探析現(xiàn)代景觀設(shè)計(jì)中植物空間的營造

1、探析現(xiàn)代景觀設(shè)計(jì)中植物空間的營造摘 要:現(xiàn)代景觀設(shè)計(jì)的主要任務(wù)是設(shè)計(jì)鮮明的視覺形象,營造足夠的綠地和綠化。本文從植物空間營造入手,闡述了現(xiàn)代景觀設(shè)計(jì)中園林植物空間構(gòu)成的四個(gè)維度,提出了六種植物空間類型,從生態(tài)和藝術(shù)角度闡述其營造手法。Pick to: the main task of the modern landscape design is a distinct visual image design, build enough green space and greenery. This article obtains from the plant space construction,

2、 and expounds the modern landscape design in the garden plant space consisting of four dimensions, and puts forward the six types of plant space, from the perspective of ecological art and its construction technique. 關(guān)鍵詞:現(xiàn)代景觀設(shè)計(jì);植物;空間營造Key words: the modern landscape design; Plants; Space to build Ab

3、stract:The purpose of modern landscape design is to design the vivid vision image and create enough green spaces. It illustrated four dimensions of space composition in modern landscape design, proposed six types of plant space and the methods of construction based on ecology and art.Abstract: The p

4、urpose of modern landscape design is to design The vivid vision image and create The enough green Spaces. It illustrated four dimensions of space composition in modern landscape design, programs The six types of plant space and The methods of construction -based on ecology and art. Keywords: modern

5、landscape design; plants; space constructionKeywords: modern landscape design; The plants; Space construction 1854年,以奧姆斯特德為代表的美國“城市公園運(yùn)動(dòng)”開創(chuàng)了現(xiàn)代景觀設(shè)計(jì)的新時(shí)代,園林的內(nèi)涵與外延得到了極大的深化與擴(kuò)展,園林植物成為現(xiàn)代景觀設(shè)計(jì)的主要表現(xiàn)素材。園林植物空間營造能將美化功能與生態(tài)功能完美結(jié)合,人們進(jìn)入園林首先感知到的便是園林植物,空間感受也源于植物所形成的空間,因此植物空間的營造對(duì)現(xiàn)代景觀設(shè)計(jì)具有重要意義。Represented by olmsted, in 1

6、854, the United States "city park movement" created a new era of modern landscape design, landscape connotation and denotation of the greatly deepen and expand, garden plants become the main performance of the material in modern landscape design. Plant space landscape can combine beautific

7、ation function and ecological function, people enter the garden is first perceived garden plants, and space to experience also stems from a space formed by plants, thus plants space construction is of great significance for modern landscape design. 1現(xiàn)代景觀設(shè)計(jì)1 modern landscape design 現(xiàn)代景觀設(shè)計(jì)是指合理安排土地及土地上

8、的物體和空間,為人類創(chuàng)造安全、高效、健康和舒適的環(huán)境,協(xié)調(diào)人與自然的相互關(guān)系。與傳統(tǒng)造園相比,現(xiàn)代景觀規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)的主要?jiǎng)?chuàng)作對(duì)象是大眾群體,它為人類和其他物種服務(wù),強(qiáng)調(diào)人類發(fā)展和資源及環(huán)境的可持續(xù),突出植物在設(shè)計(jì)中的重要作用,充分發(fā)揮植物的空間構(gòu)成功能、美化功能與生態(tài)功能。因此,現(xiàn)代景觀設(shè)計(jì)要設(shè)計(jì)鮮明的視覺形象,營造足夠的綠地和綠化,設(shè)計(jì)建造足夠的場地和為大多數(shù)人所用的空間設(shè)施,使人們通過視覺為主的感受通道,借助于物化了的景觀環(huán)境形態(tài),在人類的行為心理上引起反應(yīng)、創(chuàng)造共鳴,即所謂鳥語花香、心曠神怡、觸景生情、心馳神往1,可見園林植物空間營造具有重要意義。Modern landscape desig

9、n is to point to objects on the rational arrangement of land and land and space, for mankind to create the safe, efficient, healthy and comfortable environment, coordinator of the relationship with nature. Compared with the traditional landscape, modern landscape planning and design of the main grou

