查手冊(cè)得代入數(shù)據(jù)得可得動(dòng)剛度合格3.5穩(wěn)定性校核整體穩(wěn)定性 由于 已保證局部穩(wěn)定性中間隔板間距2500mm其它加勁尺寸如圖1、上翼緣板區(qū)格驗(yàn)算 上翼緣板外伸部分寬厚比為外伸部分合格兩腹板間受壓翼緣板的寬厚比為合格腹板區(qū)格較危險(xiǎn)的區(qū)格在

22、跨中靠近上翼緣板處,取區(qū)格如圖 代入數(shù)據(jù)得所的數(shù)據(jù)均需要修正合成臨界應(yīng)力 因?yàn)樗杂孟旅娴墓胶铣蓱?yīng)力,所以局部穩(wěn)定性合格此處的計(jì)算忽略了板厚的變化,偏于安全3.6 焊縫驗(yàn)算如前所述,主腹板與上翼緣板之間的焊縫的影里情況最復(fù)雜,這里只驗(yàn)算此處的焊縫強(qiáng)度,焊縫的受力如圖跨中跨端 焊縫合格由于采用的焊縫厚度與鋼板的厚度相同,焊縫可不計(jì)算。第四章 付主梁的計(jì)算付主梁的的截面形式和性質(zhì)在第一章已經(jīng)給出來(lái)4.1付主梁的受力分析付主梁滿載位于跨中的時(shí)候彎矩最大如圖4.1.1彎矩、 垂直方向 固定載荷在跨中產(chǎn)生的彎矩 集中載荷在跨中產(chǎn)生的彎矩式中:代入數(shù)據(jù)得:式中:為端梁對(duì)付主梁的彎矩、 水平方向 受力簡(jiǎn)圖

23、如下付主梁自重產(chǎn)生的水平彎矩 式中r為小車在跨中時(shí)剛架的計(jì)算系數(shù)偏斜側(cè)向力產(chǎn)生的水平彎矩式中為小車在跨中時(shí)的側(cè)向力為小車在跨中時(shí),左側(cè)端梁的靜輪壓取代入上式得超前牽引力端梁中點(diǎn)的水平剪切力為代入數(shù)值得將以上已知數(shù)據(jù)代入式得所以水平總彎矩為4.1.2剪力、 垂直方向 固定載荷產(chǎn)生的剪力當(dāng)小車在跨中時(shí),跨中產(chǎn)生最大剪力 當(dāng)小車位于左極限時(shí),付主梁端部的剪力最大 跨端最大剪力為、 水平方向小車在跨端時(shí),水平慣性載荷在跨端產(chǎn)生的水平剪切力為偏斜側(cè)向力在付主梁跨端產(chǎn)生的水平剪切力為所以,付主梁跨端的最大水平剪切力為4.1.3扭矩小車在跨中時(shí),跨中有最大扭矩當(dāng)小車在左跨端時(shí),跨端有最大扭矩4.2付主梁的強(qiáng)

24、度計(jì)算在計(jì)算強(qiáng)度時(shí)分別計(jì)算主梁上的1、2、3、點(diǎn)的強(qiáng)度,如圖主腹板上1點(diǎn)的應(yīng)力 局部壓應(yīng)力 垂直彎矩產(chǎn)生的應(yīng)力為 水平彎矩產(chǎn)生的應(yīng)力 所以 剪力和扭矩產(chǎn)生的切應(yīng)力為 式中為主梁上翼緣板的靜矩 所以,切應(yīng)力1點(diǎn)的折算應(yīng)力為2點(diǎn)的應(yīng)力3點(diǎn)的應(yīng)力付主梁跨端的切應(yīng)力 主腹板其中所以 翼緣板承受水平剪切力合格4.3疲勞強(qiáng)度驗(yàn)算根據(jù)工作級(jí)別為,驗(yàn)算小車位于跨中時(shí),跨中位置處的疲勞強(qiáng)度該截面的最小彎矩為空載小車在右端極限位置處,如圖此時(shí)驗(yàn)算4點(diǎn)的疲勞強(qiáng)度根據(jù)工作級(jí)別和材料選擇集中等級(jí)所以 演算橫隔板下端焊縫與主腹板的連接處5的疲勞強(qiáng)度根據(jù)工作級(jí)別和材料選擇集中等級(jí)和,可得4.4付主梁剛度校核4.4.1橋架垂

25、直靜剛度當(dāng)小車滿載位于跨中時(shí)水平慣性位移垂直動(dòng)剛度的計(jì)算付主梁質(zhì)量起升鋼絲繩滑輪組靜伸長(zhǎng)4.4.2水平動(dòng)剛度起重機(jī)水平動(dòng)剛度以物品高位懸掛,滿載小車位于橋架跨中的水平振頻率來(lái)表征半橋架的換算質(zhì)量半個(gè)橋架在單位水平力作用下產(chǎn)生的水平位移為4.5付主梁的穩(wěn)定性4.5.1整體穩(wěn)定性計(jì)算4.5.2局部穩(wěn)定性、 翼緣板 翼緣板最大外伸部分、 主腹板、 副腹板由主主梁的驗(yàn)算可知副腹板比主腹板更危險(xiǎn),則可以只驗(yàn)算副腹板驗(yàn)算副腹板區(qū)格的穩(wěn)定性,區(qū)格兩邊正應(yīng)力為區(qū)格的歐拉應(yīng)力為區(qū)格只受的作用其中屬于不均勻壓縮板需修正復(fù)合應(yīng)力4.5.3加勁肋及隔板尺寸的確定橫隔板采用8mm厚的鋼板,周圍預(yù)留160mm,用8mm厚

