英語中的就近原則

1、英語中就近一致的原則【就近原則】也稱“鄰近原則”“就近一致原則”(Proximity），即：謂語與靠近的名詞、代詞（有時不一定是主語）在“人稱、數(shù)”上一致。 1.由下列詞語連接的并列主語：there be句型; or ; either or；nor; neithernor；whetheror；notbut; not onlybut also ; 等。e.g. What he does or what he says does not concern me . 他的行為或言談都與我無關(guān)。 Neither you nor I am wrong . 你和我都沒錯。 Not you but your

2、father is to blame . 不是你，而是你父親該受責(zé)備。 Not only you but(also) he is wrong .不僅你錯了，他也錯了。 2. 在倒裝句中：謂語可與后面第一個主語一致。e.g. In the distance was heard the clapping of hands and the shouts of the people . 在遠處，能聽見鼓掌聲和人們的呼喊聲。 There is (are) a pen and some books on the desk .桌上有一支鋼筆和幾本書。 【就遠原則】謂語動詞與前面主語一致代表詞匯：as wel

3、l as；（together/along）with；rather than；except；besides；but；including；in addition to；apart from;likeE.G：He rather than I is right.Nobody but two students is in the classroom. The teacher with his students is working in the fields. They have kept working for several hours. Nobody made them work for so l

4、ong. 主謂一致1 并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時謂語用復(fù)數(shù) Reading and writing are very important. 注意： 當(dāng)主語由and連結(jié)時，如果它表示一個單一的概念，即指同一人或同一物時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)，and 此時連接的兩個詞前只有一個冠詞。 The iron and steel industry is very important to our life. 典型例題 The League secretary and monitor _ asked to make a speech at the meeting. A. is B. was C. are D. were 答

5、案B. 注： 先從時態(tài)上考慮。這是過去發(fā)生的事情應(yīng)用過去時，先排除A.，C.。本題易誤選D，因為The League secretary and monitor 好象是兩個人，但仔細(xì)辨別， monitor 前沒有the，在英語中，當(dāng)一人兼數(shù)職時只在第一個職務(wù)前加定冠詞。后面的職務(wù)用and 相連。這樣本題主語為一個人，所以應(yīng)選B。與后接名詞或代詞保持一致 1） 用half of, part of, most of, a portion of 等詞引起主語時，動詞通常與of后面的名詞，代詞保持一致。 Most of his money is spent on books. Most of the

6、students are taking an active part in sports. 2） 在一些短語，如 many a 或 more than one 所修飾的詞作主語時，謂語動詞多用單數(shù)形式。但由 more than of 作主語時，動詞應(yīng)與其后的名詞或代詞保持一致。 Many a person has read the novel. 許多人都讀過這本書。英語中,什么是就近原則?就近原則什么時候用?就近一致原則（1） 連詞not only.but also/ neither.nor/ or/ either.or/ not.but Neither he nor they are who

7、lly right. 他和他們，誰都不是完全對的。 Either he or I am right. 或者他對，或者我對。 就近一致原則（2） 副詞here/ there Here comes the bus. 瞧，公共汽車來了。 主謂一致：and and的兩邊分別是不同的可數(shù)名詞。 John and Mary are my friends. 約翰和瑪麗都是我的朋友。 and的兩邊分別是不同的不可數(shù)名詞。 Both rice and wheat are grown in China. 中國有種水稻也有種小麥。 and的兩邊的單詞構(gòu)成一個統(tǒng)一的概念。 Fish and chips is a po

8、pular supper here. 炸魚土豆片在這里是一種很受歡迎的晚餐。（魚和土豆片作為整體） The poet and writer has come. 那位詩人兼作家來了。（同一個人既是詩人又是作家)I.在正式文體中：1.由下列詞語連接的并列主語：or ; either or；nor; neitheror；whetheror；notbut; not onlybut also ; 等。e.g.What he does or what he says does not concern me . 他的行為或言談都與我無關(guān)。Neither you nor I am wrong . 你和我都沒錯