10、ps to creation object is public, it service for humans and other species, emphasized that human development and sustainable resources and environment, highlight the plants play an important role in the design and give full play to the plant space composition function and beautification function and

11、ecological function. Therefore, modern landscape design to design vivid visual image, build enough green space and greening, design build enough grounds and facilities as used by most people in the space, make people through visual feelings channels, with the aid of the materialized form of landscap

12、e environment, cause psychological reactions in human behavior, create a resonance, the so-called charactizing a fine spring day, find the scenery pleasing to both, even, with longing 1, the visible space of garden plant construction is of great significance. 2園林植物空間的構(gòu)成2 the composition of the garde

13、n plant space 園林空間通常是由山、水、建筑、植物和小品等諸多要素所構(gòu)成的大小不同、景象各異的多種形式的空間組合2。同時(shí),園林空間隨著時(shí)間的變化而相應(yīng)地發(fā)生變化,因此園林空間是包括時(shí)間在內(nèi)的四維空間,這主要表現(xiàn)在植物的季相演變方面。可見,園林植物空間主要由基面、垂直分隔面、覆蓋面和時(shí)間四個(gè)維度構(gòu)成。Garden space is usually composed of mountain, water, building, plants, and sketch, and many other elements of different sizes, different picture

14、 of the various forms of space combination 2. At the same time, the garden space as the change of time and change accordingly, so the garden space is four dimensions, including time, space, this mainly displays in the seasonal evolution of plants. Visible, garden plant space is mainly composed of ba

15、se level, vertical separation surface, coverage and time four dimensions. 2.1基面2.1 the base level 正如凱文·林奇所說,“空間主要是由垂直的面限定的,但唯一的連續(xù)的面卻在腳下3”,可見基面形成了最基本的空間范圍物空間主要由基面、垂直分隔面、覆蓋面和時(shí)間四個(gè)維度構(gòu)成。As Kevin lynch says, "the space limited by the vertical surface, but the only continuous surface underfoot 3&

16、quot;, the base level is forming the spatial scope of the most basic object space is mainly composed of base level, vertical separation surface, coverage and time four dimensions. 2.2垂直分隔面2.2 vertical space 垂直分隔面是由具有一定高度的植物構(gòu)成的一個(gè)面,是園林植物構(gòu)成空間的最重要表現(xiàn)。垂直分隔面形成了明確的空間范圍和強(qiáng)烈的空間圍合感。首先,樹干如同直立于外部空間中的支柱,他們多是以暗示的方式

17、來表現(xiàn)垂直分隔面。其次,葉叢的疏密和分枝的高度影響著空間的圍合感。闊葉或針葉越濃密、體積越大,其圍合感越強(qiáng)烈。而落葉植物的封閉程度,隨季節(jié)的變化而不同,夏季較封閉,冬季較開敞。落葉植物是靠枝條暗示著空間范圍,而常綠植物在豎向分隔面上能形成周年穩(wěn)定的空間封閉效果。Vertical separation surface is composed of a plant has a certain height, the most important performance is made by the garden plant space. Vertical separation surface fo

18、rmed a clear and strong sense of space to surround close space range. First of all, the trunk as the mainstay in upright in outer space, their performance is a suggested way to more vertical space. Secondly, cluster density and the height of the branch influence to surround close feeling of the spac

19、e. Broad-leaved and coniferous more thick, the greater the volume, and its surround close feeling more strongly. And deciduous plant closed, along with the change of season, summer is more closed, more open in winter. Deciduous plant is to rely on branches implies that space scope, and evergreen can

20、 form on the surface of the vertical separation of anniversary of the stability of the closed space effect. 2.3覆蓋面2.3 the coverage 大中型喬木的樹冠相互連接,構(gòu)成了園林植物空間的覆蓋面。植物空間的覆蓋面通常由分枝點(diǎn)高度在人的身高以上的枝葉形成,它限制了伸向天空的視線。覆蓋面的特征與枝葉密度、分枝點(diǎn)高度以及種植形式密切相關(guān)。夏季枝葉繁茂,遮蔭蔽日,封閉感最強(qiáng)烈,而冬季落葉植物則以枝條組成覆蓋面,視線通透,封閉感最弱。Large and medium-sized tre

