201考研英語試題及答案

1、2012年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英語試題National Entrance Test of English for MA/MSCandidates (NETEM)Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or Don ANSWER SHEET 1. ( 10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices became

2、an important issue recently. The court cannotits legitimacy as guardian of the rule of lawjustices behave like politicians. Yet, in severalinstances, justices acted in ways thatthe court ' s reputation for being independent and impartial.Justices Antonin Scalia and Samuel Alito Jr., for example,

3、 appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court' s decisions will ba_ial jualmeints. Part of the problem is that thejustices are notby an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itselfto the code ofconduct thatto the rest of the federal judi

4、ciary.This and other casesthe question of whether there is still abetween the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned lawhaving authority apart from politics. They gave justicespermanent positionsthey would be free tothose in power and have no need topolitical support.Our legal

5、 system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental sociallike libertyand property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law itis inescapably political whichi

6、s why decisions split along ideological lines are so easilyas unjust.The justices mustdoubts about the court ' s yeg»yi making themselvesto the code ofconduct. That would make their rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, convincing aslaw.1 A emphasize B maintain C mod

7、ify D recognize2 A when B best C before D unless3 A rendered B weakened C established D eliminated4 A challenged B compromised C suspected D accepted5. A advanced B caught C bound D founded6. A resistant B subject C immune D prone7. A resorts B sticks C leads D applies8. A evade B raise C deny D set

8、tle9. A line B barrier C similarity D conflict10. A by B as C through D towards11. A so B since C provided D though12. A serve B satisfy C upset D replace13. A confirm B express C cultivate D offer14 A guarded B followed C studied D tied15. A concepts B theories C divisions D convenience16. A exclud

9、es B questions C shapes D controls17. A dismissed B released C ranked D distorted18. A suppress B exploit C address D ignore19. A accessible B. amiable C agreeable D accountable20. A by all means B at all costs C in a word D as a resultSection n Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the followi

10、ng four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Markyour answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (40 points)Text 1Come on - Everybody' s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of usthink of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually

11、 leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But inher new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through whatshe calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individualsimprove their liv

12、es and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In SouthCarolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool.In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as

13、 LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex amongtheir peers.The idea seems promising, and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of manypubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate aseriously flawed

14、 understanding of psychology.II Dare to be different, please don' t smoke! II pleads one billboarcampaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in.Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers,

15、 so skilled atapplying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled withtoo much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressureso powerful. The most glari ng flaw of

16、 the social cure as it' s presented here is that it doesn' t work very well forvery long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There' s no doubthat our peer groups exert enormous influenc

17、e on our behavior. An emerging body ofresearch shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via socialcommunication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how succe

18、ssfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steertheir activities in virtuous directions. It' s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row bypairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that' s the problem with a soc

19、ialcure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges asa supplement to the social cureA a stimulus to group dynamicsB an obstacle to school progressC a cause of undesirable behavi

20、ors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates shouldA recruit professional advertisersB learn fro m advertisers ' experienceC stay away from commercial advertisersD recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author ' s view, Rosenberg ' s book fails toA adequately probe social

21、and biological factorsB effectively evade the flaws of the social cureC illustrate the functions of state fundingD produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviorsA is harmful to our networks of friendsB will mislead behavioral studiesC occurs without our real

22、izing itD can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure isA harmfulB desirableC profoundD questionableTEXT2Pretty in pink: adult women do not remember being so obsessed with the colour, yet it is pervasive in our young girls li'v

23、es. It is not that pink intrinsically bad, but it is a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fused girls ' identity to appearance. Then it presents that connection, even among two-year-olds, between girls as not only innocent bu

24、t as evidence of innocence. Looking around, despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girls s. ' lives and interestGirls' attraction to pink may seem unavoidable, somehow encoded in their DNA, but according to Jo Paoletti, an associate professor of American Studies, it's not. C

25、hildren were not colour-coded at all until the early 20th century: in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter, since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them. What's more, both boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral d

26、resses. When nursery colours were introduced, pink was actually considered the more masculine colour, a pastel version of red, which was associated with strength. Blue, with its intimations of the V irgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, symbolised femininity. It was not until the mid-1980s, when a

