第二十二講 定語(yǔ)從句翻譯

1、翻譯 HY英 漢 翻 譯 2010.92011.1翻譯 HY第二十三講 定語(yǔ)從句的翻譯 I will tell you the truth that is important. I will tell you the truth that he is a liar.翻譯 HY Attributive clauses are widely used in English. In many cases, sentences are made very long because of attributive clauses. Hence it is important to have a corre

2、ct comprehension and an accurate translation of attribute clauses. Different attributive clauses may express different meaning such as purpose, concession, result and so on. An attributive clause usually follows the word it modifies. This is different from Chinese. In Chinese there is no post-positi

3、on attributive and there cant be too many modifiers preceding the modified word. All this causes changes in translating some sentences which contain attributive clauses.翻譯 HYI、譯成前置定語(yǔ)、譯成前置定語(yǔ) 限制性定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞關(guān)系密切,尤其是一些較短的限制性定語(yǔ)從句,沒(méi)有它主句的意義便不完整,可按照漢語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)前置的習(xí)慣將其翻譯成帶的的定語(yǔ),放在先行詞前面.例如: Shanghai is the place where he

4、 was born. 上海是他出生的地方. I dont like people who lose their temper easily. 我不喜歡愛(ài)發(fā)脾氣的人.翻譯 HY He is wisest who is honest. 誠(chéng)實(shí)的的人最聰明。 We will make no distinction between the terrorists who committed these acts and those who harbor them. 對(duì)參與此次襲擊的的恐怖分子和那些庇護(hù)他們的的人, 我們都將嚴(yán)懲不貸。 翻譯 HY Space and oceans are the new w

5、orld which scientists are trying to explore. 太空和海洋是科學(xué)家們努力探索的新領(lǐng)域。 His laughter, which was infectious, broke the silence. 他那富有感染力的笑聲打破了沉寂。翻譯 HY To be sure, a great rebuilding project would give jobs to many of those people who need them. 誠(chéng)然，一個(gè)宏偉的重建計(jì)劃也許能為許多需要工作的需要工作的人提供就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。 This is the solider who jus

6、t returned from the front. 這是剛從前線回來(lái)的剛從前線回來(lái)的戰(zhàn)士。翻譯 HY In recent years, however, people have begun to become aware that cities are also areas where there is a concentration of problems. 可是，近幾年來(lái)人們開(kāi)始意識(shí)到城市也是問(wèn)題成堆的問(wèn)題成堆的地方。翻譯 HY 當(dāng)然，有些起附加說(shuō)明作用的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，對(duì)先行詞也有不同程度的修飾限制作用，有時(shí)也可以譯為前置定語(yǔ)。 The sun, which had hidden a

7、ll day, now came out in all its splendor. 那個(gè)整天躲在云層里的那個(gè)整天躲在云層里的太陽(yáng),現(xiàn)在又光芒四射地露面了。 He liked his sister, who was warm and pleasant, but he did not like his brother, who was aloof and arrogant. 他喜歡熱情愉快的熱情愉快的妹妹，而不喜歡冷漠高傲的冷漠高傲的哥哥。翻譯 HYII . 譯成后置定語(yǔ)譯成后置定語(yǔ)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句用來(lái)對(duì)先行詞作附加說(shuō)明,在文字上一般有逗號(hào)與先行詞隔開(kāi),與先行詞的關(guān)系較為松散.非限制性定語(yǔ)從句在語(yǔ)

8、意上接近于并列結(jié)構(gòu),翻譯時(shí)通常可譯成并列分句,放在先行詞的后面.這一方法也適用于某些較長(zhǎng)的限制性定語(yǔ)從句.例如: Mr. Smith, who came to see me yesterday, is a relative of my wifes. 史密斯先生昨天來(lái)看過(guò)我,他是我妻子的一個(gè)親戚.昨天來(lái)看我的史密斯先生是我妻子的一個(gè)親戚。She was awarded a gold medal, which the whole family considered a great honor. 她被授予一枚金質(zhì)獎(jiǎng)?wù)?全家人都認(rèn)為這是極大的光榮. 翻譯 HY The eagle catches th