21、e canopy are interconnected to form the garden plant space coverage. Plant space coverage are usually made of branch point height above the height of foliage, it limits the line of sight of reaching toward the sky. Coverage of the characteristics and the branches and leaves density, height of branch

22、 point as well as planting form are closely related. Blotting out the sun shade in summer, branches and leaves bushiness, enclosed are the strongest, while winter deciduous plant with branches of coverage, the line of sight is connected fully, enclosed are the weakest. 2.4 時(shí)間2.4 time 園林植物空間與建筑空間最大的區(qū)

23、別在于“時(shí)間”。植物隨著時(shí)間的推移和季節(jié)的變化,自身經(jīng)歷了生長、發(fā)育、成熟的生命周期,形成了葉容、花貌、色彩、芳香、枝干、姿態(tài)等一系列色彩上和形象上的變化,構(gòu)成了四季分明的景象變化。植物的這種時(shí)序景觀變化極大地豐富了園林景觀的空間構(gòu)成,為人們提供了各種各樣可選擇的空間類型。當(dāng)植物空間由落葉植物圍合時(shí),空間圍合的程度會(huì)隨著季節(jié)的變化而變化。春夏季,具有濃密樹葉的樹叢能形成一個(gè)個(gè)閉合的空間,秋冬季來臨時(shí),隨著植物的落葉,視線逐漸能延伸到限定空間以外。其次,季相變化中的色彩變化也十分引人注目,通常葉色、花色在一年四季都有著豐富的變化。可見,園林景觀是一種生命的景觀,它是動(dòng)態(tài)變化的。The bigge

24、st difference between the garden plant space and architectural space lies in "time". Plants with the passage of time and the change of seasons, itself has experienced the growth, development, maturity of life cycle, formed the Ye Rong, appearance, color, aroma, branches, posture and a seri

25、es of colour and image changes, constitutes a distinct seasons of change. This temporal landscape changes in plants have greatly enriched the landscape space, provides people with a variety of optional space type. When the plant space by deciduous plants around the timeliness, the extent of the spac

26、e to surround close will vary with the seasons. Spring and summer, has the thick leaves of trees to form a closed space, fall and winter comes, the leaves of plants, the line of sight can gradually extended to the limit space outside. Second, the seasonal change of the color change is also very cons

27、picuous, leaf color, design and color usually changes in has a wealth of all the year round. Visible, landscape landscape is a kind of life, it is a dynamic change. 3現(xiàn)代園林植物空間類型3 the modern botanical garden space type 植物空間以時(shí)間維度為導(dǎo)向,由基面、垂直分隔面和覆蓋面三個(gè)構(gòu)成面通過多樣的變化方式組合,形成了各種不同的空間類型。Plants with the orientation

28、 of time dimension, space consists of base level, vertical separation of surface coverage and three surface through a variety of combination way change, formed a variety of room types. 3.1開敞植物空間3.1 open the plant space 園林植物形成的開敞空間是指在一定區(qū)域范圍內(nèi),人的視線高于四周景物的植物空間,這種空間沒有覆蓋面的限制,其空間的大小形態(tài)只是由基面和限定該空間的豎向分隔面決定,但在

29、該空間內(nèi),豎向分隔面僅用低矮灌木和地被植物作為空間的限制因素。人們身處其中,視線通透,視野遼闊,心胸開闊,心情舒暢,容易產(chǎn)生輕松自由的滿足感。在現(xiàn)代景觀設(shè)計(jì)中,除了運(yùn)用草坪和花卉外,應(yīng)推廣使用生命力強(qiáng)、易于養(yǎng)護(hù)管理的地被植物來營造此類空間。Garden plant form of open space is to point to in certain areas within the scope of the line of sight of people above the scenery around the plant space, this space without the res

30、trictions of coverage, the space the size of the form is just a base level and limited the space of vertical separation of decision, but inside the space, the vertical separation surface with low shrubs and ground cover only as space constraints. , people live in the line of sight is connected fully