9、。Not you but your father is to blame . 不是你，而是你父親該受責(zé)備。英語句子中，主語的“人稱”和“數(shù)”要限制，決定謂語動詞的形式變化，這就叫“主謂一致”關(guān)系。它通常依據(jù)三項原則：1）語法一致； 2）意義一致； 3）就近一致?！菊Z法一致原則】I .主語的“人稱”決定謂語動詞的形式。e.g.I love / She loves music . 我/ 她愛好音樂。Are your mother a worker ? (誤)你母親是工人嗎？Is your mother a worker ?(正)（主語your mother 是單數(shù)第三人稱）II .主語的“數(shù)”決定

10、謂語動詞的形式。1.“不可數(shù)名詞、可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)、單數(shù)代詞、不定式（短語）、動名詞（短語）”或“從句”等作主語，用單數(shù)謂語形式。e.g.The work is important . 這項工作重要。To serve the country is our duty . 為祖國服務(wù)是我們的義務(wù)。How and why he left was a sad story . 他離開的經(jīng)過和原因是一段傷心的經(jīng)歷。2. 復(fù)數(shù)的名詞、代詞一般接復(fù)數(shù)謂語形式。e.g.The children are taken good care of . 孩子們得到很好的照料。They have gone to Chengdu

11、 . 他們?nèi)コ啥剂?。II. 以“and ”或“both and”連接的并列主語：1.通常作復(fù)數(shù)用 。e.g.Plastics and rubber never rot . 塑料和橡膠從不腐爛。What he says and what he does do not agree. 他言行不一致。Both Tom and I are fond of medicine . 我和湯姆都喜歡醫(yī)學(xué)。2. 如果并列主語指的是“同一個”人（事、物、抽象概念），作單數(shù)用。e.g.The worker and writer has come . 這位工人作家來了。A cart and horse was seen

12、 in the distance . 遠處能看見有一套馬車。Truth and honesty is the best policy . 真誠是最好的策略。3. “and”前、后的單數(shù)詞語都有“each,every ,many ,a ,no”等修飾時，仍作單數(shù)用。e.g. Every boy and every girl enjoys equal rights here.這里每個男孩和每個女孩都享有平等權(quán)益。No teacher and no student is excused from taking part in the activity .沒有哪個教師或?qū)W生可以免于參加這項活動。. 主

13、語前、后加表“數(shù)、量”等的修飾語時：1. a）“many a + 單名 ”接單數(shù)謂語：“a good (great ) many + 復(fù)名”接復(fù)數(shù)謂語。e.g.Many a fine man has died for it . 許多優(yōu)秀戰(zhàn)士為此獻出了生命。A great many parents were present at the meeting . 許多家長出席了會議。b）a / an + 單名+ or two 大多接單數(shù)謂語： one or two + 復(fù)名接復(fù)數(shù)謂語。e.g.Only a word or two is (are )needed. 只需說一兩句。One or two r

14、easoms were suggested . 提出一兩條理由。c）a / an + 單名+ and a half常接單數(shù)謂語；“one and a half +復(fù)名”多接復(fù)數(shù)謂語。e.g. A year and a half has passed . 一年半已過去了。One and a half tons of rice are sold . 已賣了一噸半大米。d） more than one + 單名大多接單數(shù)謂語。e.g.More than one person was (were )absent . 不止一個人缺席。more + 復(fù)名+ than one 接復(fù)數(shù)謂語。e.g.More

15、students than one have been there . 不止一個學(xué)生去過那兒。more than two (three,)+復(fù)名 接復(fù)數(shù)謂語。e.g. More than one hundred students have attended the concert . 不止一百名學(xué)生聽了這場音樂會。2. 下列復(fù)合不定代詞一般作單數(shù)用：“someone ,somebody ,something ,anybody ,anyone ,anything ,everybody ,everyone ,eveything ,nobody ,no one ,nothig ”等。e.g.Is e

