非謂語動(dòng)詞---不定式

1、非謂語動(dòng)詞一不定式 原形動(dòng)詞前加to,構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞不定式。不定式不做謂語，屬非謂語動(dòng)詞。第一節(jié) 不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)一、不定式的時(shí)態(tài)1、時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成不定式常用的時(shí)態(tài)有：一般式，完成式和進(jìn)行式。其構(gòu)成見表（以do為例）：時(shí)態(tài)構(gòu)成一般式to do完成式to have done進(jìn)行式to be doing2、時(shí)態(tài)的用法（1）一般式的使用范圍 不定式所示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)與謂語動(dòng)詞所示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)同時(shí)或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生或存在，用一 般式，如：I am glad to see you.高興見至 M爾。I saw her enter the room just now.。我剛見他進(jìn)房間去了。 不定式所示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)

2、詞所示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)之后，也用一般式，如：My uncle asked me to see him this summer.我叔叔要我今夏去看他。I am glad to take my younger sister to the countryside.我很高興下星期天帶我妹妹至U鄉(xiāng)下去。（2）完成式的使用范圍不定式所示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞所示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)之前，用完成式，如：I am glad to have see n your mother yesterday.我很高興昨天見至 M爾母親。He is said to have written a novel about the Long M

3、arch.據(jù)說他寫了一本關(guān)于長(zhǎng)征的小說。I regret to have been with you for so many years.我遺憾和你呆在一起這么多年。（3）進(jìn)行式的使用范圍當(dāng)謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生時(shí)，不定式動(dòng)詞所示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行時(shí)，用進(jìn)行式，如：They seemed to be talking about you.他們好像是在談?wù)撃?。The two workers pretended to be working hard.這兩個(gè)騙子假裝在拼命工作。You are said to be writing a paper on pollution. 據(jù)說你正在寫篇關(guān)于污染的論文。二

4、、不定式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)1、被動(dòng)語態(tài)的兩種時(shí)態(tài)其構(gòu)成不定式被動(dòng)語態(tài)常用于兩種時(shí)態(tài)，一種是一般式被動(dòng)語態(tài)，一種是完成式被動(dòng)語態(tài)，見表（以do為例）：被動(dòng)語態(tài)構(gòu)成一般式to be done完成式to have bee n done（1）一般式舉例：These students want to be sent to work in our company.這些學(xué)生想要分至U我們公司工作。（2）完成式舉例：He is said to have been killed.據(jù)說他已被殺害了。The assista nt seemed to have been fired 這位助手好像被解雇了。三、不定式的主動(dòng)語態(tài)

5、代替被動(dòng)語態(tài) 在下列情況下，不定式可用主語語態(tài)代替被動(dòng)語態(tài)：1、當(dāng)不定式與最近的名詞（代詞）有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，且與句中另一名詞（代詞）有主謂關(guān)系,如：He has nothi ng to eat .他沒有什么東西好吃。I will give you a book to read.我將給你一本書讀。I have a lot of papers to type.我有許多文件要打。Would you bring me a bench to sit on? 給我拿條凳子來坐好嗎？Please lend me a pen to write with.請(qǐng)借支鋼筆給我用用。2、當(dāng)不定式在“主語+表語（形容詞）”結(jié)

6、構(gòu)中作狀語，且句中主語是這個(gè)不定式的邏輯賓 語時(shí)，如：This text is easy to recite.這課很容易背。The wash in g-mach ine is too expe nsive for me to buy.這臺(tái)洗衣機(jī)對(duì)我來說太貴了，買不起。3、當(dāng)不定式修飾there （here） be引導(dǎo)的句子中的主語時(shí)，如：There are two tractors to repair.有兩臺(tái)拖拉機(jī)要修理。Here is baby to take care of.有個(gè)嬰孩要人照顧。當(dāng)然也可用被動(dòng)語態(tài)，如：There is nothing to fear（to be feared

7、 ）.沒有什么好怕的。句中不定式如有邏輯主語，則只能用主動(dòng)語態(tài)，如：There is nothing for us to fear.我們沒有什么可怕的。4、to let, to blame,等不定式一般只用主動(dòng)語態(tài)，如：The house is to let.房子要出租。I am to blame .我要受責(zé)的。第二節(jié)不定式的語法功能一、做主語（1）直接用作主語，如：How to get rid of these things is a big problem.如何清除這些東西是個(gè)大問題。Not to have a correct political point of view is like

