獨立主格結構在英語中的運用

1、獨立主格結構一、定義獨立主格結構(Independent Genitive由兩部分組成,前一部份是名 詞或者代詞,后一部分是非謂語動詞 (不定式、動名詞和分詞 或形容 詞、副詞、或介詞短語。前后兩部分具有邏輯主謂關系。獨立主格結 構在句中做狀語,多用于書面語。 獨立主格結構本身不是句子,在 句子中作狀語,表示時間、原因、條件、伴隨、目的等。二、詳細概述非謂語動詞作狀語,其邏輯主語須與主句主語保持一致。若不一致, 非謂語動詞形式須另帶主語, 從而構成復合結構的形式作狀語。 這種 結構稱為“獨立結構” 。其中,非謂語動詞主動用現(xiàn)在分詞,被動用 過去分詞。三、功能獨立主格結構主要用于描繪性文字中,其

2、作用相當于一個狀語從句, 常用來表示時間、原因、條件、行為方式或伴隨情況等。例如:表示時間The meeting being over, all of us went home. 開完會后我們都回家了。 Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活,坐下來喝 茶。表示條件The condition being favorable, he may succeed. 若條件有利,他或許能 成功。表示原因There being no taxis, we had to walk. 沒有出租車,我們只好步行。 He wrapped her up

3、with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又 黑又冷,所以他把她裹得嚴嚴實實的。表示伴隨情況Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 幾乎 所有的金屬都是良導體, 而銀則是最好的導體。 (=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.獨立主格結構主要表示謂語動詞發(fā)生的時間、 原因、 條件或伴隨情況 等,相當于一個狀語從句或并列句。四、用法用作時間狀

4、語The work done(=After the work had been done, we went home. 工作完 成后,我們就回家了。用作條件狀語Weather permitting(=If weather permits, they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天氣允許的話,他們將在明天組織一次海濱小 游。用作原因狀語An important lecture to be given tomorrow(=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow, the profe

5、ssor has to stay up late into the night. 因為 明天要發(fā)表一個重要的演講,教授不得不熬夜到很晚。用作伴隨狀語He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head(=and his hands were crossed under his head.他躺在草地上,將兩手交叉枕在腦 后。表示補充說明We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我們加倍努力, 一 個人干兩個人的活。*注:獨立主格結構表示時間、條件或原因時,相當于一個狀

6、語從句, 一般放在句首, 表示原因時還可放在句末; 表伴隨狀況或補充說明時, 相當于一個并列句,通常放于句末。五、形式一般獨立主格形式與主句邏輯關系松散1、形式為 : n. + -ed/-ing形式 ; n. +不定式 ; n. +介詞短語 ; n. +形容詞 ; n. +副詞 ;名詞 /主格代詞 +現(xiàn)在分詞名詞 /主格代詞與現(xiàn)在分詞之間是主動關系。如:The girl staring at him(= As the girl stared at him, he didn't know what to say. 姑娘兩眼望著他,他不知道說什么好。Time permitting(= If

7、 time permits, we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果時間允許的話,我們明天去郊游。名詞 /主格代詞 +過去分詞名詞 /主格代詞與過去分詞之間是被動關系。如:The problems solved(= As the problems were solved, the quality has been improved. 隨著問題的解決,質(zhì)量已經(jīng)提高了。Her glasses broken(= Because her glasses were broken, she couldn't see the words on the blackb

8、oard. 由于眼鏡摔壞了,她看不見黑板上的字。 名詞 /主格代詞 +不定式名詞 /主格代詞與不定式之間是主動關系,且強調(diào)的是一次具體性的 動作。如:He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些 舊零件,他要做一個飛機模型。They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他們道別后,一個回了家,一個去了書店。名詞 /主格代詞 +形容詞如:An air accident happened to

9、the plane, nobody alive. 那架飛機遭遇了空 難,無一人生還。So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 這么多人缺席, 會議不得不取消。名詞 /主格代詞 +副詞如:He put on his sweater ,wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。The meeting over, they all went home. 會議一結束,他們就都回家了。 名詞 /主格代詞 +介詞短語如:The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand. 那男孩手里拿著書去教

10、 室。Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door.瑪麗靠近火爐 坐著,背對著門。2、 with 引導的獨立主格 :與主句邏輯關系緊密形式為 : with + n. + -ed/-ing形式 ; with + n. +adj.; with +n. +介詞短語 3、 each 引導的強調(diào)型獨立主格 :強調(diào)句尾的復數(shù)名詞形式為 :句子 +復數(shù)名詞結尾 , each +介詞短語 /形容詞短語 /名詞短語 /-ing形式 /-ed形式如 :Under the restructuring, the huge organization