31、, vast, open-minded, feel better, easy to create relaxed freedom satisfaction. In the modern landscape design, in addition to using the lawn and flowers, should promote the use life of strong, easy to maintenance and management of groundcover plants to build such a space. 3.2半開敞植物空間3.2 half open spa

32、ce of plants 半開敞植物空間是在一定區(qū)域范圍內(nèi),四周圍不全開敞,有部分視角用植物阻擋了人的視線,方向性強(qiáng),指向開敞面,是開敞空間向封閉空間的過渡,是園林中出現(xiàn)最多的一種空間類型(如圖1)。它也可以借助地形、山石、小品等園林要素與植物配置共同完成。半開敞空間的封閉面能夠抑制人們的視線,從而引導(dǎo)空間的方向,達(dá)到“障景”的效果。在現(xiàn)代景觀設(shè)計(jì)中,其封閉面可采用喬木、灌木、草本植物的三層配置方式,取得較好的生態(tài)效益。Half open plant space is within the scope of a certain area, surrounded by not fully ope

33、n open, some perspective with plants, blocking the line of sight of people, directionality is strong, pointing to the open surface, is transition to the closed space, open space is a kind of space landscape in the most types (as shown in figure 1). It can also be with the help of landscape elements

34、such as topography, rock, sketch done together with the plant configuration. Half closed surface can restrain the line of sight of people in the open space, so as to guide the direction of the space, to achieve "disabled scene" the effect. In modern landscape design, the closed surface can

35、 use trees, shrubs, herbs, three layers configuration mode, achieve good ecological benefits. 3.3覆蓋植物空間3.3 cover plant space 覆蓋植物空間通常位于樹冠下與地面之間,通過植物樹干的分枝點(diǎn)高低,濃密的樹冠來形成空間感。高大的喬木是形成覆蓋空間的良好材料,此類植物分枝點(diǎn)較高,樹冠龐大,具有很好的遮蔭效果,無論是一棵幾叢還是一群成片,都能夠?yàn)槿藗兲峁┹^大的活動(dòng)空間和遮蔭休息的區(qū)域,這類植物空間的營造也是現(xiàn)代景觀設(shè)計(jì)的主要任務(wù)。此外,攀援植物利用花架、拱門、木廊等攀附在其上生長,也

36、能夠構(gòu)成有效的覆蓋空間。Usually lies between under the canopy and ground cover plant space, through the plant the branch point height of the trunk, the dense canopy to create the space. Tall trees covering space is good material, this kind of plant branch point higher, canopy, large shade has the very good effe

37、ct, whether a few cluster or a bunch of slices, can provide larger space and shade for people to rest areas, construction of this kind of plant space is the main task of the modern landscape design. Moreover, climbing plants use flower wearing, arch, embelished clings on its growth, can form effecti

38、ve covering space. 3.4縱深植物空間3.4 deep plant space 狹長空間的兩側(cè)被景物所擋,形成縱深空間,它具有方向感,將人的視線引向空間的端點(diǎn)2。在現(xiàn)代景觀設(shè)計(jì)中,由植物材料營造的縱深空間在園林中很常見,如兩旁植有密林的河流、峽谷等形成的空間。道路兩側(cè)栽種行道樹亦能形成縱深空間。此類空間的營造宜采用枝葉茂密的高大喬木,增強(qiáng)縱深感,同時(shí)也能取得更大的綠量,提高生態(tài)效益。Long and narrow space by the scenery on both sides of the block, form deep space, it has a sense o

39、f direction, lead the line of sight of people to space endpoint 2. In modern landscape design, the plant material to build deep space in the garden is common, such as plant have covered on both sides of the rivers, valleys formed by space. Road on both sides of the planted trees can form deep space.