16、verybody here ? 都到齊了嗎？There was nothing special then. 那時沒什么特別情況。3. 下列不定代詞作復(fù)數(shù)用：“（a）few ,many ,several， both”等。e.g.Few (of the guests ) were familiar to us . 沒幾個（客人）是我們熟識的。Both / Both (of ) these are interesting . 兩部影片都有趣。4下列代詞須視其“具體所指”來決定單、復(fù)數(shù)：1）“what ,which ,who ,whose ”等。e.g.Who is your brother ?你兄弟

17、是誰？Who are League Members .哪些是團員？2）all , some ,more ,most ,any ,none ,a lot(of ), lots (of ),等。e.g.All (of the students ) are working hard .（所有的學(xué)生）都在用功。All (of the paint ) is fine .（這些油漆）都很好。3）half(of), plenty (of), the rest(of), (a)part(of), the remainder(of )余下的），等。e.g.Half of the apples are bad .

18、蘋果中有一半是壞的。Half of the apple is bad .這只蘋果壞了一半。.“數(shù)詞”、“數(shù)量、單位”等詞語作主語時：1. 表示“運算”的數(shù)詞通常作單數(shù) 。e.g.Ten times four makes(make) forty .+ 乘以四得四十。2.表“時間、距離、金額、度量衡”等的詞語，作“整體”看時作單數(shù)用，側(cè)重指“若干單位”時作復(fù)數(shù)用。e.g.Twenty years is not a long time . 二十年光陰，彈指一揮間。Twenty years have passed since he left . 他離開已二十個年頭了。3.“分?jǐn)?shù)、百分?jǐn)?shù)”通常依其“具體

19、所指”來決定單、復(fù)數(shù)。e.g.About 40 percent / two-fifths of the books here are (is) worth reading . 這些書中百分之四十/五分之二值得讀。Only sixty percent / three-fifths of the work was done yesterday .昨天只干完了百分之六十/五分之三的工作。4. a number of (許多)/ a varlety of (各式各樣) +復(fù)數(shù)名詞，常作復(fù)數(shù)用。e.g.A number of students in this class are (is) from Si

20、chuan . 這個班有不少同學(xué)來自四川。There are a variety of toys in this shop.這家商店有各種各樣的玩具。但是，“the number(數(shù)目)/ the variety(種類)”+ of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞，作單數(shù)。e.g.The number of students in this college has doubled . 這所大學(xué)的學(xué)生人數(shù)翻了一番。The variety of goods in this shop is rich . 這家商店貨物品種豐富。Not only you hut(also) he is wrong .不僅你錯了，他也錯了。

21、2. 在倒裝句中：謂語可與后面第一個主語一致。e.g.In the distance was heard the clapping of hands and the shouts of the people . 在遠處，能聽見鼓掌聲和人們的呼喊聲。There is (are) a pen and some books on the desk .桌上有一支鋼筆和幾本書。II. 非正式文體中：有時依“就近一致原則”，但也可依“意義一致原則”或嚴(yán)格地依“語法一致原則”。e.g.Neither she nor I were there (意義一致) 我和他當(dāng)時都不在那兒。（非正式）Neither she nor I was there .（就近一致）（譯文同上句）（正式）但是，如果依“就近一致原則”而與其他兩項原則相矛盾時，則常常認(rèn)為是不太合符規(guī)范的。e.g.No one except his own supporters agree with him .僅他自己的支持者同意他的意見。（依“就近”和“意義”一致的原則；但語法上，“No one ”才是主語，謂語要改成“agrees”?！皩懽髦小币话阋馈罢Z法一致”原則。正所謂：“穿金戴銀能怎樣，平平凡凡又如何，只要你能知足，就什么都不缺”.要知道有的人雖然貧窮，但感覺很幸福；有的人雖然富有，但