8、 havi ng nor soul.沒有正確的政治觀點(diǎn)，等于沒有靈魂。（2）用it代替不定式作形式主語，如：It is good to see all my teachers and friends again.又能見至U老師和朋友有多好。It is bad ma nn ers to be rude to people.對(duì)人粗魯是不禮貌的。It is important for us to keep the balanee of nature。對(duì)我們來說保持自然界的平衡是很重要的。How much did it cost you to send the telegram?發(fā)這圭寸電報(bào)花了你多少

9、錢？It made us very happy to hear from him.收至U他的信使我很高興。二、作賓語1、可用不定式直接作賓語的動(dòng)詞Wan t,like,wish,hate,prefer,hope,c ontinun e,refuse,ma nage,try,ask,offer,start,forget,promise,mea n, pretend,begin,decide,learn,agree,care,choose,determine,expect,afford 等動(dòng)詞可直接接不定式作 賓語，如：The crops begi n to grow.莊嫁開始生長(zhǎng)。Jenney

10、tried to explain.詹妮試圖解釋。The boy pretended to have finished it.男孩假裝做完了它。He decided to do some experiments to test Aristotle is theory.他決定做實(shí)驗(yàn)來證明亞里士多德 的理論。He wan ted to have a cup of tea.他想喝下午茶。2、需要it代不定式作賓語的動(dòng)詞find,make, think, consider ,feel等動(dòng)詞不能直接接不定式做賓語，需要it代不定式作形式賓語，如：He fou nd it importa nt to stu

11、dy the situation in Chi na 他發(fā)現(xiàn)研究中國的形勢(shì)很重要。This has made it n ecessary for agriculture and in dustry to develop very quickly. 這就使得工農(nóng)業(yè) 必須迅速發(fā)展。I thought it impossible to arrive there in half an hour.我認(rèn)為半小時(shí)到達(dá)那兒是不可能的。I feel it my duty to say that you are wrong.我覺得我有責(zé)任說你是錯(cuò)的。三、作賓補(bǔ)1、不定式作賓補(bǔ) John asked me to h

12、elp him with his lessons this evening.約翰請(qǐng)我今晚幫他復(fù)習(xí)功課。He ordered the hunter to bow before his hat.他命令獵人在他的帽子前鞠躬。（2） make ,have ,let 等使役動(dòng)詞以及 see ,watch, notice, observe, look at, feel, hear, listen to 等 感官動(dòng)詞可接不定式作其賓語的補(bǔ)語，但在主動(dòng)語態(tài)中，不定式中的to應(yīng)省略去，如：I can let you have one ticket.我能讓你得到一張票。It made her feel bette

13、r.這使她感到好多了。Listen to me read the text.聽我讀課文。但在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中，這個(gè)to不能省，如：The boy was seen to fall suddenly from the tree.人們看到這個(gè)小孩突然從樹上掉下來。Was the thief noticed to leave the house?有人看見賊離開這幢房子嗎？四、作狀語 作目的狀語，如：In those days people seldom did experiments to test their ideas. 在那個(gè)時(shí)候人們很少做實(shí)驗(yàn)來 檢驗(yàn)他們的想法。She did all she co

14、uld to save him.她盡自己所能來救他。To master a Ian guage, words and grammatical rules are not eno ugh.要掌握一門語言，光單詞禾口 語法規(guī)則是不夠的。 作結(jié)果狀語（表示意料之外的結(jié)果），如：They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet. 他們搬起石頭砸自己的腳。 作原因狀語，：在某些表示喜、怒、哀、樂等的形容詞后作原因狀語。如：I m sorry to hear your grandma is ill.聽到你奶奶生病真遺憾。Im surprised to

15、 see you here .在這里見到你，真讓我感到吃驚四、作表語不定式作表語很普遍，如：Her wish is to become a nurse.她的志愿是當(dāng)個(gè)護(hù)士。So all the driver could do was to go back home.司機(jī)能干的就是回家。To him the most important thing is to save lives.對(duì)他來說，最重要的事就是救命。注意：在很多情況下，不定式作表語可轉(zhuǎn)換為做主語，如：His job is to raise pigs.= To raise pigs is his job.養(yǎng)豬是他的工作。五、作定語1.