40、 Such space, build appropriate USES leaves lush tall trees, strengthens the depth, at the same time also can achieve more green quantity, improve the ecological benefits. 3.5垂直植物空間3.5 vertical space of plants 用植物封閉垂直面,開敞頂平面,中間空曠,形成了一個(gè)方向垂直、向上敞開的垂直植物空間。分枝點(diǎn)較低、樹冠緊湊的中小喬木形成的樹列、修剪整齊的高樹籬,都可以構(gòu)成垂直空間。這類空間只有上面是

41、敞開的,使人翹首仰望,將視線導(dǎo)向空中,能給人以強(qiáng)烈的封閉感和隔離感,紀(jì)念性園林中常出現(xiàn)這種空間。Use plants closed vertical plane, flat open top middle empty, formed a vertical direction, open up the vertical space of plants. Branch point is lower, compact canopy of the small and medium-sized trees form the high tree, manicured hedges, can constit

42、ute a vertical space. Only above this kind of space is open, make the person turned upward and to the line of sight guidance, can give a person with strong sense of closed and isolated was as bad, memorial gardens often appear this kind of space. 3.6完全封閉植物空間3.6 completely closed space of plants 垂直向上

43、類植物枝干能夠構(gòu)成緊密的豎向的空間邊界,當(dāng)此類植物和低矮的水平展開型植物配植時(shí),人的視線被封鎖嚴(yán)密,圍合感更加強(qiáng)烈,而高大的喬木作為上層覆蓋整個(gè)空間時(shí)就形成了完全封閉空間。這種空間類型多見于風(fēng)景游覽區(qū)、森林公園、植物園及防護(hù)林帶,是現(xiàn)代景觀設(shè)計(jì)中群落結(jié)構(gòu)最復(fù)雜、植物種類最豐富、生態(tài)效益最明顯的空間類型。Vertical plant stems can constitute a close space of the vertical boundary, when such plants and low level of model plants and shrubs, the line of s

44、ight of people blocked, closely surround close feeling is more strong, and tall tree as was formed when the upper cover the whole space completely closed space. This space type found in scenic area and forest park, botanical garden and shelter belt, is the most complex community structure in the des

45、ign of modern landscape, the most abundant plant species, ecological benefit is the most obvious type of space. 4現(xiàn)代園林植物空間營造手法4 the modern botanical garden space construction technique 在現(xiàn)代景觀設(shè)計(jì)中,植物空間的營造首先要考慮其生態(tài)功能,模擬自然界植物群落空間進(jìn)行營造,其次要采用一定的藝術(shù)手法進(jìn)行合理配置。In modern landscape design, the construction of plant

46、space must first consider its ecological function, simulate the nature plant community space to build, and secondly to adopt certain artistic technique to carry on the reasonable configuration. 4.1 植物空間的生態(tài)化營造4.1 plant space ecological construction 4.1.1 喬灌草藤相結(jié)合4.4.1 halosols deserts cane combination

47、 植物空間的生態(tài)化營造就是要模擬自然界植物的生長狀態(tài),充分利用立體空間,以地帶性植物為主,適當(dāng)引入植物新品種,構(gòu)成以喬木為主體,灌木、草本植物、藤本植物相結(jié)合的復(fù)合群落,形成“近自然”植物群落景觀。喬木、灌木(藤本植物)與適量的空曠草坪結(jié)合,針葉與闊葉結(jié)合,季相景觀與空間結(jié)構(gòu)相協(xié)調(diào),充分利用立體空間,大大增加綠地的綠量,是城市綠地的最佳結(jié)構(gòu)。城市綠化需突出喬木,但如果為了采光、通風(fēng),遮蔭的比例也不宜過大,綠地內(nèi)灌木需占一定比例,地面力爭全部為草坪或地被植物所覆蓋。Plant space of ecology construction is to mimic natural plant grow

48、th status, make full use of the stereo space, give priority to with zonal plant, introduction of new varieties of plants take trees as the main body, shrubs, herbs, combined compound colony of vines, form "close to nature plant community landscape. Trees, shrubs, lianas) combined with the right

49、 amount of open lawn, coniferous and broadleaf union, the seasonal landscape in harmony with the space structure, make full use of three-dimensional space, greatly increase the amount of green of green space, is the best structure of urban green space. Urban greening should highlight the tree, but i

50、f for daylighting, ventilated, the proportion of shade also shoulds not be too large, green shrubs need to account for certain proportion, the ground all for lawn or is covered by plants. 4.1.2 群落多樣性與特色基調(diào)樹種相結(jié)合4.1.2 community combining tone tree species diversity and characteristics 多樣性的樹種決定著城市景觀的豐富度