9、e snake that gobbles the toad that swallows the insect that nibbles at green leaves. 老鷹抓蛇，蛇吞蛤蟆，蛤蟆吃蟲(chóng)子，蟲(chóng)子啃綠葉。 翻譯 HY This volume is prepared as examples for writing compositions which, as it were, has been taken as a difficult task. 本書(shū)旨在為寫作提供范例，可以說(shuō)寫作是可以說(shuō)寫作是一個(gè)難題。一個(gè)難題。翻譯 HY Matter is composed of molecule

10、s that are composed of atoms. 物質(zhì)是由分子組成的，而分子又是由原子而分子又是由原子組成的。組成的。 But listen, I met a man, who said you could solve this problem. 聽(tīng)著， 我遇見(jiàn)一個(gè)人，這這個(gè)人說(shuō)你是有權(quán)解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題的。翻譯 HY B、 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞的關(guān)系不十分密切，只是對(duì)先行詞加以說(shuō)明，描述或解釋，或?qū)φ麄€(gè)句子所陳述的事實(shí)或現(xiàn)象加以總結(jié)、補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，其前都有逗號(hào)分開(kāi)。在漢譯時(shí)一般譯為后置并列分句。如： He blamed me for everything, which I thought

11、 very unfair. 他把一切錯(cuò)誤都?xì)w罪于我，我認(rèn)為這很不公平。我認(rèn)為這很不公平。 These books, which are only a small part of my collection, I picked up in America. 這些書(shū)是我在美國(guó)買的,它們?cè)谖业牟貢?shū)中只占一小部它們?cè)谖业牟貢?shū)中只占一小部分分。翻譯 HY They seem to enjoy those rewards which they had purchased by a course of unmerited fatigue, and by victories which almost exce

12、eded belief. 他們對(duì)那些酬勞看來(lái)是很得意的，那些酬那些酬勞是他們歷經(jīng)千辛萬(wàn)苦，通過(guò)取得令人難勞是他們歷經(jīng)千辛萬(wàn)苦，通過(guò)取得令人難以置信的勝利得來(lái)的以置信的勝利得來(lái)的。翻譯 HY I told the story to John, who(=and he) told it to his brother. 我把這件事告訴了約翰，約翰又告訴了他的弟弟。 這種采取后置的辦法來(lái)處理非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，一般也使用指示代詞來(lái)重復(fù)英語(yǔ)關(guān)系代詞所代表的含義。翻譯 HYIII、溶合譯法、溶合譯法 溶合法就是把原句子中的主語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)從句溶合在一起譯成一個(gè)獨(dú)立句子的翻譯方法。另外，由于限制性定語(yǔ)從句與主句的關(guān)

13、系密切，所以，限制性定語(yǔ)從句似乎更適合采用溶合法。英語(yǔ)中突出的 “there be” 句型就是這樣處理的。 There is a man downstairs who wants to see you. 樓下有人要見(jiàn)你。 （原句中的主句部分there is a man翻譯成“有人”，然后將定語(yǔ)從句譯成句子的謂語(yǔ)部分。）翻譯 HY In our factory, there are many people who are much interested in the new invention. 在我們工廠里，許多人對(duì)這項(xiàng)新發(fā)明很感興趣。 （原句中的主句部分there are many peop

14、le翻譯成“許多人”，作譯文的主語(yǔ)，然后將定語(yǔ)從句譯成句子的謂語(yǔ)部分。） 翻譯 HY We used a plane of which almost every part carried some indication of national identity. 我們駕駛的飛機(jī)幾乎每一個(gè)部件都有一些國(guó)籍標(biāo)志。 （原句的主句較簡(jiǎn)單，整句句子的重點(diǎn)是在定語(yǔ)從句中，因此，翻譯時(shí)將主句譯成主語(yǔ)，而將定語(yǔ)從句譯成句子的謂語(yǔ)部分。） 翻譯 HY She had a balance at her bankers which would have made her beloved anywhere. 她在銀行

15、里的存款足以使她到處受到歡迎。 （原句的主句較簡(jiǎn)單，整句句子的重點(diǎn)是在定語(yǔ)從句中，因此，翻譯時(shí)將主句譯成主語(yǔ)，而將定語(yǔ)從句譯成句子的謂語(yǔ)部分。）翻譯 HY There are many people who want to select this major. 許多人要選這個(gè)專業(yè)許多人要選這個(gè)專業(yè) You are the only person who could do it. 只有你才能做這件事。翻譯 HY He has a son of twenty who is now at the college. 他有個(gè)二十歲的兒子現(xiàn)在正上大學(xué)二十歲的兒子現(xiàn)在正上大學(xué) This was the fi