27、mplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children's marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it began to seem innately attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years.I had not realised how profoundly marketing tre

28、nds dictated our perception of what is natural to kids, including our core beliefs about their psychological development. Take the toddler. I assumed that phase was something experts developed after years of research into children's behaviour: wrong. Turns out, according to Daniel Cook, a histor

29、ian of childhood consumerism, it was popularised as a marketing gimmick by clothing manufacturers in the 1930s.Trade publications counselled department stores that, in order to increase sales, they should create a "third stepping stone" between infant wear and older kids' clothes. It w

30、as only after "toddler" became common shoppers' term that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage. Splitting kids, or adults, into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits. And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender dif

31、ferences -or invent them where they did not previously exist.26 By saying "it is . The rainbow"(line 3, Para 1), the author means pink .A should not be the sole representation of girlhoodB should not be associated with girls' innocenceC cannot explain girls' lack of imaginationD ca

32、nnot influence girls' lives and interests27 According to Paragraph 2, which of the following is true of colours?A Colors are encoded in girls' DNAB Blue used to be regarded as the color for girlsC Pink used to be a neutral color in symbolizing gendersD White is preferred by babies28 The auth

33、or suggests that our perception of children's psychological devotement was much influenced byA the marketing of products for childrenB the observation of children's natureC researches into children's behaviorD studies of childhood consumption29. We may learn from Paragraph 4 that departm

34、ent stores were advised A focuses on infant wear and older kids' clothesB attach equal importance to different gendersC classify consumers into smaller groupsD create some common shoppers' terms30. it can be concluded that girl's attraction to pink seems to be.A clearly explained by thei

35、r inborn tendencyB fully understood by clothing manufacturersC mainly imposed by profit-driven businessmenD well interpreted by psychological expertsText 3In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed andcollected by objective researchers who use t

36、he scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, w

37、hat we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims,they are full of potential. But it takes collective

38、scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the c redibility process, through which the individual researcher' s me, here, now becomesthe community ' s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discov

39、ery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with miningclaims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientificcommunity, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controllin

40、g the publicationprocess; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including otherscientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation betwe

41、en shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual' s discovery claim into the community' s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspectof prevailing Knowle

42、dge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication andconfirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing wi

43、ll always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery asseeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.II

44、But thinking what nobody else hasthought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibilityhappens II to a discoveryacpiacess that corresponds to what philosopherAnn

45、ette Baier has described as the commons of the mind.We reason together, challenge, revise, and completeeach other ' s reasoning and each other ' s conceptions of reason. II31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by itsA uncertainty and complexity.B mis

46、conception and deceptiveness.C logicality and objectivity.D systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requiresA strict inspection.B shared efforts.C individual wisdom.D persistent innovation.33. Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes cre

47、dible after itA has attracted the attention of the general public.B has been examined by the scientific community.C has received recognition from editors and reviewers.D has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Gy? rgyi would most likely agree thatA scientific claims will survi

48、ve challenges.B discoveries today inspire future research.C efforts to make discoveries are justified.D scientific work calls for a critical mind.35. Which of the following would be the best title of the test?A Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.B Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discov

49、ery.C Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.D Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to ScienceText 4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa' sTeamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers be

50、longed to a union; now36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America ' s public sector passed that of their fellow members in theprivate sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-

51、sector unions ' thriving. First, they can shut things down withoutsuffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter ofAmerica ' s pub-isector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Someof their

52、ties go back a long way. Britain' s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with tradeunionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Pol

53、icy Instituteof California points out that much of the state' s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers' unions keep anschools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. B

54、ut the real gainscome in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly-4ecitoroadedeals,pueeping thepay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter school

55、s,academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of theteachers is the most important variable, teachers' unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promotinggood ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, poli

56、ticians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.fat payJohn Donahue at Harvard' s Kennedy School points out that the norms

57、 of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers packets have attracted much criticism, but a

58、public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph thatA Teamsters still have a large body of members.B Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.C unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.D the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?A Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.B Education is required for public-sector union membership.C Labor Pa