51、和城市綠地生態(tài)效益的大小,可以增加群落的穩(wěn)定性,有效防止病蟲害蔓延4。城市綠地群落多樣性的取得可根據(jù)立地條件和植物的種間關(guān)系,適當(dāng)引進(jìn)外來物種,在不同地段精心選擇冠型優(yōu)美、壽命較長的骨干樹種,結(jié)合一定的速生樹種,并引進(jìn)鳥嗜、蜜源類綠化植物,形成穩(wěn)定而各具特色的群落類型。當(dāng)然,群落多樣性并不是無主次、千篇一律的多樣性,應(yīng)該以一兩種基調(diào)樹種為主體形成密度合理、結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化、自然穩(wěn)定、高效多能的多樣性群落。Determines the diversity of tree species richness of urban landscape and ecological benefits of urba

52、n green space, the size of the can increase the stability of the community, effectively prevent the spread of pests and diseases 4. Urban green space community diversity can be obtained according to the site conditions and the relationships between plant species, appropriate introduction of alien sp

53、ecies, in a different location selected beautiful crown shape, long service life the backbone tree species, combined with a fast-growing tree, and introduce the bird addicted, nectar source plant, plant, forming stable and distinctive community types. Community diversity is, of course, not without a

54、 primary and secondary, the diversity of the same, should take a two tone tree species as the main body to form reasonable density, optimized structure and natural stability, efficient, can the diversity of the community. 4.2 植物空間的藝術(shù)化營造4.2 plant space artistic construction 4.2.1 植物空間的對(duì)比與變化2 compared

55、 with the change of plant space “柳暗花明又一村”形象地表現(xiàn)了園林中通過空間的開合收放、明暗虛實(shí)等的對(duì)比,產(chǎn)生多變而感人的藝術(shù)效果,使空間富有吸引力。曲折婉蜒的河道,時(shí)窄時(shí)寬,兩岸種植冠大蔭濃的喬木,使整個(gè)河道空間時(shí)收時(shí)放,景觀效果由于空間的開合對(duì)比而顯得更為強(qiáng)烈。植物亦能形成空間明暗的對(duì)比,如林木森森的空間顯得暗,而一片開闊的草坪或花壇則顯得明,二者由于對(duì)比而使各自的空間特征得到了加強(qiáng)。植物構(gòu)成的空間虛實(shí)對(duì)比則是在于通過各種植物的藝術(shù)搭配營造出或開敞或封閉的靈活多變的空間環(huán)境。"Steady" vividly showed through

56、space in the garden down, light and shade opening and closing of the actual situation such as contrast, changing and moving art effect, make the space full of attraction. Twists and turns, spanning the river, the narrow width, planted on both sides of the Taiwan crown the thick of the shadow of big

57、trees, make whole space when closed when the river, because of the space of landscape effect of opening and closing of the contrast and appear more strongly. Plants also to space of light and shade contrast, such as dense space appears dark trees, and a vast expanse of grass or flower bed is clear,

58、both because of the contrast and make the respective space features are strengthened. Plants constitute the space the actual situation of contrast, is through the art of all kinds of plants collocation to create or open or closed flexible space environment. 4.2.2 植物4.2.2 the plant 更多精品源自 3 e d u 教案T

59、he more high-quality goods from 3 e d u lesson plans 空間的分隔與引導(dǎo)Dimensional space and guidance 在園林中,常利用植物材料來分隔和引導(dǎo)空間。在現(xiàn)代自然式園林中,利用植物分隔空間可不受任何幾何圖形的約束。若干個(gè)大小不同的空間可通過成叢、成片的喬灌木相互隔離,使空間層次深邃,意味無窮。在規(guī)則式園林中則常用植物按幾何圖形劃分空間,使空間顯得整潔明朗,井井有條。其中綠籬在分隔空間中的應(yīng)用最為廣泛,不同形式、高度的綠籬可以達(dá)到多樣的空間分隔效果。不同植物空間的組合與穿插,同樣需要不同的指引手段,給人的心理上以暗示。利用更具造型的