16、rst time I had serious trouble with my leader. 這是我第一次和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)發(fā)生嚴(yán)重糾葛。和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)發(fā)生嚴(yán)重糾葛。翻譯 HYIV. 譯成狀語(yǔ)譯成狀語(yǔ) 英語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)從句與漢語(yǔ)中的定語(yǔ)還有一個(gè)不同的地方，那就是，英語(yǔ)中有些定語(yǔ)從句和主句關(guān)系不密切，它從語(yǔ)法上看是修飾定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞的，但實(shí)際上限定作用不強(qiáng)，而是修飾主句的謂語(yǔ)或全句的，起狀語(yǔ)作用。也就是說(shuō)，有些定語(yǔ)從句兼有狀語(yǔ)從句的職能，在意義上與主句有狀語(yǔ)關(guān)系，表明原因、結(jié)果、目的、讓步、假設(shè)等關(guān)系。在這種情況下，需要靈活處理，在準(zhǔn)確理解英語(yǔ)原文的基礎(chǔ)上，弄清楚邏輯關(guān)系，然后把英語(yǔ)中的這些定語(yǔ)從句翻譯成各種相應(yīng)的分句

17、。 翻譯 HY （一）譯成表示“時(shí)間”的分句 A driver who is driving the bus mustnt talk with others or be absent-minded. 司機(jī)在開(kāi)車時(shí)，不許和人談話，也不能走神。翻譯 HY （二）譯成表示“原因”的分句 He showed no further wish for conversation with Mrs. Smith, who was now more than usually insolent and disagreeable. 他似乎不愿再和史密斯太太講話，因?yàn)樗F(xiàn)在異常無(wú)禮，令人厭煩。翻譯 HY （三）譯成表

18、示“條件”的分句 Men become desperate for work, any work, which will help them to keep alive their families. 人們極其迫切地要求工作，不管什么工作，只要它能維持一家人的生活就行。翻譯 HY （四）譯成表示“讓步”的分句 He insisted on buying another house, which he had no use for 盡管他并沒(méi)有這樣的需要，他堅(jiān)持要再買一幢房子。 翻譯 HY （五）譯成表示“目的”的分句 He wishes to write an article that wil

19、l attract the public attention to the matter. 為了引起公眾對(duì)這一事件的注意，他想寫一篇文章。 He is collecting authentic material that proves his argument. 為了證明他的論點(diǎn)，他正在收集確鑿的材料以。翻譯 HY （六）譯成表示“結(jié)果”的分句 They tried to stamp out the revolt, which spread all the more furiously throughout the country. 他們企圖鎮(zhèn)壓反抗，結(jié)果反抗愈來(lái)愈烈，遍及全國(guó)。翻譯 HY （

20、七）譯成表示“轉(zhuǎn)折”的分句 She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was. 她對(duì)孩子們很有耐心，而她丈夫卻很少這樣翻譯 HY再如 John, whose wife is ill, cannot come to the party. 約翰不能來(lái)參加聚會(huì),因?yàn)樗拮硬×? He insisted on buying another coat, which he had no use for. 他堅(jiān)持要再買一件上衣,雖然他用不著.翻譯 HY Norway is, quite naturally, pay

21、ing great attention to developments in Europe and in the Atlantic community, which are so instrumental to the maintenance of peace and security in our part of the world. 挪威自然十分關(guān)注歐洲和大西洋國(guó)家的發(fā)展,因?yàn)檫@些發(fā)展大大有助于維護(hù)世界上我們這一地區(qū)的和平和安全. 翻譯 HY In a dispute between two states with which one is friendly, try not to get

22、 involved. 兩國(guó)相爭(zhēng)，若若與之都友好，則力避卷入。 The arms drive, which brings huge profits to the monopolists, weighs heavily on the working people and seriously worsens the economy of the country. 軍備競(jìng)賽一方面給壟斷資本家?guī)?lái)巨額利潤(rùn)，一一方面卻方面卻把沉重的負(fù)擔(dān)加在勞動(dòng)人民頭上，使國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況惡化。 翻譯 HY 另外,要特別注意由but和than引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句的翻譯.but作為關(guān)系代詞也可以引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,同具有否定意義的主句連用