11、that operates the company's basic businesses will be divided into five groups, each with its own executive.(題源 : GMAT 語法全解白勇著, Page384、其他形式There being +名詞(代詞如:There being nothing else to do, we went home. 沒有別的事可做,我們 就回家了。There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 沒有再要 討論的事了,我

12、宣布散會。It being +名詞(代詞如:It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣誕節(jié)的 緣故,政府機關都休息。It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日,所有商店 都關門了。六、特點1獨立主格結構的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同,它獨立存在。2名詞或代詞與后面的分詞,形容詞,副詞,不定式,介詞等是主 謂關系。3獨立主格結構一般有逗號與主句分開。舉例:The test finished, we began our holiday.= When the test

13、 was finished, we began our holiday.考試結束了,我們開始放假。The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.總統(tǒng)被謀殺了,舉國上下沉浸在悲哀之中。Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.如果天氣允許,我們明天去看你。This done, we went

14、home.工作完成后,我們才回家。The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.會議結束后,每個人都想早點回家。He came into the room, his ears red with cold.他回到了房子里,耳朵凍壞了。He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.他夾著本厚書,走出了圖書館注:獨立主格結構有時可在其前加上介詞 with 。如:Don t sleep with the windows open.別開著窗睡覺。He was lying o

15、n the bed with all his clothes on.他和衣躺在床上。 She came in with a book in her hand.她手里拿著一本書走了進來。He fell asleep with the lamp burning.他沒熄燈就睡著了。I won t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill.因為媽媽有 病,我無法去度假。He sat there with his eyes closed.他閉目坐在那兒。All the afternoon he worked with the door locke

16、d.整個下午他都鎖著門 在房里工作。I can t go out with all these clothes to wash.要洗這些衣服,我無法出 門了。特殊當獨立主格與主句主語不同時可有:e.g.: We walking through the garden, the flowers are beautiful.七、注意事項1、獨立主格轉換成狀語從句,當狀語從句的主語與主句的主語不是 指同一個對象時, 可用獨立主格結構取代狀語從句, 但不再保留連詞。 如:After class was over (=Class being over / Class over, the students

17、soon left the classroom.下課后,學生很快離開了課室。2、不能省略 being (having been的情形:在下列兩種情況下,獨立主 格結構中的 being (或 having been不能省略。(1 獨立主格的邏輯主語是代詞時。如:It being Sunday, we went to church. 因為是星期天,我們?nèi)プ隽硕Y拜。(2 在 There being+名詞的結構中。 如:There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因為沒有公共汽車,所以我們不得不步行回家。3、在“名詞(或代詞 +介詞短語”構成的獨立主格結

18、構中,一般不 用形容詞性物主代詞和冠詞。如:Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯小姐走進了課室,手里拿著一本書。比較 with 的 復合結構。如:Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in her hand.4、獨立主格結構沒有所有格形式 The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主編來了,我們開始開會。 (比較動名詞復合結構。 八、示例請看下面一道題:Not far from the school there was a

19、 garden, _ owner seated in it playing chess with his little grandson every afternoon.A. its B. whose C. which D. that【分析】 此題很容易誤選 B , 許多同學會認為句中逗號后是一個非限 制性的定語從句, whose 在定語從句中用作定語修飾其后的名詞 owner 。此分析從表面上看,似乎天衣無縫,但實質(zhì)上是錯的,原因 是空格后根本不是一個句子,因為沒有謂語。盡管句中有兩個動詞, 但它們都是非謂語動詞。也許有的同學認為,其中的 seated 可視為 謂語動詞,但是注意, seat

20、 用作動詞時,它總是及物的,其后要么接 賓語,要么它就用于被動語態(tài),所以若在 seated 前加上助動詞 is , 則可以選擇 B (當然若將 seated 改為 sitting ,也應選擇 A 。所以此 題最佳答案選 A 。請再看一個類似的例子:(1 He wrote a lot of novels, many of _ translated into foreign languages.A. it B. them C. which D. that(2 He wrote a lot of novels, many of _ were translated into foreign languages. A. it B. them C. which D. that第 (1應選 B ,而不能選 C ,是因為句中的 translated 是過去分詞 (非 謂語動詞 ,若選 C ,則該