26、80mm寬的鋼板鑲邊縱向加勁肋采用的角鋼,縱向加勁肋到腹板中心線的如圖4.5.4橋架拱度(包括主、付主梁)橋架跨中央的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)拱度為在跨度兩邊按拋物線設(shè)置如圖第五章 端梁計(jì)算端梁截面已經(jīng)初步選定,現(xiàn)進(jìn)行具體計(jì)算端梁計(jì)算工況取滿載小車位于跨端,大小車同時(shí)起制動(dòng)及橋架偏斜5.1端梁的各部分截面尺寸和截面性質(zhì)5.1.1主主梁部分的截面尺寸和截面性質(zhì) (主主梁部分端梁的截面)4.1.2付主梁部分的截面尺寸和截面性質(zhì)(付主梁部分端梁的截面)5.2載荷與內(nèi)力(1) 垂直載荷主梁最大支承力為,因作用點(diǎn)的變動(dòng)引起的附加力矩引起的彎局為剪力(2)水平載荷作用點(diǎn)外移引起的附加水平力矩為5.3主主梁部分的端梁強(qiáng)度計(jì)算主

27、主梁部分的端梁強(qiáng)度校核合格5.4付主梁部分的端梁的強(qiáng)度校核彎局剪力為 付主梁部分的端梁強(qiáng)度校核合格參考文獻(xiàn):1徐格寧.起重運(yùn)輸機(jī)金屬結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì).北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社2劉鴻文.材料力學(xué).北京:高等教育出版社.20043李廉錕.結(jié)構(gòu)力學(xué).北京:高等教育出版社.19964大連起重機(jī)廠.起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè).沈陽(yáng).遼寧人民出版社5王金諾.起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)6徐格寧、智浩.鑄造起重機(jī)橋架空間結(jié)構(gòu)分析與疲勞計(jì)算.太原重機(jī)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào).1993年第四期第14卷.19937倪慶興、王殿臣.起重運(yùn)輸機(jī)械圖冊(cè).北京.機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社8徐克晉.金屬結(jié)構(gòu).北京.機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社9大連理工大學(xué)工程畫教研室.機(jī)械制圖.北京.高等教育出版社.

28、200310楊長(zhǎng)睽、傅東明.起重機(jī)械.北京.機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社致謝通過(guò)這次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì),鞏固了以前學(xué)過(guò)的結(jié)構(gòu)和力學(xué)方面的知識(shí),學(xué)到了很多書本上沒有的知識(shí),對(duì)橋式起重機(jī)金屬結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程和方法有了一定的了解,為以后的工作打下了良好的基礎(chǔ)。在設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中得到了各位老師的大力幫助,從中學(xué)到了許多知識(shí),使我對(duì)鑄造起重機(jī)的工作情況和設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程有了初步的了解。在此向他們表示崇高的敬意和感謝!由于是第一次做這么大的設(shè)計(jì),自己的知識(shí)、經(jīng)驗(yàn)都很欠缺,在設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中出現(xiàn)了很多不足之處,請(qǐng)各位老師批評(píng)! 張明明 2007年6月18日The scientific of MechanicsThe branch of scientif

29、ic analysis which deals with motions,time ,and forces is called mechabics and is made up of two parts, statics and dynamics. Statics deals with the analysis of stationarys systerms,i.e.,those in which time is not a factor,and dynamics deals with systerms which change with time .As shown jin Fig.1,dy

30、namics is also made up of two major disciplines,first recgnized as separate entities by Euler in 1775.The investigation of the motion of a rigie body may be convenientnly separated into two parts,the one gemetical , the other mechanical .In the first part, the transference of the body from a given p

31、osition to any other position must be investigated without respect to the cause of the motion , and must be represented by analytical formulae, which will define the position of the body.This investigation will therefore be referable solely to geometry ,or rather to stereotomy.It is clear that by th

32、e separation of this part of the question from the other,which belongs properlywo Mechanics, the determination of the motion from dynamical principles will be made much easier than if the two parts were undertaken conjointly.These two aspects of dynamics were later recgnized as the distinct sciences

33、 of kinematics and kinetics ,and deal with motion and the forces producing it ,respectively.The initial problem in the design of a mechannical systerm is therefore understanding its kinenatics. Kinematics is the study of motiom,quite apart from the forces which produce that motion. More particularly