16、不定式作定語與它所修飾的名詞存在下列三種關(guān)系： 動(dòng)賓關(guān)系：不定式所修飾的名詞是這個(gè)不定式的邏輯賓語，如：Has the visitor had anything to eat? 來訪者吃了東西了嗎？The cadre told me that he had an importa nt meeti ng to atte nd.這個(gè)干部告訴我他有個(gè)重要的會(huì)議要參加。注意：如果這個(gè)不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞，他后面應(yīng)有必要的介詞，如：My cousin hired a room to live in. 我表兄租了間房子住。There was no place for people to walk on.這兒

17、沒有地方供人們散步。 主謂關(guān)系：不定式所修飾的名詞是這個(gè)不定式的邏輯主語，如：The hunter isn a man to bow before difficulties. 這位獵人不是向困難低頭的人。Her youn ger sister was the first girl to work out the problem.她妹妹是第一個(gè)解出這道題的女孩。 所屬關(guān)系：不定式與所修飾的名詞存在一種所屬關(guān)系。可形成這種關(guān)系的名詞有way,meed,time,pla n,right,cha nce,opport un ity,moveme nt,reas on, promise,wish,eff

18、ort,struggle等，如：Liu Mei is on her way to see a film.劉梅正在去看電影的路上。The farmers began to think of ways to kill hawks.農(nóng)民們開始想殺死鷹的辦法。2. 最高級(jí)，序數(shù)詞或有最高級(jí)，序數(shù)詞及only修飾的詞后，非謂語動(dòng)詞中只能用不定式作定語.如：He is the oldest athlete ever to win an Olympic gold medal.第三節(jié)不定式應(yīng)注意的問題1.不帶to的不定式(1) 在 feel, hear, listen to, see, look at, wa

19、tch, notice, observe, make, let, have 等感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞后，動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)不帶to,若句子為被動(dòng)語態(tài)，不定式則應(yīng)帶to.help后可帶也可不帶to.(2) 在 had better, had best, would rather, would rather等a結(jié)構(gòu)0后面用不i帶to 的不定式.如:He in sisted on going back to his work rather tha n stay in hospital.在以why引導(dǎo)的簡(jiǎn)短疑問句中不帶to.如：Why worry about it(4) 在 cannot choos

20、e but, cannot (help)but 之后的不定式不帶 to.如：I canno t(help)but admire his courage.介詞but, except之前有行為動(dòng)詞 do,其后的不定式不帶 to,否則要帶to.如:She could do nothing but cry.I have no choice but to accept the fact.(6)不定式作表語，若主語部分(含修飾主語的定語從句)已有行為動(dòng)詞do,可省略do.如：What a fire-door does is (to) delay the spread of a fire.What you

21、n eed to do now is (to) have a good rest.另外,help后的不定式無論作賓語還是作賓語補(bǔ)足語，均可省to.3. 注意作賓語時(shí)不定式與動(dòng)名詞在用法上和意義上的區(qū)別若干動(dòng)詞之后既可以跟動(dòng)名詞也可以跟動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語，但它們當(dāng)中有些詞在運(yùn)用時(shí)，或是在特定的條件下有特別的用法要求，或是存在意義上的區(qū)別，列舉如下：（1）當(dāng)動(dòng)詞need, want, require作需要”解，且句子的主語與作賓語的非謂語動(dòng)詞是被動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí),其后必須用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義，或用不定式的被動(dòng)式作賓語如：The window n eeds （requires，wan ts） cle

22、a ning.The window n eeds （requires, wan ts） to be clea ned.在should （would） like/love/prefer/hate 后，習(xí)慣上用不定式作賓語 .如：Can I give a li ft No, thanks. I d prefe to walk.在begin和start的進(jìn)行式之后，要用不定式.如:I m beginning to learn French.另外，當(dāng)作它們賓語的動(dòng)詞為一些表示心理活動(dòng)的識(shí)知?jiǎng)釉~時(shí)，應(yīng)用不定式.如：I bega n to un dersta nd the importa nee of E

23、n glish.（4）forget, remember, go on, mean, regret, stop, try 等動(dòng)詞后可帶動(dòng)名詞或不定式作賓語，但意義上有較為明顯的區(qū)別.試比較： I remember reading the book.（記得過去曾有過的經(jīng)歷）I must remember to read the book.（別忘記屆時(shí)去做某事 ） I ll try to improve my spoken English.（是努力力圖的意思）Try knocking at the back door if no body hears you at the front door.（

24、是嘗試的意思） Stop talking.（動(dòng)名詞即停止的內(nèi)容）He stopped to talk.（不定式是停止的目的，即停下來去做某事） I mean to come early today. （表示打算）Missing the train means waiting for another hour. （ 表示意味著） I regret not having accepted your advice.（是對(duì)已做過的事表示后悔）I regret to say I haven t given you enough help.（表示對(duì)將要做的事表示遺憾，主要用于宣布?jí)南?） Let s go on discussing the question.（討論的是同一個(gè)問題 ）Lets go on to discuss ano ther questio n.（討論的是另外的一個(gè)問題）4. 注意不定式與現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)的區(qū)別1） .在 feel, hear, listen to, look at, notice, observe, s