23、,其先行詞可以是人,也可以是物.but在意義上等于that.not, who.not, which.not.在帶有比較級(jí)的句子中,than可以作代詞,兼有連詞和代詞的性質(zhì).但也有人認(rèn)為這種用法的than是連詞,后省略了主語(yǔ)what.例如: There are few of them but (who dont) admire your achievement. 他們幾乎每個(gè)人都敬佩你的成就. The house was more luxuriously decorated than suited his taste. 那房子裝飾得太豪華,不合他的審美趣味翻譯 HY The computer,

24、which seems to play the role of a human brain, is often called an electronic brain. 由于計(jì)算機(jī)起著類似人腦的作用，所以常常被稱作電腦。（譯成原因狀從）翻譯 HY Rose took Chinese medicine which relieved her symptoms. 羅斯服了中藥，結(jié)果緩解了癥狀。（譯成結(jié)果狀從） There is no bad habit that may not be cured by a strong willpower. 只要有堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的意志，就沒(méi)有什么壞習(xí)慣改不掉。（譯成條件狀從）

25、翻譯 HY The newswoman wishes to write an article that will attract public attention to shipwreck. 這位女記者想寫篇文章， 以便能夠引起公眾對(duì)那起沉船事件的注意。（譯成目的狀語(yǔ)從句）翻譯 HYV. 調(diào)整調(diào)整 翻譯定語(yǔ)從句也可以忽略其語(yǔ)法形式，只關(guān)注信息，翻譯時(shí)依據(jù)時(shí)間邏輯或其他邏輯來(lái)調(diào)整語(yǔ)序，例如先發(fā)生的先說(shuō)，后發(fā)生的后說(shuō)。如： The sun, which had hidden all day, now came out in all its splendor. 太陽(yáng)整天都躲在云層里，現(xiàn)在露面了，光芒

26、四射。 比較：那個(gè)整天躲在云層里的那個(gè)整天躲在云層里的太陽(yáng),現(xiàn)在又光芒四射地露面了翻譯 HY It was an old woman, tall and shapely still, though withered by time, on whom his eyes fell when he stopped and turned. 他停下腳步，轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)身來(lái)，定睛一看，是位年邁的婦女。她高高的個(gè)兒，雖然飽經(jīng)風(fēng)霜，卻風(fēng)韻猶存。 They remarked now he took a different seat from that which he usually occupied when he c

27、hose to attend divine worship. 他往常做禮拜時(shí)總坐在固定的座位上，可是那天他們發(fā)現(xiàn)他不坐老位置了。翻譯 HYClass-Work 1. He who has never tasted what is bitter does not know what is sweet. 2. As she turned the corner a new idea occurred to her, which made her stop dead. 3. He did not remember his father who died when he was three years

28、old. 4. A civilization that encourages the motive of self-interested calculation to rule every sphere of social life is on a sure path to moral bankruptcy. 翻譯 HY A civilization that encourages the motive of self-interested calculation to rule every sphere of social life is on a sure path to moral ba

29、nkruptcy. 自私自利的行為計(jì)算到社會(huì)生活的每一個(gè)層面會(huì)導(dǎo)致文明的最終崩潰。 以自私自利為根本，處處算計(jì)的文明最終會(huì)導(dǎo)致社會(huì)道德敗壞。 鼓勵(lì)自私自利的文明，充斥著社會(huì)生活的每一個(gè)層面，是道德敗壞的根源。 社會(huì)鼓勵(lì)，這必將導(dǎo)致道德淪喪。 這種鼓勵(lì)自私自利、處處算計(jì)的文明翻譯 HY A civilization that encourages the motive of self-interested calculation to rule every sphere of social life is on a sure path to moral bankruptcy. 如果鼓勵(lì)自私來(lái)控制社會(huì)生活的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域，那么文明走上衰敗之路。 如果文明只是倡導(dǎo)人們只為自己著想，使人自私地生活，那么這么文明將會(huì)使社會(huì)道德淪喪。 鼓勵(lì)自私自利統(tǒng)治社會(huì)的每一處生活的文明，將會(huì)使社會(huì)道德淪喪。 那種，如果放之社會(huì)每個(gè)角落，那么社會(huì)必將走向道德淪喪。 如果一種