34、,kinematics is the study of position , displacement, totation, speed, velocity ,and acceleration.The study ,say,of planetary or orbital motion is also a problem in kinematics.It should be carefully noted jin the above quotation that Euler based his seperation of dynamics into kinematics and kinetics

35、 on the assunption that they should deal with rigid bodies. It is this very important assumption that allows the two to be treated separately .For flexible bodies , the shapes of the bodies themselves, and therefor their motions ,deoend on the forces exterted on them .In this situation ,the study of

36、 force and motion must taken place sinultaneously, thus significantly increasing the complexity of the analysis,Formulately ,although all real machine parts are flixble to some degree,machines are usually designed from relatively rigid materials, keeping part deflections to a minimum. Therefore ,it

37、is common practice to assume that deflections are negligible and parts are rigid when analyzing a machines kinematic performance ,and then, after the dynamic analysis when loads are known, wo design the parts so that this assunption is justified.Stress and StrainStress and strain are noet the same b

38、ue are related in that either one will puoduce the other. Consider the simple example ofa manila rope used to tow an automaobile. The pull on the rope causes a stress or force in the rope fibers . After the pull ,or stess, on the rope is relaxed, the rope has been permanently stretched owing to this

39、 stress. The increase jin length is a deformation or strain .The warping that always accompanies fusion welding is a strain and clearly indicates that there are stresses jin the matal after welding.Stresses are calculated in pounds per square inch(psi) just like pressures.The stress in psi is equal

40、wo the load P dicided by the area supporting the load:There are three possible types of stresses(Fig.2):1. compression(crushing)2. tension(pull)3. shear(cutting)All materials when loaded or stressed will deform, shorten, or strech. This change in dimension or shape under a load is occasionally large

41、 enough wo be visible , as in the case of rubber bands and metal springs, but for metal stuctural members carrying the loads for which they were designed, the deformations are only a few microinches. Being very stiff metals will strain very little under large stresses. Now it is generallg understood

42、 that if a material is stessed, it also strain or deformm, but it must be borne in mind that the reverse applies also,that is ,if a metal is strainde ,it woll also be stressed.Basically, strain is the cause of stress. To demonstrate the relationship between stress and strain, we shall analyze a tecn

43、sion test performed on a welf sample. The weld is a double butt weld with full penetration on 1/2-in plate , and a sample 2 in . wide sd cut of the plate for testing the strength of the wled . Although it is not a requirement of all weld tests, we shall note the elongation in a gauge length of 2.000

44、0 in . which includes the weld area. Such elongotion are measured by strain gauges. The sample is dimensioned in Fig-3.The large dial on the testing machine indicates the tehsion load applied to the weld tesr sample. The cross-sectional area of the sample is 2 in .by 1/2 in .which equals 1 sp in.,an

45、d with this cross section the load and the stress are the sme. A strain indicator will indicate the elongation over the 2.0000 in. gauge length . The elongation per inch of length in a more useful piece of information : this merely requires that the readings on the strain indicator be divided by 2.

46、This is the actual unit strain-the definition of unit strain is he elongation in inches per inch of original length.The weld test specimen is held in the grips of the testing machine ,and a steadily increasing load is applied to it in tension .Periodically , readings are taken of load and elongation

47、 in 2.0000 in. Suppose the results the results of the test are those given in the following tabulation: STRESS-STRAIN READINGS FOR A WELD TEST SAMPLE Load Stress Elongation Unit strainLb psi in2.0000in. in./in.1000 1000 0.000066 0.0000332000 2000 0.000133 0.0000664000 4000 0.000266 0.0001336000 6000

48、 0.000400 0.00020010000 10000 0.000666 0.00033320000 20000 0.001333 0.00066630000 30000 0.002000 0.00100042000 42000 0.0028 0.001444000 44000 0.060 0.03050000 50000 0.170 0.08560000 60000 0.264 0.13263000 63000 0.280 0.140 Scrutiny of the tabulated results discloses much information sbout the weld s

49、ample. First , very large stresses produce only minute strains: 15 tons per aq in. produce a strain of only 1/10%or 1/1000% in. per in. of length .Second , there appear to be two strain regions. For low stresses, the strain is no longer proportional wo the stress. For the higher stresses, the strain

50、 is no longer proportional to the stresses, and in this region the metal stretches considerably, or yields. The stress separating these two kinds of strain behavior is termed the yield stress, which for this sample sis 42,000 psi. The region below the yield stress is the elastic region , and the ela

51、stic strain is that part of the strian which disappears when thet load is removed. A steel spring, for example, works on elastic strain. Beyond the yield stress, the strain is plastic, meaning that it is permanent and remains after the stress is removed. We can mow properly explain the terms brittle

52、 and ductile. A brittle material is any material which shows very little or no plastic strain, and a ductile material develops a long plastic region when stressed. Plasticity is an important requirement of structural materials because plastic deformation givens a warning that the material is being s

53、tressed close to its ultimate strength. Brittle materrials, having no plastic deformation, give no warning of failure . The weld test sample analyzed above incresed in length by 14% before it broke: the total elastic strain was only 0.14%, or one/hundredth as much am the plastic strain. By and large ,soft and

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